Kukura kwetekinoroji yedhijitari, simba rakachena, uye kufamba kwemagetsi kwakonzera makwikwi epasi rose ekutonga mu zvicherwa zvakakosha uye zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasiPabhodhi remutambo wechesi riri kuramba richinyanya kushushikana mune zvematongerwo enyika, Spain yabva pakuva mutambi asinganyanyi kutamba asi yava nzvimbo yakakosha. yezvirongwa zveEuropean Union zvekuzvitonga zvine hungwaru.
Yakavanzika pasi pevhu reSpain zvicherwa zvakakosha zvekuchinja kwesimba uye indasitiri yetekinorojiKubva kuzvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvevhu kusvika kustrontium, mhangura, uye lithium, mukana uyu wakaita kuti Brussels nehurumende yepakati vatarise chikamu chekumadokero kwenyika nepfungwa itsva, kunyanya Varisco Massif yatova nemapurojekiti akati wandei evhu rare earth muCastilla-La Mancha neExtremaduraizvo zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kuvimba nevatengesi vekunze vakaita seChina.
Kubva mumigodhi yechinyakare kusvika kuzvematongerwo enyika enzvimbo dzisina kupfuma
Kunyangwe hazvo migodhi yave iripo munyika kwemakumi emakore, danho repamusoro rava kusvika ikozvino: indasitiri yekuchera Iine mari inosvika mabhiriyoni matatu nehafu eeuro pagoreSekureva kweMinistry for Ecological Transition (MITECO), asi kufarira kwechokwadi kweEurope kuri musimba risati rashandiswa. Kumadokero kweIberian Peninsula, Varisco Massif, nzvimbo yemugodhi inoyambuka kubva kuchamhembe kweGalicia kuenda kumaodzanyemba kweAndalusia, uko yakaonekwa zvicherwa zvine hunyanzvi hwemagineti nemagetsi hunokosha zvikuru, kunyangwe iri muhuwandu hushoma.
Sezvinotsanangurwa nenyanzvi dzeYunivhesiti yeSeville, Zvinhu izvi zvinowanzoita sezvisina kurongeka zvakanyanya.Izvi zvinoita kuti nzvimbo yavo iome uye kushandiswa kwavo kunobatsira. Dambudziko iri rinotsanangura chikonzero nei, pasi rose, huwandu hushoma chete hwezvinhu zvisingawanikwe zvenyika zvinogona kushandiswa, yakabatana munyika shoma kwazvo.
Musika wepasi rose wezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki uri zviri pachena kuti inotongwa neChinaIzvi zvakakonzera kutya muBrussels nedzimwe nyika huru dzakadai seUnited States. Kuna Susana Timón, nyanzvi yesainzi kuIGME-CSIC, kutonga kwezvinhu izvi kwave chishandiso chechokwadi chezvematongerwo enyikaMunhu anotarisira chipo ichi ane mukana wekuisa mitengo nemamiriro ekugovera.
Kuvimba neEurope kunoratidza izvi: 97% yemagnesium inodyiwa neEU inobva kuChina y 98% yeborate inobva kuTürkiyeKusangana nematambudziko aya kunoita kuti dunhu iri rive panjodzi yekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kurambidzwa kwekutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika, kana matambudziko ari nyore ekutengesa zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuti Dare reVaongorori veEU yakataura kuti hazvina kugadziriswa zvakanaka pasinei nematanho akatotenderwa.
Muchirevo ichi, chokwadi chekuti Spain inoshandisa zvimwe zvezviwanikwa zvinokwanisa kuderedza kuvimba ikoko Zvinoipa huremu hwakakosha hunopfuura kugadzirwa kwayo kwezvicherwa pari zvino.
