ari Sunspots, inzvimbo dzine rima dzinogona kuoneka munyeredzi yedu yepakati pezuva, iyo isiri chinhu uye isina chinhu pasi peZuva, inokwanisa kuyera muhukuru hwadzo hudiki dhayamita zvakaenzana nePlanet Earth uye yakakura kwazvo inoumbwa neBoka re Nzvimbo dzinogona kuyera 120000 K.
Chii chinonzi Sunspot?
Sunspot ine nzvimbo yeZuva ine yakaderera tembiricha kirasi pane contours, uye ine simba uye rakasimba magineti chiitiko. Iyo yakasarudzika Sunspot ndiyo inzvimbo yepakati ine rima, inonzi "Umbra", iyo iri nemhando ye "Penumbra" yakareruka.
Nzvimbo imwe chete yezuva inogona kusvika paukuru hwemakiromita 12.000 120.000, uhwo hunenge hupamhi hwepasi redu, zvisinei, boka renzvimbo dzezuva rinogona kusvika saizi yemakiromita XNUMX XNUMX muupamhi uye kutopfuura.
Iyo penumbra inoumbwa nerudzi rwechimiro chemafilaments akareruka uye kunyange akasviba akatambanudzwa anenge kubva kuumbra. Izvo zviviri zvatataura, kureva, penumbra neumbra zvakasviba nekuda kwemhando yekusiyanisa iyo photosphere inayo, iyo inoitika chete nekuti iri mukutonhora kunotonhora pane iyo avhareji tembiricha yephotosphere inova. kunyanya kupisa.
Nenzira iyi, umbra ine tembiricha yekirasi ingangoita zviuru zvina K (Kelvin tembiricha unit) nepo penumbra inokwanisa kusvika 4 K (Kelvin), iyo pasina mubvunzo iri pasi pekuwedzera kana kubvisa zviuru zvitanhatu K (Kelvin) ane granules ye photosphere.
Nekuburikidza neStefan-Boltzmann Mutemo, simba rakazara iro rinovhenekerwa nemuviri mutema senge rudzi rwenyeredzi inoenderana ne¼ simba rekushisa kwayo rinowanzo shanda, saka rinoturikira sezvinotevera:
E = σT4, apo σ=5,67•10–8 W/m2K4
Umbra ndiyo inoburitsa zvishoma kana zvishoma 32% yechiedza nenharaunda yakaenzana yephotosphere uye zvakafanana penumbra ine kirasi yekupenya ye71% kupfuura iyo photosphere. Rima rakapihwa neSunspot rinongova mhedzisiro yekusiyanisa; dai waikwanisa kuona nzvimbo yekirasi, ine umbra inoenzana nePlanet Earth, iri yoga uye iri pachinhambwe chimwe chete kubva kuZuva, inopenya kanenge ka50 kupfuura Mwedzi wakakwana pachawo.
Iwo mavara haafambike, kureva kuti, haafambe kana achienzaniswa nephotosphere (Iyo photosphere kana photosphere inzvimbo inopenya inoganhura muviri wemuchadenga, ingave nyeredzi kana Zuva, mune iyi nyaya tiri kutaura nezve Sol) uye ndivo vanotora chikamu mukufamba kwekutenderera kwezuva. Nharaunda yesolar yakafukidzwa nemasunpots mamwe chete anogona kuyerwa maererano nemiriyoni yekuonekwa kunenge 100 km (kilomita) gobvu.
Nhoroondo
Kucherekedza kukuru kwakaitwa kunzvimbo idzi dzezuva kwakasvika pakuzoitwa nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzechiChina mukutanga kwegore ra28 a. C., zvatinogona kutaura kuti kune nhau chaidzo dzinobva muzana ramakore rechina a. C. Pakati pezvakazova gore ra28 B.C. C. uye gore ra1638 d. C, huwandu hunosvika 112 nzvimbo dzakanyorwa.
Zvichida vaigona kuona mapoka enzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru apo chiedza chezuva chakanyanya kupepetwa neguruva iro mhepo imwe cheteyo yakanga yatakura kubva kune anonzi magwenga eCentral Asia.
