Unozoziva zvese nezvazvoSolar system yakaumbwa sei?, Mapuraneti, Zuva, Satellites, tsananguro yekuumbwa kwavo, Solar Nebula nezvimwe zvakawanda.
The solar system
Maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa, zvinotendwa kuti nzira iyo Planetary System yakaumbwa uye kukura kwayo kwakatanga makore angangoita zviuru zvina nemazana matanhatu emakore apfuura. Paive nekuputsika kwaive muchikamu chemukati chechikamu chesidereal chinokurudzirwa negiravhiti yaro, ichiguma ichigadzira buri dema.
Izvi zvakaitika muchikamu chehukuru hukuru hwemamorekuru. Chikamu chikuru chegore iri rakadonha chakanangidzirwa pakati, apo Mambo Nyeredzi yakaumbwa, mamwe acho akapepetwa muchimiro chemhete "protoplanetary".
Ipapo mapuraneti, asteroids, mwedzi uye zvimwe zvezvinhu zvishoma zvakawanikwa muhurongwa hwemapuraneti zvakaumbwa.
La Nebular Hypothesis iyo inotenderwa zvakanyanya, yakagadzirwa naEmanuel Swedenborg, Pierre-Simon Laplace naImmanuel Kant, muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Kushanduka kwayo nekufamba kwenguva kwakabatanidza dzidziso dzakasiyana dzechikamu chesainzi sefizikisi, nyeredzi, geology uye akasiyana sainzi epasi. Kuti unzwisise zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo kana maitiro ekuumbwa kwemapuraneti, unogona kubvunza ruzivo pamusoro hunhu hwemapuraneti eSolar System.
Nekusvika kwe "Space Age" mugore ra1950 uye kuwanikwa kweMapuraneti ari kunze kweSolar System, mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, aya mareferensi akagadziridzwa kuti abatanidze zvakawanikwa zvitsva.
La Kuumbwa kweSolar System yakaita chinjo huru kubva pakuvambwa kwayo. MaSatellite akasika zvindori zvegasi uye zvimedu zvejecha zvakapfuura nekukomberedza maPlaneti ayo ari chikamu, sezviri pachena mamwe maSatellite akasikwa ega uye nekufamba kwenguva akave chikamu cheMapuraneti kwaanogara.
Inofungidzirwawo kuti ingadai yakapfuura seSatellite yePlaneti Pasi, kuti mavambo ayo anobva mukuvhunduka kukuru. Uku kukonana kukuru kwezvinhu zvakasiyana kunoitika kazhinji, zvichikosha pakuchinja kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti.
Maonero emapuraneti ane anogara achichinja. Ikozvino chitendero ndechekuti kutamiswa kwese kwemapuraneti uku ndiko kukonzeresa kufambira mberi kwePlanetary System.
kudzidziswa kwekutanga
Yakakamurwa kuva ruzivo maererano ne Nebula Solar.
sun nebula
Kufungidzira kunofungidzirwa panguva ino Kuumbwa kweSolar System Ndiyo Dzidziso inotaura kuti yakasikwa negore reguruva rakanga riri muchadenga.
Uyu "makore” yaive pfungwa yaEmanuel Swedenborg pakutanga. Immanuel Kant mugore re1775, neruzivo rwaaive narwo kubva kubasa rakaitwa neSwedenborg, akagadzira pfungwa yakadzama. Pane imwe fungidziro yakafanana iyo yakaitwa ega naPierre Simo Laplace muna 1796.
Dzidziso inotsanangura Kuumbwa kweMapuraneti yakatanga kutaurwa naLaplace muna 1644, anoti apo Planetary System yakasikwa kutenderedza "mabhiriyoni mana nemazana matanhatu emakore emamiriyoni"Yakanga iri mhedzisiro yekudhumhana uko zvinhu zvakaswedera padhuze uye zvakasangana mugore hombe remamorekuru.
Kusviba uku kwakanga kwatoumbwa makore mazhinji kubva kure uye nyeredzi zhinji dzakaumbwa mariri. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve kuumbwa uye maitiro enyeredzi, unogona kubvunza chikamu che mapuraneti eSolar System.
Chiitiko ichi kubva kunze chaive nemaonero madiki, meteorites kubva kare akaongororwa akakanda zvisaririra zvezvinhu zvinogona kuumbwa mukati mepakati penyeredzi huru dzakauya kuzoputika, zvichijekesa kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu umo Zuva rakagadzirwa mukati mesupernovae iri pedyo.
Iko kusungirirwa kunokonzerwa nekudhumhana ne supernovae kunogona kunge kuri chikonzero chekuti Zuva rakaumbwa sei, nekugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvine hukuru hukuru mumakore ari pedyo, zvichiita kuti mumwe nemumwe aparadzwe.
Mukuburitswa kwenhau kubva muna 2009, anosimbisa kuti Zuva rakatanga kuumbwa kwaro nekubatanidza chikamu chepakati chepakati pemazana mashanu nezviuru zvitatu zvesolar element, ine radius yeimwe nematatu parsecs (chiyero chinoshandiswa mukuongorora nyeredzi).
Neizvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti nyeredzi dzakagadzirwa muboka iroro, nenguva uye makore zvave zvichiparadzanisa. Maererano nechinyorwa, zvinonzi chikamu chenyeredzi idzi pakati pegumi nemakumi matanhatu, dziri munzvimbo ye 100 parsecs. Kutenderedza Zuva
Pane imwe yezvikamu zvegasi zvakaputsika (inonzi "Protosolar Nebula"), iyo yakakonzera kuumbwa kweZuva. Nzvimbo iyi yaive nehupamhi hwezviuru zvinomwe kusvika kuzviuru makumi maviri zveAU (astronomical unit).
Kuve nehukuru pamwe hukuru kupfuura chiyero cheZuva, ingangoita "1.001 uye 1,1 yesolar matter".
Kutenda kuti kuumbwa kwaro kwakafanana nekugadzirwa kweZuva ikozvino: avhareji yemakumi mapfumbamwe nesere kubva muzana yehydrogen nehelium zvinhu, izvo zviripo kubva panguva yeBig Bang, nezvikamu zviviri kubva muzana zvezvikamu zvine uremu hukuru, izvo zvaive zvakasara zvenyeredzi dzemadzitateguru dzakaguma dzafa uye dzakaburitswa kunze ndokudzoserwa muchadenga.
Panguva iyo rudzi urwu rwegore rwakadonha, zvese zvakatanga kufamba nekukurumidza. Zvinhu zvaive mukati megore zvakatanga kupetana, mukati maive nemaatomu achiroverana, achikwanisa kugadzira simba raishandurwa kuita kupisa.
Muchikamu chepakati, apo nhamba huru yezvinhu yakawanikwa, kutonhora kwayo kwakawedzera kuwedzera, kupfuura iyo yemhete yepedyo.
Masimba ese aya pamwe chete negiravhiti, pamwe nekudzvanywa kwaiitwa nemagasi, magineti uye kufamba kwakatora matanho pamberi paro, gore, parinobvumirana, rakatanga hurongwa hwekudzika, kuumba rudzi protoplanetary disk ine chiyero chemazana maviri AU muhupamhi. Na "protostar” iyo yakanga ine tembiricha yakakwirira uye yakakora pasi.
Kuongorora nyeredzi "T Tauri". Idzo dzine nguva shoma, dzine zvinhu zvisina kunyungudutswa zvezuva izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakaenzana nezvikamu zveZuva panguva ino yeshanduko, pane zviratidzo zvekuti zvakabatanidzwa nemhete dzepre-planetary material.
Mhete dzinotora chinhambwe chikuru kubva kuAU uye tembiricha yadzo yakadzikira, inosvika churu cheK patembiricha yadzo yepamusorosoro.
Mushure memakore zana remamiriyoni, dzvinyiriro uye tembiricha pakati peZuva zvakakura zvekuti haidrojeni yakatanga kuungana, zvichiita kuti kuzvarwa kwesimba remukati ribudiswe iro rakadzikamisa kukweshera kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi kusvikira kuwirirana kwasvika. .
Pakanga pari panguva iyi apo Zuva rakava Nyeredzi itsva.
Pakusangana kwegore, guruva nemhute (inova nebula), ndipo panotendwa kuti Kuumbwa kweMapuraneti. Parizvino izvi ndizvo zvinofungwa nezvekuti Mapuraneti akagadzirwa sei uye ane zita rekuti "Accretion".
Apa maPlanet aive nemavambo semhunga yeguruva Orbit kumativi ose pakati protostar, iyo pakutanga yakasimbiswa nehukama hwakananga neseti ye1 kusvika ku10 makiromita muhupamhi.
Panguva imwe chete iyoyo vakadhumhana kuti vagadzire masangano ehukuru hukuru "(planetesimals)", kuyera anenge makiromita mashanu, ayo nekuvhunduka kwakafanana kwaiwedzera masendimita gumi neshanu gore rega rega kwemamiriyoni emakore apfuura.
Mukati mepuraneti system yaive nekudziya kwakanyanya kwemamorekuru anoputika, akadai semvura uye methane mamorekuru, kuti aungane pamwechete. Ichi ndicho chikonzero ma "planetesimals" akasikwa ipapo akanga asina kunyanya kukura, chete 0,6% yehuwandu hwemhete.
Yakatanga yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvine chikamu chepamusoro chesimbi yakakandwa, sesimbi uye silicates. Nguva zhinji gare gare aya matombo ane matombo akave mapuraneti epasi. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemapuraneti epasi, ona mapuraneti ane matombo.
Kusimba kweJupiter hakuna kubvumira mubatanidzwa wemasangano eprotoplanetary aivepo, achiguma asimuka kubva kune "asteroid bhandi".
Imwe nguva gare gare, uko kwakawanikwa mupendero wekutonhora, zvinhu zvakaumba magasi echando zvakakwanisa kuramba zvakabatana, mapuraneti Saturn neJupiter akakwanisa kuunganidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakapfuura izvo zvakaunganidzwa nevepanyika, nekuti ivo abundant.
Vakakwanisa kuva mupfu mukuruKune rumwe rutivi, mapuraneti Uranus neNeptune akakwanisa kuunganidza zvishoma zvechinhu ichocho, vakachipa zita re chando chikuru, vachifunga kuti pakati vane hydrogen chete.
Mukutanga kweZuva, mhute neguruva zvimedu zvemhete yeprotoplanetary zvakapararira mu cosmos, vakapa kumbomira kushanduka kweMapuraneti kuburikidza nekuwedzera.
Iyo T Tauri Stars ine mhepo yezuva ine simba rakawanda kupfuura iyo nyeredzi dzakakura uye dzine kugadzikana kwakanyanya.