Spain: matura ekuchengetedza uye mapurojekiti manomwe akakosha eEU
Kukwidza nyaya kweSpain kuBrussels kwakavakirwa pazvinhu zvakawanda zvinogutsa. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti nyika iyi Ine nzvimbo dzinosvika 15% ye strontium reserves pasi rose., yakachengetwa mumugodhi wakashama muGranada, uye ndiyo ndiye ega mugadziri wezvicherwa izvi muEU, zvichizadzisa zvinodiwa nenharaunda yese. Uyezve, Ndiyo yechipiri pakukura kwemugadziri wemhangura muEurope, nemapurazi ari kushanda zvikuru muAndalusia.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinotevera zvakawanikwa muIberian Peninsula: 20 yezvinhu 34 zvinoonekwa sezvinhu zvakakosha neEuropean Commission, uye gumi nenomwe dzacho dzakarongwa sedzakakosha nekuda kwekukosha kwadzo kuzvikamu zvakaita se shanduko yezvakatipoteredza, dziviriro, kana indasitiri yendegeZviwanikwa izvi zvinosanganisira lithium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, uye wolfram, zvese izvi zvakakosha pamabhatiri, ma alloys akakosha, zvikamu zvemagetsi, uye zvishandiso zvemauto.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Hurumende yakabvumidza Chirongwa cheNyika cheKutsvaga Migodhi (PNEM) 2026-2030, akashongedzerwa ne 182 mamiriyoni emamiriyoni. Chinangwa chakajeka: kuwana nemazvo mari itsva, kuongorora kuti dzinoshanda zvakanaka here, uye kuona kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinogona kutorwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi nezvakatipoteredza anogamuchirwaMutevedzeri weMutungamiri wechitatu Sara Aagesen akatotaura kuti zvicherwa, pamwe chete nehydrogen, zvinogona kusvika [pahuwandu husipo] panosvika 2050. 80% yemutengo wekutengeserana kwenyika dzese kwakabatana nesimba.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, Brussels yakagadzira runyorwa rwe Mapurojekiti makumi mana nemanomwe ekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva munharaunda yeEuropeZvinomwe zvacho zviri muSpain, zvakapararira munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzinozvitonga:
- Moto (Ciudad Real), yakabatana nematombo asingawanzoonekwi uye iri mukati meCastilla-La Mancha.
- Doade (Ourense), muGalicia, yakatarisana nezvicherwa zvakakosha.
- Las Navas y P6 Simbizvese zviri mukati Cáceres, yakatarisana ne lithium nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvehurongwa.
- Aguablanca (Badajoz), nickel nemhangura zvakachengetwa muExtremadura.
- Denderedzwa (Huelva)chirongwa chakanangana ne kudzokorodza simbi kwepamusoro-soro kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAndalusia.
- Michinjikwa yeCopper (Seville), mugodhi mukuru wemhangura muAndalusia.
Zvirongwa zvose izvi zvichiri mu chikamu chekuongorora kana chekugadzirisazveasi vane chinangwa chimwe chete: kukurumidzisa kuitwa kwavo ne nzira dzekutanga dzekubhadhara mari uye nzira dzinokurumidza, kunyangwe pasina kudzikisa zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza kana mwero wezvakatipoteredza.
Kupfuura runyorwa irworwo rwepamutemo, mukana wekuchera migodhi unosvika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai se Salamanca, Sierra Morena kana nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeExtremadura, uko kusanganiswa kwezviwanikwa zvesimbi nematombo evhu asingasvikiki kunoita kuti dunhu iri rive rimwe renzvimbo dzekutariswa mumakore gumi anotevera.
Campo de Montiel: nzvimbo isina kugadzirwa yenyika inogona kuchinja mepu yeEurope
Kana paine purojekiti imwe chete inoratidza kuti Spain inogona kuva nzvimbo inokosha yekudyara zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki muEuropeNdiyo inobva Campo de Montiel, mudunhu reCiudad Real. Ikoko, kambani Kucherwa kweQuantum vakaona dhipoziti huru ye monazite, chicherwa chine zvinhu zvakaita secerium, neodymium kana lanthanum, chakakosha pamagineti anogara aripo, mota dzemagetsi dzinoshanda zvakanyanya kana maturbine emhepo.
Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kushandisa chinhu ichi kunobvumira inogadzira matani angangoita 2.100 ezvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzoonekwi gore rega regahuwandu hwakakwana, zvichienderana neongororo dzakasiyana-siyana, hwekuvhara 33% yezvinodiwa muEurope zvemhando iyi yezvinhu. Mumaindasitiri, kambani iyi inoti huwandu uhu hunogona kushandiswa kugadzira mota dzemagetsi dzinosvika 350.000 kana maturbine emhepo angangoita 10.000, zvidimbu zvakakosha muhurongwa hwenharaunda hwekubvisa kabhoni.
Dunhu reCampo de Montiel, rine hunhu hwaro hwekumaruwa hwakasimba uye nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda dzakapararira pakati pekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCiudad Real nechikamu cheAlbacete, richaonawo kukanganisa kukuru kwehupfumi pamabasa nemabasa ekubatsiraSekureva kwevatsigiri vechirongwa ichi, mishumo yakataurwa nemasangano ekuEurope inoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwakazara kwemari iyi kwaizobatsira... kuderedza huremu hweChina mukupa EU zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki, chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvemutemo weCommunity wezvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzira.