Mumatunhu ekumadokero, nhau dzekare dzerudzi rwekusviba kwezuva ndidzo dzinowanikwa muHupenyu neMabasa eCharlemagne, iyo yakanyorwa mugore ra807 AD. C. Mumazana amakore akatevera nzvimbo dzimwe chetedzo dzakasvika pakuonekwa nenyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzemavambo echiMuslim dzakadai seAverroes uye pakasvika zana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, dzakacherekedzwa nenyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzeItaly.
Mugore ra1610, vazivi venyeredzi vainzi David Fabricius nemwanakomana wake Johannes ndivo vakaona nzvimbo idzi vachishandisa materesikopu. David ndiye munhu akabudisa gwaro mumwedzi waChikumi wegore ra1611. Nyanzvi yenyeredzi yaizivikanwa zvikuru inonzi Galileo Galilei ndiye munhu akadzidzisa vazhinjisa vevazivi venyeredzi muRoma pamusoro penzvimbo dzinopisa zuva uye akanga ari Schneider uyo sezvingabvira akaacherekedza munguva inotevera. 2 kana 3 mwedzi.
Kurwa kunotevera kunosuruvarisa kwerudzi rwekupa kwaizopihwa kune uyo akange awana kuwanikwa kwemavara pazuva pakati pemuzivi Galileo naSchneider, kwakava kwekusingaperi, tisingatauri kuti hapana kana mumwe wavo aiziva nezve ongororo. yeFabricius, zvekuti yakazova pasina zvachose. Nzvimbo dzezuva dzaive dzakakosha zvikuru mukukakavadzana pamusoro pemhoteredzo yesolar.
Zvakanga zvaratidzwa kuti Zuva raitenderera uye raiwanzoita mamwe marudzi echinjo, izvo zvaipesana nemifananidzo yaAristotle mukuru. Iwo mameseji ekufamba kwakataurwa, aive akajeka, akange asina chero mhando yetsanangudzo ine musoro yaive nyore, kunze kweiyo yakapihwa neheliocentric system yeCopernicus.
Dzidza zvakawanda nezve chimiro chezuva, uye uchaona kuti ma<em>sunspots akadaro ari enguva dzose sei muiyi nyeredzi huru yepakati pegadziriro yedu yezuva.
Kwakabva Sunspots
Munzvimbo dzezuva kune imwe mhando yemagnetic field ine simba rinosvika 0,3 T. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwekugadzira zuva rezuva richiri nyaya yekutsvakurudza, naizvozvo zvinonyatsojeka kuti sunspots solar inosanganisira chikamu chinooneka chemhando yechubhu. magnetic flux inoumbwa muchikamu chezasi chephotosphere.
Mune ese madhiri uye zvakare density inowanzodzikira uye nekuda kweichi chikonzero ivo vanosimuka nekutonhodza pasi. Kana iyo chubhu yekumanikidza yatyoka pamusoro peiyo photosphere, iyo facula inooneka, inova rudzi rwenzvimbo ine 10% kupenya zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe epasi. By convection pane kuyerera kwesimba rinobva mukati mezuva.
Iyo magnetic tube inoputirwa nenzira yekusiyanisa kutenderera. Kana iyo yekudhonza muchubhu inoyerera ikasvikwa nemamwe marudzi emuganho, iyo magineti chubhu inomonereka senge rubber bhendi. Kufambiswa kwekuyerera kwesimba rakadaro kubva mukati memukati mezuva kunodziviswa, uye pamwe chete nekushisa kwepamusoro.
Zvichangoburwa zvakatariswa ne "SOHO" setiraiti ichishandisa masaisai anonzwika anofamba nepaSun's photosphere inobvumira kuti iumbe mufananidzo wakadzama wekuti chii chiri mukati mechimiro chemasikati, pazasi peimwe neimwe yeaya masunspots. izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti mitsetse yese yemagnetic field yainayo iungane pamwechete.
