Zvinonzi Post-Impressionism zvaipfuura kungoti "mushure meImpressionism." Zvaive nguva yekuedza zvisina kuchenjera, mabasa emunhu oga, uye kuputika chinyararire izvo zvakachinja zvachose manzwisisiro atinoita kupenda. Pakati pekupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, chizvarwa chevanyori vemifananidzo chakaneta nekungotevedzera chokwadi uye vakasarudza kupenda zvavainzwa, zvavaifunga, uye maonero avaiita nyika kubva mukati mavo.
Kunyangwe tichitaura nezvazvo nhasi sekunge kwaive kufamba kudiki, chokwadi ndechekuti Post-Impressionism yaive hodgepodge ine maitiro akasiyana-siyana, matekiniki, uye manzwiro. Mabasa aVan GoghGauguin, Cézanne, Seurat, naToulouse-Lautrec havana kusaina chero gwaro remutemo kana kusangana seboka rakagadzikana, asi vakagovana chimwe chinhu chakakosha: kushandisa ruvara, chimiro, uye brushstroke kuratidza chiono chemunhu chechokwadi uye kuvhura musuwo wemafambiro evasati vamboona ezana remakore rechi20.
Chii chinonzi Post-Impressionism uye yakatanga riini?
Izwi rekuti "post-impressionism" rakatangwa nemuongorori wekuBritain Roger Fry muna 1910 pakuratidzira muLondon kwainzi "Manet neVanotevedzera Mafungiro Ekare"Mariri, akaunganidza mabasa aCézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh, nevamwe vaimbi, vazhinji vavo vakanga vatofa. Hapana kana mumwe wavo akazviti Post-Impressionists, asi zita racho rakaramba richitsanangura mafambiro akasiyana-siyana akaitika pakati pa1875 na1905, kunyanya muFrance.
Mumakore iwayo, Impressionism yakanga yatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekuneta. Kuratidzwa kwayo kwakanga kusiri kubudirira sezvaitarisirwa, uye vaimbi vazhinji vainzwa kuti kunyanya kuda kutora nguva inopenya Haana kuteerera mimwe mikana: manzwiro, chimiro, zviratidzo, kana kufungisisa kwepfungwa. Kubva mukuora mwoyo uku kwakabuda nzira dzakasiyana kwazvo, dzatinounganidza nhasi pasi pezita rimwe chete: kudzikiswa kwechimiro, ruvara rusingadzoreki, pfungwa dzinenge dzesainzi, zviitiko zvekune dzimwe nyika, kana zviratidzo zvepedyo uye zvinoshungurudza.
Kupfuura kungofamba-famba kwakarongwa, post-impressionism yaive danho guru rekuchinja. Fauvism neCubism hazvigone kunzwisiswa pasina mipiro yazvo yehunyanzvi uye yepfungwa. Kutsanangura Manzwiro kana zvakawanda zveunyanzvi hwemazuva anoVanyori vematauriro aya vaiwana kurudziro kubva kuna Van Gogh, primitivism uye fauvism kubva kuna Gauguin, cubism kubva kuna Cézanne, uye kumwe kuongorora kusingawanzoitiki uye kwekushongedza kubva kuna Seurat, pakati pezvimwe.
Mamiriro enhoroondo netsika e post-impressionism
Post-Impressionism yakatanga mu chikamu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi19 nemakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi20Nguva iyi yakatongwa neKuchinja Kwemaindasitiri, kukura kwemaguta makuru, uye kuwanda kwehupenyu hwevanhu. Mapepanhau, maposta ekushambadzira, uye marudzi matsva ekuzorora mumaguta zvakapararira, uye panguva imwe chete, kufarira sainzi kwakakura, muminda yezvisikwa neyemagariro evanhu.
Mamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano aya akaita kuti hunyanzvi huve rabhoritari inogara iripo. Mushure mekuona zvinhu sezvazviri uye kuona zvinhu sezvazviri, Kupenda hakuchavi kungotevedzera zvakasikwa kuva nzvimbo yekuyedza zvinhu zvese inobvunzwa: kuti tingamiririre sei nzvimbo, kuti ruvara runoita basa rei, kuti manzwiro akakosha sei, kuti muimbi ane nzvimbo ipi munharaunda. Vagadziri vazhinji vanonzwawo kuodzwa mwoyo kwakasimba mune zvematongerwo enyika uye munharaunda; "nyika yemukati" inoita seyakavimbika kupfuura yekunze.
Kunyange zvazvo nzanga ichiwedzera kufarira vanhu vakawanda, vePost-Impressionist vanopesana nepfungwa iyi: Mumwe nemumwe anotsvaga inzwi rakasiyana zvachose.Havana kuda kuratidza chokwadi sezvachinoonekwa neziso (sezvaiitwa nevaImpressionists) kana kuti sekunzwisisa kwavanoita pfungwa (sezviri muRealism), asi sezvavakaita. Nokudaro, mabasa avo mazhinji aishamisa, aisanzwisisika, kana kuti airambwa zvachose nekuravira kwemabourgeois epanguva iyoyo.