Matambudziko neSolar Nebula Model
Rimwe dambudziko ne "solar nebula modhi" rine chekuita neangular kukurumidza. Nechakawanda chenyaya muhurongwa hwacho chakatenderedza kusviba kwanga kuchifamba, chidzidzo ichi chinofungidzira kuti yakawanda yeangular yekusimba kweiyo system yaifanira kurongedzerwa panzvimbo.
Kufamba kweZuva kwakadzikira mukumhanya sezvakatemwa, sezvo mapuraneti aine angangoita makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ekinetic kasi, izvi zvinoitika zvisinei nekuti vane chikamu chimwe muzana chemambure ehurongwa.
Panyaya iyi, mhinduro yakasvikirwa, chakakonzera kudzikira kwekukurumidza mugotsi ndiko kukweshana kwakagadzira mafufu ehuruva mumhete huru.
Iro idambudziko rakakura rinounzwa mu "gore regesi” nezvenzvimbo yeMapuraneti. Iwo maPlaneti Neptune neUranus ari muchikamu umo kurongeka kwavo kune hushoma hwekugamuchirwa, nekuda kweiyo yakaderera viscosity yehutema munguva dzakakura dzekutenderera muchikamu.
Mapuraneti achiri muchikamu chekudziya anoonekwa akatenderedza dzimwe nyeredzi, zvingave kuti kusikwa kwavo kwanga kusiri munzvimbo yavari panguva ino, kana zviri izvo zvakabva mugore.
Mhinduro yedambudziko iri inogona kuwanikwa mukufambiswa kwemapuraneti, kwaanogara aine nzvimbo dzakasiyana zvichienderana nenguva yavanenge vachiremekedza Zuva, vachikwanisa kutsvaga kuswedera kana kutama kubva pairi.
Iwo chaiwo eMapuraneti anogona kuve dambudziko. Dzidziso ye "gore" modhi inoyambira kuti Mapuraneti mune zvawo ane zvisikwa zvawo chaizvo muElliptical Plane. Chii chisingaitiki munzira yemapuraneti ekare ane kakurerekera.
MuMapuraneti asina matombo, asi ane gasi, zvinofanotaurwa kuti mafambiro avo uye satellite masisitimu haana hunhu maererano nendege ye elliptical, asi iyo Planet Uranus mune iyi kesi inorerekera kune makumi mapfumbamwe nemasere madhigirii.
Iyo Lunar Satellite yakakura kana ichienzaniswa nePlanet Earth uye mamwe masatellite ari kufamba zvisina tsarukano maererano nePlanet yavo, iri nderimwe dambudziko. Zvinofungwa ndezvekuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya ane tsananguro yezvakaitika mushure mekusikwa kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti.
Estimated Age
Vesainzi vane chiverengero chavanofunga kuti hurongwa hwemapuraneti hunoita makore zviuru zvina nemazana matanhatu. Matombo akawanikwa paPlanet Earth anogona kunge ave nemakore XNUMX.
Aya marudzi ematombo ekare haawanzowaniki nekuti nzvimbo yePasi penyika inogara ichichinja zvichikonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze, kuputika kwemakomo, uye kutsvedza kweplate. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve mapuraneti nekushanduka kwawo, unogona kushanya nyika huru.
Kuti uverenge makore anofungidzirwa ehurongwa hwemapuraneti, masayendisiti anoshandisa sampuli dzemeteorites, ayo anofungidzirwa kuti akaumbwa kubva pakutanga kwekusikwa kwe "nebula".
Kune meteorite ye "Diablo Canyon” inova imwe yekare, iyo inoshanda semuenzaniso, inogona kusvika zviuru zvina nemazana matanhatu emakore, kubva ipapo iyo kuverenga kunoitwa kuti hurongwa hwemapuraneti hunofanira kuva nezera rakafanana.
Gare gare Evolution
Pakutanga kwaive nekutenda kuti Mapuraneti akavakwa pachinzvimbo chavari pari zvino kana kure kure. Iyi dzidziso yakashandurwa zvakanyanya mukati memakore gumi ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rapfuura uye chikamu chezana ramakore matiri.
Parizvino zvinotendwa kuti hurongwa hwemapuraneti hwaive neimwe maonero panguva yekusikwa kwayo, iine zvinhu zvishanu umo maive nePlanet Mercury, yaive mukati mehurongwa pamwe nemamwe maPlaneti mana.
Iyo mapuraneti sisitimu iri muchikamu chekunze chaive chakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura zvachiri ikozvino, se "Kuiper Belt" panguva ino iri mune imwe nzvimbo yekunze kubva payakatanga.
Vesainzi vanofunga kuti kubonderana chinhu chakajairika chinofanira kuitika, chokwadi kana zvikasateverwa. Inofanira kugara ichiyeukwa kuti Mwedzi wakasikwa nemumwe wavo, uyewo Pluto-Charon system yaiva mhedzisiro yekudhumhana kwezvikamu kubva ku "Kuiper Belt".
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mamwe masatellite akatenderedza asteroids uye imwe nyaya ye "Kuiper Belt»ingori mhinduro dzekuvhunduka.
Kuchagara kuine kunetsana, mucherechedzo ndewezvakaita Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 nePlanet Jupiter muna 1994 uye chidhindo chakasiiwa neMeteor Crater payakadonha kuArizona, United States.