Sunspots inofanira kuzvibata pane dzimwe nguva nemativi akafanana nemadutu anoumbwa pano pasi redu repasi.
Kushanduka kweSunspot
Sunspots inoonekwa, inokura, inoshanduka maererano nehukuru uye chitarisiko uye inonyangarika zvakare mushure mekutevedzana kwe1 kana 2 solar kutenderera, zvinoreva kuti vanga varipo pasolar kwekanguva kwemwedzi 1 kana 2, kunyangwe hafu yehupenyu hwayo ingangoita mavhiki maviri.
Mavara acho anooneka ari maviri maviri. Chekutanga, tinogona kuona rudzi rwekuumbwa kwakajeka, inova facula, ipapo pore, inova rudzi rwekupindirana pakati pe granulation yephotosphere (iyo layer yeZuva), inova ndiyo inotanga kusviba.
Pazuva rinotevera, panotova ne sunspot iyo ishoma, nepo pakati pe pore, iyo iri madhigirii mashoma kubva, imwe sunspot inooneka. Mumazuva mashoma makwapa maviri ane hunhu hwakanyanya rudzi rwechitarisiko anoti:
Nharaunda yepakati ine rima inodaidzwa kuti mumvuri une tembiricha inotenderera 2.500 km uye rudzi rwekupenya kwe20% yephotosphere, iyo yakatenderedza nzvimbo ine grey ine mhando yefilamentary kutaridzika, iyo penumbra, ine tembiricha yakatenderedza. 3.300 km uye kupenya kwe75% yephotosphere. Kuti tizive kuti mapuraneti anotenderera sei pamusoro penyeredzi yepakati, tinogona kudzidza nezve Orbit yezuva uye nokudaro kuziva nguva yekucherechedza idzi nzvimbo dzezuva.
Panyaya yechiedza uye yakasviba filaments ine radial direction. Penumbra granules inotorawo chimiro chakarebeswa chinenge 0,5" kusvika 2" muhukuru uye nguva yehupenyu kazhinji yakakura kudarika magranules akajairwa kubva pamaminitsi makumi mana kusvika kumaawa matatu.
Padivi penzvimbo huru idzi, mamwe anoratidzika ari madiki. Mavara ese ane mafambiro azvo ane spidhi inosvika mazana emakiromita paawa (km/h). Iro boka remavara rinokwanisa kusvika kune yakanyanya kuoma panenge pazuva regumi.
Mavara makuru ega ega emapoka aya anoita sekunge akasvika pakuva nematanda egineti yakakura uye yakasimba nekuti pakati pezviviri pane rudzi rwemagineti ine rudzi rwekusimba pakati pe0,2 ne0,4, 0,05 T nepo pasi remagineti. munda une kirasi yesimba inosvika XNUMX mT chete.
Nzvimbo iri kumadokero kwezuva inonzi conductive uye iyo iri kudivi rekumabvazuva kwezuva inonzi driven. Muhuwandu hukuru hwemapoka, axis pakati penzvimbo 2 haina kurongeka kumabvazuva-kumadokero, asi panzvimbo ye conductive inowanikwa mumahemispheres maviri ari padyo ne equator.
Zvakaonekwa kuti panzvimbo yakaderera kuyerera kudiki kwenyaya kunoonekwa kunobva pamumvuri kuenda kune chikamu chepenumbra nekumhanya kunosvika 2.000 m/s, iyo inozivikanwa seEvershed effect, uye kubva kunze ichienda kune nzvimbo yepakati.pahurefu hwakakwira seinoti inonzi chromosphere, inodaidzwa kuti inverse Evershed effect.
Stain Classification
Mhando yeMcintosh yemanyorero yakakwanisa kushandura rimwe bhuku reZurich mune izvo kurongeka kwemasunspots. A-3-mavara cipher kirasi inoshandiswa inotsanangura mhando dzeboka remavara, ingave yakapetwa kaviri, imwe chete, kana yakaoma, iyo penumbral process yenzvimbo hombe, uye zvakare compactness yeboka.