Kambani iyi yakavandudza mabasa ayo mumakore achangopfuura, ichikumbira mvumo itsva dzekutsvaga uye ichiti Simba reEurope uye kuzvitonga kwetekinoroji Zvinosanganisira kugadzira nzvimbo dziri mukati menyika dzakadai sedzino. Anovimbisa kuti dhizaini yadzo inoenderana nepfungwa dzenzvimbo iyi. matanho ekugadzirisa uye nzira dzekubvisa zvinhu zvisina simba kupfuura mumabasa ekuchera migodhi echinyakare.
Zvisinei, Chirongwa ichi chakakomberedzwa nemakakatanwa Kwenguva inoda kusvika makore gumi, yave chiratidzo chekusawirirana pakati pekukurumidzira kuwana zvekushandisa uye kudiwa kwekuchengetedza nharaunda munzvimbo ine kukosha kwakanyanya kwechisikigo.
Kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, kupikiswa kwemunharaunda uye gakava pamusoro pemuenzaniso wemigodhi
Zvakaitika kuna Campo de Montiel zvinoratidza izvozvo Kungowana nzvimbo yakakura isina zvinhu zvakawanda hazvina kukwana kuti basa rekuchera migodi ritange.Chikumbiro cheQuantum Mining chakatogamuchirwa zvakanyanya muna 2017 neJunta de Castilla-La Mancha, iyo yakamisa chirongwa ichi mushure mekukurudzira vagari, masangano ezvakatipoteredza pamwe nechikamu chezvekurima.
Nhaurirano dzemapoka anopikisa dzakasiyana, asi dzinotenderera papfungwa huru nhatu. Chekutanga, kushandiswa kwemvura kwakafungidzirwaZvakafungidzirwa kuti mabasa ekuchera migodhi angada pakati 310.000 ne500.000 cubic metres pagore munzvimbo ine mvura ine mvura yakawanda uye nguva dzinogara dzichinaya mvura. Chechipiri, njodzi yekusiyana kwezvipenyu, sezvo purazi iri riri pedyo nenzvimbo dzakanyorwa se Special Dziviriro Nzvimbo dzeShiri (ZEPA) uye nekuvapo kwemarudzi ari munjodzi akadai seIberian lynx.
Chikamu chechitatu chinogona kuitika Mhedzisiro yemarara uye maitiro ekuparadzanisa ivhu risingawanzoitiki, inowanzobatanidzwa nezvinhu zvine chepfu uye, mune dzimwe nyika, nekusvibiswa nemwaranzi, kunyange hazvo kambani ichivimbisa kuti muchiitiko ichi matekiniki asina mishonga inorwisa makemikari aizoshandiswa uye nekugadziriswa kwevhu zvishoma nezvishoma.
Makorokoto akadai se Ecologists Mukuita kana puratifomu yevagari Hongu kuPasi Rinorarama Vave vachishanda nesimba, vachironga mishandirapamwe, mishumo uye zvinopomerwa kuti vasimbise kuti, mumaonero avo, Njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza nedziri kumatambudziko ehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu kumaruwa dzinopfuura zvakanakira.Kumanikidzwa nevanhu kwakava chinhu chakakonzera kurambwa kwekutanga kwechirongwa ichi.
Mukupindura kune pfungwa idzi, Quantum Mining inoti nzira yayo inosanganisira kubviswa kwenguva pfupi kwechikamu chemiti, kushandiswa zvishoma nezvishoma uye kudzorerwa kunotevera kudzoreredza kushandiswa kwekurima, pamusoro pekusavapo kwemamwe makemikari mukuita kwekuparadzanisa monazite. Kambani iyi inosimbirira kuti, pasina mapurojekiti erudzi urwu, Kuchinja kwesimba muEurope kuchaenderana nezvinhu zvakatorwa kubva kunyika dzechitatu dzine mitemo yezvakatipoteredza isina kuoma zvakanyanya..
Pakupedzisira, gakava iri rinopikisa zviono zviviri: chimwe chinoisa zvinhu zvakakosha pakutanga kuzvitonga kwakarongeka uye mikana yezvehupfumiuye imwe inotaura kuti kungwarira kwakanyanya uye muenzaniso wakavakirwa pakuderedza kushandiswa, kushandiswazve uye kudzoreredzwa kwezvinhu pane kuvhurwa kwemigodhi mitsva.