Internal Planetary System
Parizvino zvinotendwa kuti Planet Earth payaiumbwa yakaita kubonderana kukuru nechinhu chine humiro hwePlanet Mars.
Kubva ipapo Mwedzi wakagadzirwa. Dzidziso iyi inoti chinhu ichi chakadhumhana neNyika chakaumbwa chiri pakati peNyika neNyeredzi King, chinodaidzwa kuti "Lagrange", mushure mekudhumhana chakabva chatsauka.
Asteroid bhandi
Pane fungidziro yekutigore rezuva", anoti "Asteroid belt" Pakutanga yaive nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakakosha pakusikwa kwePlaneti, uye ichokwadi kuti akati wandei mapuraneti akakwanisa kukura.
Haisi iyo nyaya yeJupiter yakave nekusikwa kwayo maplanetersimals asati aumbwa. Mafungu e orbital uye Jupiter, ndiwo anotungamira nzvimbo yeAsteroid Belt.
Aya maresonances akaparadzanisa maplanetesimals kubva ku "Asteroid Belt" kana kuchengetedza rakamanikana orbital bhandi rinovadzivirira kubva pakuzvisimbisa ivo pachavo. Chinosara ndicho maplanetesimals akasara akagadzirwa pakutanga kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti.
Jupiter yakakonzera kuwanda kwenyaya yakabva ku "Asteroid Belt" kuti ipararire, ichisiya chimwe chete chakafanana ne1/10 yenyaya yakafanana nekukura kwePlanet Earth. Kurasika kwenyaya iyi ndicho chikonzero chinotadzisa “Asteroid Belt kuti ive Planet.
Zvinhu zvine huremu hukuru zvine nzvimbo yakakura yegiravhiti yekumisa kupukunyuka kwenyaya yavo nekuda kwekukonana kusingatarisirwe uye nechisimba.
Iyi kesi haina kujairika muAsteroid Belt. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kune akati wandei maelementi akatsemuka kuita zvidimbu, kazhinji maelement achangoburwa anosundirwa kunze mukushomeka kudiki.
Uchapupu hunogona kuonekwa mukudengenyeka kwema satellites akakomberedza asteroids, panguva ino izvi zvine mhinduro kuburikidza nekusimbisa zvinhu zvinoumbwa nechinhu chekutanga chakasunungurwa chisina simba rose rekubuda kubva ipapo.
Mapuraneti ekunze
Pakati pemapuraneti ekunze pane: "Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus."
hofori yegasi
Kune maprotoplanets makuru, ayo aive akakura zvakakwana kuti ave negasi re "protoplanetary" mhete, zvichitungamira kukutenda kuti kuwanikwa kwavo kwezvinhu kunogona kunzwisiswa kubva munzvimbo yavo mumhete, zvichiita kuti iyi ive tsananguro iri nyore yekunzwisisa mamwe mapuraneti masisitimu. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzemapuraneti, unogona kutarisa mapuraneti gasi.
Jupiter ndiyo yekutanga plantesimal, ndiyo yakasvika pane yakakosha nyaya yekubata helium gasi nehydrogen gas, ndiyo iri munzvimbo yemukati-kati (ichiita kuenzanisa nemaobhiti akaparadzaniswa neZuva), panguva. panguva iyi mafungu orbital ari kukurumidza. Kuwanda kwemhete kwakakwira uye kuvhunduka kunoitika kakawanda.
Jupiter, iri Jovian, yakakura nekuti yakatora huwandu hukuru hwehaidhirojeni gasi uye gasi rehelium munguva refu, uye Planet Saturn yakaitsigira.
Mapuraneti maviri aya anoumbwa nehydrogen nehelium, rinova gasi ravakaunganidza rine chikamu che97% uye 90% chenyaya zvakateerana.
Vamwe vaviri"protoplanets” inova Uranus neNeptune dzakangosvika pakukura kwakaoma kuti dzimire pashure penguva yakati, uye ndokusaka dzakanga dzisina magasi akakwana, panguva ino zvinoreva chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chezvose zvadzo.
Kuenderera mberi nekutorwa kwegasi, panguva ino inofungidzirwa kuti iyo yekunze mapuraneti system inoumbwa nekutama kweMapuraneti. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, unogona kutarisa kuti sei Mapuraneti madiki.
Nenzira iyi simba remapuraneti aya harina kudzora nzvimbo yezvinhu zve "Kuiper Belt”, vazhinji vakatamira mukati mePlanet Saturn, Neptune neUranus, sezvo Jupiter aigara achidzinga zvinhu izvi kubva muhurongwa hwemapuraneti.
Pakupedzisira, Jupiter yakabatanidzwa mukati memukati, apo Saturn, Neptune naUranus vakatamira kunze. Muna 2004, chizaruro chakaitwa maererano nekuita uku kwakatungamira kune chimiro chiripo chenyika.
Nekombuta yakagadziridzwa, masimulator eJupiter neSaturn akagadzirwa, zvichiratidza kuti Jupiter akatanga kutora asingasviki maviri orbits eZuva zvichienzaniswa neyakatorwa naUranus neNeptune panguva yekutenderera kwaSaturn.
Iyi nzira yekutama yaizoisa Planet yeJupiter neSaturn mu2:1 wave (resonance) apo nguva yekupedzisa kutenderera kweJupiter yaizotora hafu yenguva yeSaturn.