Masunspots anoitika anokwanisa kusvika kunharaunda hombe mukati memazuva mashoma obva atanga kudzikira zvekuti nzvimbo inenge yateverwa kazhinji inonyangarika pekutanga. Iyo Mount Wilson chirongwa chinoshandiswa kukwanisa kutsanangura rudzi rwemagineti inogona kuve nyore, bipolar kana kunyange yakaoma.
Sunspots uye Solar Rotation
Chiyero chekufamba kwemasunspots pane chave chiri diski ndicho chinotibvumira kuti tifunge kuti nyeredzi yepakati yesolar system ine nguva yekutenderera kwemazuva anopfuura makumi maviri nemanomwe. Harisi rose Zuva rinotenderera nekumhanya kwakaenzana, sezvo isiri rudzi rwemuviri wakaoma, nenzira iyi muequator nguva yekutenderera inosvika mazuva makumi maviri nemashanu inoenda kunosvika 27 ° yelatitude inoitika mumazuva angangoita makumi maviri nemasere uye mumwedzi. nyaya yemapango kutenderera uku kunowanzova kukuru.
Kusiyana kweSolar Activity
Huwandu hwemasunspots hwakayerwa kubva 1.700 uye kune fungidziro yemakore angangoita zviuru gumi nerimwe apfuura. Rudzi rwemaitiro kubva kusiri kare zvakanyanya kuenda kumusoro kubva mugore ra11 kusvika kuma1900. Mumwe murume anonzi Heinrich Schwabe ndiye akatanga kuona kushanduka kwenhamba yenhamba yezuva pakati pemakore 60 na1826 uye ndiye zvakare akatungamira Rudolf Wolf. kuita ongororo dzakarongwa kutanga muna 1843.
Kunonoka mukukwanisa kuziva rudzi urwu rwenguva yeZuva kunokonzerwa nemaitiro anoshamisa eZuva mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Nhamba yeWolf ine mhando yekutaura inosanganisa mavara ega uye mapoka emavara uye izvo zvinokutendera kuti utarise chiitiko chezuva.
Wolf akaedzawo nesimba kuita tsvakiridzo yaanogona kuchengeta mumarekodhi enhoroondo mukuyedza kumisikidza mhando yedhatabhesi ine zvese zvakasiyana siyana zvekare.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, akagadzira dhatabhesi yekutenderera kwezuva kusvika mugore ra1700. Kunze kwekutenderera kwemakore gumi nerimwe, zvave zvichibvira kuona kuvepo kwe 11 kutenderera kweanenge makore 1, mukati meiyo nhamba ye makwapa ave akanyanya kukwirira kupfuura imwe hafu.
Wolf ndiye akagadzira rudzi rwedatabase yedenderedzwa kusvika kugore 1700, kunyangwe tekinoroji uye matekiniki ekunyatsoongorora kwezuva zvaive zvatovepo mugore ra1610. Gustav Spörer akakurumbira aive munhu waakafunga chikonzero Wolf. haina kukwanisa kuwedzera kutenderera yaive yekuti paive nerudzi rwemakore makumi manomwe pakati pe70 ne1640 umo mutsara unoshamisa wenzvimbo dzezuva waigona kucherechedzwa.
Evolution of Stains in a Cycle: Butterfly Diagram
Ese sunspots anoonekwa mumahemispheres ese ari maviri pa latitudes kubva pa2° kusvika 5°. Basa rezuva rinowanzoitika mumatenderedza anosvika makore gumi nerimwe. Iyo poindi yepamusoro-soro yekushanda kwezuva mukati mekutenderera kwakadaro inowanzozivikanwa sesolar maximum, uye poindi yebasa rakaderera ishoma yezuva.
Pakutanga kwekutenderera, masunspots anowanzo kuoneka pamatunhu akakwirira mamwe acho anenge 40° uye sezvo kutenderera kunosvika pakakwirira panoitika ma frequency epamusoro uye panguva imwe neimwe pane latitude shoma iri pedyo ne equator, kusvika pakakwirira. yasvikwa.