Kudzokorodza, mirwi yezvakaparadzwa uye migodhi yakasiyiwa: imwe nzira yekuwana zvinhu zvakagadzirwa
Zvechokwadi, imwe yenzira dzinowanikwa muhurukuro dzedzidzo nedzezvematongerwo enyika ndeye kushandisa marara aripo emigodhi nemhosvaSpain ine Madziva chiuru nematombo akaparadzwa, zvose zviri kushanda uye zvakasiyiwa, uko tsvina, zvinhu zvisina tsvina nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoungana, izvo kazhinji zvine huwandu hunoshandiswa hwesimbi nezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi hazvina kupora panguva iyoyo.
Zvirongwa zvakaita sepurojekiti Denderedzwa muHuelvaVachikurudzirwa nekudyara mari kwakasimba kwepachivande, vari kutsvaga chaizvo kushandura marara emagetsi nemarara emaindasitiri kuita sosi itsva yezvinhu zvakagadzirwakuwedzera mukuchera migodhi kwechinyakare. Nzvimbo idzi dzinofungidzirwa kuti mapuratifomu epamusoro ekudzokorodza inokwanisa kuwana mhangura, simbi dzetekinoroji uye, mune dzimwe nguva, zvinhu zvepanyika zvisingawanzoitiki.
Panguva imwe chete, mapoka ekutsvagisa akadai seanotungamirirwa ne JoaquÃn Delgado naAntonio Romero Baena kuYunivhesiti yeSeville vanoshanda pa kudzorerwa kwenzvimbo dzemigodhi dzakasiyiwakunyanya kutarisisa bheseni re Rio Tinto (Huelva)kushandisa matekiniki e kuvandudzwa kwesangoIkoko, kubuda kwemvura ine acid inokonzereswa nemabasa ekuchera migodhi ekare kwave kuchideredza kunaka kwemvura kwemakumi emakore.
Chinangwa chemasayendisiti aya chine zvinhu zviviri: kune rumwe rutivi, kunatsiridza mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza emabhenji emigodhi uye, kune imwe, kuwana simbi nezvinhu zvinonakidza kubva mumigero iyiSekureva kwaDelgado, zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuunganidzwa muchinhu chakasimba chekubvisa ivhu risingawanzoitiki nezvimwe zvicherwa zvakakoshazvichivapa "hupenyu hwechipiri hwemaindasitiri".
Chirongwa ichi chichiri muchikamu chekutanga, nepfungwa yekuisa chirimwa chekuyedza pamugodhi wePeña del Hierro, imwe yenzvimbo dzechinyakare dzeRÃo Tinto. Sekureva kwevanosimudzira, rudzi urwu rwechirongwa runobvumira kubatanidza kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza nekuchengetedzwa kwekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwakuvhura musuwo wekuenzanisa kunogamuchirika munharaunda.
Basa riri kukura reSpain mukuzvitonga kweEurope
Kupfuura masvomhu e tonnage ne reserves, chiri panjodzi chinzvimbo cheSpain mu hupfumi hutsva hwezvicherwa zvakakosha. Kubatanidza nzvimbo dzisina kuganhurirwa dzevhu dzakadai seCampo de Montielkugona kweVariscan Massif, simba rayo mu strontium nemhangura, uye kuvandudzwa kwemapurojekiti mu kudzokorodza uye kugadzirisa migodhi Inoisa nyika seimwe yenheyo dzehurongwa hwekuzvitonga hweEurope.
Panguva imwe chete, kushorwa kwakasimba kwevanhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kuongororwa kwe kukanganisa kwekuchera migodhi nharaunda Uye kudiwa kwematanho akaomarara kunoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chekuti hapana nzira iri nyore. European Union nehurumende yeSpain vari kuedza kubatanidza mari inoiswa mumari itsva, kusimudzirwa kwekudzokorodza, uye mitemo yakasimba yezvakatipoteredzaZvichakadaro, kudiwa kwezvicherwa zvemabhatiri, zvigadzirwa zvinodzorerwa uye zvemagetsi kuri kuramba kuchikura.
Mukurwisana uku pakati pekuchengetedzeka kwezvekushandisa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, Spain yave rabhoritari yakakura muEuropeMhedzisiro yemapurojekiti akaita semapurojekiti evhu rare muCiudad Real, mapurojekiti e lithium muCáceres, kana mafekitori ekugadzirisa zvinhu muHuelva zvinonyanya kusarudza kuti kondinendi ichakwanisa kusvika papi... kuderedza kuvimba kwavo nenyika dzechitatu pasina kukuvadza nharaunda dzavo zvachose.