Aya masaisai aizoisa Uranus neNeptune munzvimbo dzine denderedzwa, zvichikwanisa kuve nechikamu chemakumi mashanu muzana mukana wekuita kufamba kwesaiti. Nyika yakatora nzvimbo yekunze yaive Neptune uye yaigona kusundidzirwa kunze, kubva ku "Kuiper Belt" sezvayaive pakutanga.
Kubatana kunotevera kweMapuraneti uye "Kuiper Belt" mushure mekunge Mapuraneti Saturn neJupiter ayambuka 2: 1 wave inofumura mhando dze orbital spacing uye kurereka kwepakati peMakuru Ekunze Mapuraneti.
Saturn naUranus vakapedzisira vari munzvimbo iyoyo maererano neJupiter uye kuenzanisa pakati pavo, Neptune yakaramba iri munzvimbo iyo ikozvino kubva iyo iyo "Kuiper Belt" yakatanga.
Kupararira kwe "Kuiper Belt" zvinhu zvinotsanangura kupinza kwazvaive pakubhomba zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaitika makore angangoita mamirioni mana apfuura.
Heavy Bombardment
Maitiro ese akaitwa neInner Planets pavakanga vachigadzira, zvinogona kunzi yaive mhando yekubhomba.
Kunonoka Kunorema Bombardment
Mushure mokunge mhete yegesi yakacheneswa nemhepo yezuva, yakawanda maplanetesimals vakasara vasina kugamuchirwa chero neboka renyika.
Masayendisiti akafunga kuti huwandu uhu hwakatanga kuwanikwa mushure memapuraneti ekunze, uko nguva dze "planetesimal adhesion" dzakakura uye kuumbwa kwepasi chero ripi zvaro risati rapararira gasi rakanga risingabviri.
Nyika inonzi hofori yekunze yakanga ine hukama negungwa iroro.planesimal”, achiparadzira zvidimbu zviduku zvine matombo mukati, panguva imwe chete achifamba kunze.
Mapuraneti akapedzisira apararira kubva kune imwe nyika, zvichiitika zvakamboitika, uye zvakare akanga achiedza neimwe nyika, apo mapuraneti aya aifamba mumigwagwa yawo kuenda kunze, panguva imwechete maplanetesimals aipinda mukati.
Iyi dudziro yepuraneti yakanyatso konzera kutenderera kwemafungu murumble yekubatana nemapuraneti maviri ekutanga madiki, ayo akange atopihwa zita.
Kana ari mamwe Mapuraneti maviri, akakurumidza kutungamirwa nemamwe mafambiro akananga kunze, kuti aenderane negungwa remapuraneti.
Yese iyo vhoriyamu yemapuraneti yakatakurwa yakananga kuchikamu chemukati, kuzosangana neiyo yaive muhurongwa hwemapuraneti, iyo yairamba ichikura, ichigashira kudhumhana kwakawanda nezvinhu zvese zvepuraneti nemwedzi izvo zvaive mukati mekusvika. Danho iri rinonzi "Kumbomira Kubhomba Kune Simba”.
Saka zvakaita kuti mapuraneti aya erookie, kunyanya maviri ekupedzisira, apedzisire aine ese maplanetesimal aive mumhete. Pamwe kuvaita kuti vatore kosi yakananga kumagumo e "Oort Cloud" chinhambwe chingangoita zviuru makumi mashanu zveAU.
Uyewo kushandura orbit pane dzimwe nguva kukanganisa mamwe mapuraneti uye zvingave kuti vakaramba vari munzira yenguva dzose sezvakaita "Asteroid Belt."
Nguva yebhomba rinorema rakaitwa kwemazana mashoma emakore emamiriyoni, izvo zvakasiya mucherechedzo wayo pamakoronga akasiyana, zvichisara seumboo kana zvichionekwa muzvinhu zvisina hupenyu hwe geologically muhurongwa hwemapuraneti.
Zvichida inonyanya kuzivikanwa, bhomba uye kurwisana pakati pe "maplanetesimals"uye"protoplanets” ingangove iri honzeri yekusikwa kwemasatellite, satellite orbits, senge axial tilt isingatarisirwe mushanduro dzinoenderana.
Makomba asingaverengeki anowanikwa muMwedzi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakura zviri muhurongwa hwemapuraneti, zvese izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa.
Kuparara kukuru kwakapa "protoplanet" ine matanho akafanana neayo ePlanet Mars inonzi yakakonzera kusikwa kwesatellite hombe iri yePasi.
Hunhu hwaani hwakafanana neizvi, hunogonawo kunge huri chikonzero chekuchinja shanduko yePlaneti ino, parizvino ine 23,5 ° maererano nekutenderera kwayo.
Murudzi urwu "gore rezuva” Mapuraneti ane nzira imwe chete yekutora masatellite.
ari masatellite eMars ane mativi mashoma uye akatsetseka, ari pachena maasteroids uye kunewo mamwe masampuli emasatelliti akavharirwa anowanikwa mune mamwe masisitimu achangoburwa.
Kutaurirana kwemaitiro akajairwa eJupiter kunokonzerwa nemumwe muviri waive we“Asteroid bhandi” ndokuidzivisa kuchinja nzira yayo nokusvika kwayo kune imwe nyika yepanyika inokosha zvikuru.
Chikamu chikuru chemuviri iwoyo chakaramba chiri mukati memikoto isina kujairika ichibonderana nezvimwe zvinhu; ukuru hwenyaya mu "Asteroid Belt" nhasi iri pasi pechikamu chegumi chehukuru hwezvinhu zvepasi.