Zvichakadaro, masunspots ekutanga ekutenderera kunotevera anoonekwa pa latitude ye40 °. Zvose izvi zvinonzi Mutemo weSpörer. Izvozvi zvinozivikanwa kuti kune marudzi akasiyana enguva mu index ye sunspot maererano nenhamba yeWolf, iyo inonyanya kukosha, iyo sunspot yakakwanisa kuva neavhareji yemakore anenge gumi nerimwe.
Iyi mhando yenguva inocherechedzwawo mune mazhinji emamwe maratidziro ezuva uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa nekusiyanisa mune solar magnetic field inoshandura polarity nenguva imwe chete iyi.
Kucherechedzwa kweSins neAmateurs
Sunspots anoonekwa kunyangwe kuburikidza chero ipi zvayo Mhando dzeTeresikopu ingava yakakura kana diki kuburikidza nekufungidzira. Pane dzimwe nguva, sekunyura kwezuva, sunspots inogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama.
Tinogona kusimbisa kuti mwaranzi yezuva inogona kukuvadza maziso evanhu zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti upofu hwechigarire. Iwe haufanirwe kutarisa zvakananga kuzuva sezvo ichi chiito chinogona:
Kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba uye kusingagumi kune retina yeziso, kunyangwe usati waona chero rudzi rwekukuvara kwairi. Chinhu chinonyanya kufarirwa ndechekugadzira mufananidzo weZuva pachiratidziri. Izvo zvakare zvinotenderwa kushandisa rudzi rwesolar sefa, zvisinei, inofanirwa kugadzirwa yeMylar, inova iyo inovhara iyo yese perimeter yetelescope uye kwete chete eyepiece yayo sefa, nekuti izvi zvinowanzopisa zvakanyanya uye zvinogona kunyange. kutyora chete.
Hukama hweSunspots uye Terrestrial Phenomena
Kuedza kwakaitwa kubatanidza kutenderera kwe11-gore kwemasikati nekuratidzwa kwe cyclical kwepasi redu, sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, nguva dzekunaya kwemvura uye kusanaya kwemvura, mutsauko mukureba kwezuva. Vakatove vakakwanisa kuona rudzi rwekuwirirana kwakajeka pakati pemhando yekukura kwezvindori zvekushanda kwezuva.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, kuwirirana kudiki kwerudzi urwu kwakavimbika zvine musoro, izvo zvinoita senge nekuda kwekusiyana kudiki mukuyerera kwesimba rose rinoburitswa neZuva pacharo uye kune mamwe magineti akanyanya kukanganiswa ayo anogona. zvinokanganisa chikamu chepamusoro chemhepo yakapoteredza pasi.
Kunyanya kujeka kunogona kuve hukama nemamiriro eiyo ionosphere yepasi redu. Izvi ndizvo zvinogona kubatsira kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekuwedzera kweiyo pfupi wave kana kutaurirana kwese nema satellite. Zvinokwanisika kuti nguva iyoyo itaure nezvemhando yemamiriro ekunze emuchadenga.
Zviitiko Zvinozivikanwa
Musi waGunyana 1, 1859, Zuva rakauya kuzoburitsa chiratidzo chakajeka chakasimba, icho papasi redu chakauya kuzokanganisa sevhisi yeteregirafu. Zviedza zvekuchamhembe izvo zvinokonzerwa mumhepo yepasi redu zvakava zvakanyanya kuoneka mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, dzakadai se:
- La Habana
- Hawaii
- Roma
Rudzi rwakafanana rwekuita rwakaonekwa kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere. Akati chiratidzo chinopenya chesimba guru chakaonekwa nezviridzwa zvesetiraiti huru yakatanga munaNovember 4, 2003 na19:29 UTC, uye iyo yakauya kuzozadza zviridzwa zvese mukati memaminitsi gumi nerimwe. Nharaunda 11 inoratidzika kunge yakanga iri imwe mhando yeX-ray flux. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeholographic uyewo maonero ekuona ndiwo anoratidza imwe mhando yekuenderera mberi kwekuita paZuva.