Iyo Kuiper Belt uye Oort Cloud
Iyo Kuiper Belt pakutanga yaive chikamu chekunze kwenzvimbo yenyaya yaive muchikamu chechando, iyo yakanga isina kukwana kweatomu yekusimba kwekusimba kwayo.
Zvingave kuti mupendero wechikamu chemukati chaive kune rumwe rutivi rwePlaneti Uranus neNeptune pakusikwa kwayo. Iine huwandu hunosvika gumi neshanu kusvika makumi maviri AU.
Iyo yakanyanyisa mativi kuyerwa yaive yakatenderedza makumi matatu AU. Iyo Kuiper Belt pakutanga yakanyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasvika kune yekunze mapuraneti system, izvo zvakatungamira kutanga kwehupenyu hwemapuraneti. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Oort Cloud, shanya iyo Oort Cloud.
Kurira kwambotaurwa kwemapuraneti kwakaita kuti Neptune iyambuke Kuiper Belt, ichibuda chikamu chikuru chemamiriro ekunze.
Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvakatambanudzirwa mukati, kudzamara zvabatana neJupiter uye zvakaiswa munzvimbo ine elliptical orbit, zvimwe zvakaburitswa kunze kwenyika.
Zvishandiso zvakaguma mu elliptical orbits zvakagadzira kuumbwa kwe. Mumashure, pane zvinhu zvakakandwa kunze neNeptune, zvichiita mhete yakapararira, neizvi zvakava pachena kuti "Kuiper Belt” yakanga ine inzwi shoma panguva iyi.
Muizvi "Kuiper Belt” Zviverengero zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakawanwa zvichiwedzera kuPluto, iyo yaichengetwa negiravhiti mukutenderera kweNeptune, ichiasundira mumikoto ine mutinhimira.
Supernovae yakavakidzana yakapesvedzera kukura kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti, uye makore enyeredzi akabatsirawo.
Chikamu chekunze chezvinhu zvinowanikwa muhurongwa hwemapuraneti zvakasangana nemamiriro ekunze acclimatization inotungamirirwa nemhepo yezuva, meteorites maduku, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvisina kwazvakarerekera munharaunda; kwaiva nepesvedzero yaipfuura, yakadai sesupernova uye kumwe kudengenyeka kwenyeredzi.
Beth E. Clark, mumwe wemasayendisiti ari kutsvaga ruzivo maererano nemamiriro ekunze emuchadenga nekukukurwa kwaro, pasina kubatanidza kusawirirana kunotsanangurwa kuhurongwa hwemapuraneti ekunze.
Pane humbowo hwakaunzwa ne "Stardust" iyo yakadzoka kubva ku "Comet Wild 2" yakaratidza kuti miviri yakasikwa pakutanga kwepuraneti system yakatamira ku "Kuiper Belt", yakatamawo majecha akawanikwa kare kare. hurongwa hwemapuraneti hwakagadzirwa.
Satellites
Mitumbi yakaumbwa yakasikwa, inowanikwa muhurongwa hwemapuraneti, chikamu chikuru chayo chakakomberedza mapuraneti makuru nezvimwe zvinhu zvinowanikwa muhurongwa hwemapuraneti. Kwakabva iyi "mwedzi yechisikigo" ine zvikonzero zvitatu zvinogoneka zvekuvepo:
Conformation kubva ku "protoplanetary" ring, izvi zvinowanzoitika mumapuraneti asina kuumbwa nematombo.
Kuumbwa kubva kune zvakasara, zvichikonzera kutaridzika kukuru mukona yekunze uye kutorwa kwezvimwe zvinhu mundima.
Hofori dzegasi dzinogara dzichiperekedzwa nemwedzi iyo yakasikwa kuburikidza ne "protoplanetary" mhete.
Nekuda kwehukuru hukuru hwemaSatellite aya uye kuswedera kwavo kune Mapuraneti, chiito chinogoneka chete nemapuraneti ane gasi anoita kuburikidza nekuvhundutsa tsvina, pasina kukwanisa kuwanikwa nekutora.
Satellite asiri chikamu cheMapuraneti anoumbwa zvakanyanya nemvura, anogara ari madiki uye ane elliptical orbits ane hunhu husina kukwana. Aya maitiro anowanikwa mune zvakatorwa zvinhu.
Kana zvasvika "Mapuraneti asina kuumbwa nemvura"uye imwe nyaya yakasimba yemapuraneti system, ayo anonyanya kugadzira"Satellites"Imhaka yehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinosundirwa nekukatyamadzwa, zvichizoguma zvave munzira uye kuungana kune imwe kana dzakasiyana."Satellites".
Nedzidziso iyi zvinotendwa kuti ndiwo masikirwo akaitwa Mwedzi wePlanet Earth.
Iyo "Satellites" mushure mekusikwa ichaenderera mberi nekushanduka kwavo. Inogona kuonekwa mune zvinoitika mumakungwa uye kuchinja kunoitika mumhepo uye pamwero muduku kuchinja kunoitikawo panyika.
Kana pasi rikafamba nekukurumidza kupfuura kutenderera kwemwedzi, masaisai achafamba pamberi pemwedzi. Naizvozvo simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi richakura nekuita kuti “Satellite” kurumidza uye zvishoma nezvishoma uende kure nePlaneti sezvazvinoitika neMwedzi.
Kana mwedzi unenge uchimhanya zvikuru kupfuura wepasi kana kuti uchitenderera uchienda kune rimwe divi, musiyano wacho uchawanikwa kuseri kwemwedzi, uine kuwedzera kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi izvo zvinozoita kuti mwedzi udzikire.
Chii chiri kuitika"foob” mwedzi wePlanet Mars, uri kudzika zvishoma nezvishoma.
Mapuraneti anogonawo kugadzira mafambiro emwedzi, zvichikonzera kuderera kwekufamba kwemwedzi kudzamara nguva yawo yekutenderera yasvika pakuchinja kumwe chete.
Nenzira iyi, mwedzi uchaisa chimwe chezvikamu zvawo zvakatarisana nePlaneti, sezvinoita Mwedzi nePasi.
Zita rakapihwa kuchirongwa ichi nderekuti "synchronous kutenderera” uye iri kushanda pamwedzi yakasiyana-siyana yepuraneti, sezvairi paSatellite yeJupiter. Pluto neCharon zviri mukuwiriraniswa kunotakurwa nemafungu eimwe, iyo Planet nemwedzi zviri kuenderana.
Ramangwana
Kana pasina chinhu chisina kujairika uye kunze kwenzvimbo kunoitika, sezvakaitika negomba dema kana chimwe chiitiko chine Nyeredzi munzvimbo.
Nyanzvi dzezvemuchadenga dzinofungidzira kuti gadziriro yemapuraneti sezvayakamira nhasi ingangove neupenyu hwemamiriyoni mashoma emakore, panguva iyo inenge iine chinjo dzakawanda dzakakomba.
Mhete dzePlanet Saturn dzinenge dzichitsva uye maverengero akaitwa ekuti ichange iine mazana matatu emamiriyoni emakore ehupenyu.
Nzvimbo yegiravhiti yemwedzi yakasiyana iyo Planet Saturn inayo ichatsvaira zvishoma nezvishoma kumucheto kwekunze kwezvindori uye ichaitora yakananga kuPlaneti, ichiguma nekuputika nekuda kwemameteorites uye simba regiravhiti richaenderera mberi nebasa, richisara risina unhu. zvindori.
Kune mazano akaitwa kwete kare kare, achitaura nezvezvipupuriro zvakagadzirwa neCassini-Huygens mission, iyo inofunga zvakasiyana, apo inoratidza kuti zvindori izvi zvine hupenyu hurefu, mamwe mabhiriyoni emakore.
Kana makore anenge mabhiriyoni 1,4 kusvika ku3,5 apfuura kuverenga kubva ikozvino, chiitiko chinogona kuitika, umo mwedzi weNeptune, "Triton”, iyo panguva ino ine mamiriro ekunonoka nekuremekedza kutenderera kwayo kwechinyakare, nekudzikira kwakatenderedza mumwe wayo.
Iyo yakadonha kumucheto kwe "Roche” yePlaneti Neptune, nehasha dzakaita kuti mwedzi uparadzane, zvichisiya hurongwa hwakakura hwezvindori zvakapoteredza Planet, chimwe chinhu chakafanana nePlaneti yeSaturn.
Nekuda kwekukweshana kwemafungu pamusoro pepasi pegungwa, Mwedzi uri kuyerera zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba uchienda kuPlanet Earth; zvichiita kuti Mwedzi udzoke zvishoma nezvishoma kubva paNyika, uine mwero wakasiyana wemakumi matatu nemasere mm pagore.
Zvichakadaro izvi zvinoitika, kuchengeta “angular kukurumidza" inokonzeresa kufamba kwePlaneti kuderera, zvichiita kuti mazuva agare kwenguva refu, achiwedzera nesekondi imwe chete kwemakore zviuru makumi matanhatu. Kana makore anenge mabhiriyoni maviri apfuura, kutenderera kweMwedzi kuchasvika panzvimbo inozivikanwa se "spin uye orbit resonance".
Panguva iyoyo Nyika neMwedzi zvichange zvave nekuwirirana maererano nemakungwa. Kuenzanisa nguva dzeMwedzi nedzePasi, kubatana nekutenderera kweNyika uye chiso cheMwedzi zvichagara zviri pamberi peNyika, uye zvinopesana.
Zuva Evolution
Zuva rine kuwedzera kwekupenya kwaro pamwero wegumi muzana pamabhiriyoni ega ega emakore. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munguva yebhiriyoni imwe yemakore, pachava nemhando ye "greenhouse effect"kusingadzoreki paPlaneti Pasi izvo zvichaita kuti makungwa atange kunyungudika.
Zvinhu zvose zvine upenyu kunze zvichadzimwa, uye panogona kuva nehupenyu mukati memakungwa akadzama; zvichida kuramba semwedzi mukuru weSaturn"Titan".
Mumakore angangosvika zviuru zvitatu nemazana mashanu, Planet Earth ichava neinofanana nePlanet Venus sezvairi nhasi; Makungwa achatubuka kusvika pakakwirira, hapazovi nekuvapo kwemhando ipi zvayo.
Panguva iyoyo, mhepo iri paMars inenge yave kupisa zvikuru, mvura iri panyika ichatanga kunyungudika, uye carbon dioxide inenge yaoma chando.
Vakaverenga kuti mumakore anenge mabhiriyoni matanhatu, kuchengetwa kwehydrogen inowanikwa pakati peStar King kuchave kwapedzwa uye kuchatanga kushandisa iyo inowanikwa munzvimbo dzepamusoro.
Izvo zvidiki zvishoma, zvichiverengera makore anosvika mabhiriyoni manomwe nemazana matanhatu emakore kubva ikozvino, inoshanduka kuita bhora rakakura dzvuku, rechando.
Zuva richawedzera uye richafukidza Mercury neVenus, pamwe zvakare Planet Earth.
Nguva iyi apo Zuva richaita sebhora dzvuku guru uye richaramba rakadaro kwenguva yakareba, vanofunga kuti anenge makore ane miriyoni zana, ane zviyero zvemazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nenhanhatu kupfuura zvariri nhasi, ndiko kuchava dhayamita yaro 1,2 AU. Nechiedza chinodarika zviuru zviviri nemazana matatu kupfuura zvino.
Munguva ino, chokwadi mapuraneti nemwedzi zvakatenderedza "Kuiper Belt", sezvazvakaita naPluto naCharon, vachave nekushisa kunofadza kuitira kuti vashanduke kuva makungwa uye vanotarisira kuti vanogona kuuya kuzova nemhoteredzo yakafanana neyoyo iyo vanhu vanoda kugarisana.
Nyika ichatambura zvakanyanya nekuda kwemhepo yezuva, mhepo haichazovepo, nekuti nzvimbo yese yepasi ichazadzwa negungwa remabota apo chete masimbi esimbi achayangarara, masimbi makuru ekuwedzera uye "refractory element glaciers”, ine tembiricha inogona kudarika madhigirii zviuru zviviri.
Kuswedera kwenzvimbo yePasi-Mwedzi nzvimbo kuchaita kuti satellite orbit ivharwe, zvichitoita kuti Mwedzi utenderedzwe nemakiromita zviuru gumi nezvisere kubva paPasi, muganhu we "Roche", nguva iyo giravhiti reNyika richaguma nekushandura Mwedzi kuva zvindori zvakafanana neaSaturn.
Kupera kwePasi-Mwedzi system hakuna chokwadi uye zvinoenderana nenyaya inonyangarika kubva kuZuva munguva idzodzo dzekupedzisira dzekushandurwa kwayo.
Zvimwe Zviitiko
Mukati memakore angangoita mabhiriyoni matatu, tichave neZuva semutungamiri mukutevedzana, "Andromeda” ichave nepedyo neChadenga ichi, uye wobva wagadzira kupesana nekujoinha.
Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti ose, zvinogona kusarova Zuva kana mamwe Mapuraneti nekuda kwekuti ari kure sei, kunyangwe kuri kudhumhana mugwara renzou. Hurongwa hwemapuraneti hunogona kunyanya kusundirwa kubva panzvimbo yahwo uye huchizopedzisira hwave mudenderedzwa richangobva kusikwa regwara renzou.
Mushure menguva refu, kuve neZuva rakatotsakatika uye rakashandurwa nekuti harisisina simba, pane mukana mukuru wekuti imwe nyeredzi ichapfuura nepakati penyika kuti iparadze, chinhu chakajairika kuti chidzokororwe.
Sezvo zvirongwa zvinotitungamirira kukukatyamadzwa kukuru kana kuti dzidziso yokuwedzera zvisati zvazadzikiswa, muzviuru zvamakore zviri kutevera simba resimba renyeredzi rinopfuura pedyo negadziriro ino richange rakwanisa kuwana Mapuraneti ayo kubva kuZuva.
Vese vangakwanisa kugara kwemamwe makore akawanda, uku kuchave kuguma kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti nenzira isina kumboonekwa.
Nhoroondo Yekufungidzira paKuumbwa kweSolar System
Mumakore gumi okupedzisira ezana remakore rechiXNUMX, ongororo dzekant-Laplace nebular dzakapa zvichemo zvakawanda kubva kumusayendisiti James Clerk Maxwell.
Ndiani airatidza kuti kana zvinhu zvemapuraneti zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvakapfuura nekugovera kwakatenderedza Zuva kuita mhete, masimba ekusiyanisa mafambiro angadai akavhara kuungana kweMapuraneti akazvimirira.
Pane kumwe kugunun'una, kunova kuti Zuva rine simba shoma pane rakadanwa nemhando yeKant-Laplace.
Pakanga paine makore mazhinji umo masayendisiti, nyanzvi dzenyeredzi, vakabvumirana pane dzidziso yekuvhundutsa kwevavakidzani, iyo yaifungidzirwa nezvekuumbwa kweMapuraneti nekuda kwekusvika kwenyeredzi kuna Star King.
Nekufungidzira uku, chikamu chakanaka chezvikamu zveizvi uye dzimwe nyeredzi zvingadai zvakavharwa, nekuda kwesimba remvura, iyo, kana yakanyanyisa, yakaumba Mapuraneti.
Dzidziso yekudhumhana yakapikiswawo, asi pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 iyi modhi yenebula yakavandudzwa uye yakawana mvumo yevazivi venyeredzi uye nyanzvi dzesainzi.
Mune iyo modhi yekuvandudza, zvakabvumiranwa kuti yekutanga protoplanet nyaya yaive hombe uye kuti shanduko mukusimba kweangular dzakaitwa nesimba remagineti.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti Zuva, pakutanga kwekuvapo kwaro, rakatumira zvinhu kune angular kumhanya kwemhete yeprotoplanetary uye mapuraneti kuburikidza neAlvén masaini, sezvinotendwa kuitika muT Tauri nyeredzi.