Van Gogh, kana Gauguin, kana Cézanne havana kuzivikanwa zvizere panguva yehupenyu hwavo. Mifananidzo yake haina kufarira vatengi kana vatsoropodzi vetsika.Pasinei nekutengesa kwakaitwa nevanhu vashoma uye rutsigiro rwakawanda, kuratidzwa kukuru kwezvakaitika kare muLondon muna 1910, uko kwakatanga izwi iri, kwaive kukundikana kweruzhinji. Zvinoshamisa kuti, vaimbi vemazuva ano ndivo vakavaona senyanzvi chaidzo. Nhasi uno, mifananidzo yavo inotengeswa nemari yakawanda pakutengesa.
Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, kubuda kwemifananidzo uye kukwira kwemifananidzo nemaposta kwakaita kuti vapendi vazhinji vafungezve nezvebasa ravo. Dai kamera yaigona kunyora chokwadi nemazvoZvaisava nemusoro kuramba uchikwikwidzana naye. Ndokusaka kuchinjwa kuenda kune pfungwa yemunhu, zviratidzo, uye chimiro chinoratidza nguva iyi.
Hunhu hukuru hwe post-impressionism
Kunyangwe hazvo yakanga isiri kufamba kwakafanana, tinogona kuona hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hunodzokororwa, hune hunhu hushoma, muvanyori vazhinji vePost-Impressionist. Dzese dzakabva munhaka yeImpressionism, asi Vanozvishandura vozviwedzera munzira dzavo pachavo.
1. Kukosha kwekuzvifunga pane kuenzana kwechokwadi
Kusvika muzana remakore rechi19, hunyanzvi hwekuMadokero hwakavakirwa pakutevedzera zvakasikwa. Kunyangwe Romanticism, pasinei nekusimbiswa kwayo pamanzwiro, uye Impressionism pachayo, yakaramba ichinetseka nechitarisiko "chinotendeseka" chenyika. VaPost-Impressionist vakaputsa chipingamupinyi ichocho: Zvinotenderwa kutsausa, kuwedzeredza, kana kurerutsa mafomu zvichienderana nezvavanoda kuratidza.Mumabhuku akaita se "The Starry Night" aVan Gogh, zvivakwa zvemuchadenga zvinochinja-chinja kuratidza manzwiro ake, kwete denga rakajeka.
2. Ruvara rwekuratidza uye kuratidza zvinangwa
Kushandiswa kwemavara pamwe ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa. VaPost-Impressionist vakarega kutevedzera matauriro ezvisikwa ndokusarudza mavara akasimba, anowanzova asina kujairika, azere nezviratidzoMumifananidzo yakawanda tinowana nzvimbo dzakakura dzine mavara akajeka, dzine musiyano wakajeka uye dzisina kuenzana, izvo zvinoita kuti nzvimbo yacho ive yakatsetseka uye zvinoita kuti ruvara ruve mutauro wemuimbi. Semuenzaniso, mufirimu raGauguin rinonzi "The Vision After the Sermon," tsvuku haitevedzere chero chinhu chaicho: inogadzira mamiriro emweya uye emitambo.
3. Matekiniki matsva epurasitiki
Nguva iyi mutambo wekuyedza kwehunyanzvi. Zvishandiso zvakaita sezvinotevera zvinogadzirwa: pointillism (maumbirwo akagadzirwa nemadotsi madiki ane mavara), geometri yakanyanyisa yemafomu (Cézanne achideredza hunhu kuita masirinda, makoni nemabhora), iyo kushandiswa kwemavara akakora uye akasimbanzvimbo dzine ruvara rwakati sandara dzisina hupamhi hwakawanda uye kudzvinyirirwa kwemaune kwenzvimboZvinowedzerwa pane izvi mabhurashi akakora, mavara anooneka, magadzirirwo akasimba, uye musanganiswa wezvinhu zvisina kujairika.
4. Kufarira zvinhu zvekunze, zvakakurumbira uye "zvekare"
Sezvakatoitika muImpressionism, hunyanzvi hwekuJapan hune simba guru, asi ikozvino chinangwa chakawedzerwa: VaPost-Impressionists vaitarisawo tsika dzekare dzisiri dzekuMadokero, hunyanzvi hwevanhu, uye hunyanzvi hunonzi "hwekare".Gauguin akawana kurudziro kubva kuTahiti neEgypt yeFaro; Rousseau, asina kubva kuFrance, akafungidzira masango akasvibira akavakirwa pamabhuku ane mifananidzo nemazoo. Mumabasa aya, tinowana dumbu rakatarisa mberi nemakumbo akaumbwa, mimhanzi yakati sandara, uye mifananidzo yakashongedzwa inoyeuchidza mifananidzo yekare.
5. Kurovera kwebhurashi zvine hungwaru kana kuti zvakarongeka
Kusiyana nemaitiro eImpressionism akasununguka uye airatidzika kunge akangoerekana aitika, maPost-Impressionists akashandisa maitiro ane chinangwa. Muna Van Gogh, maitiro ekushandisa brushstroke ndiwo ine mutinhimira, ine mutinhimira, uye gobvuAnenge akavezwa. Muna Cézanne, anodzokorora uye anovaka, sekunge ari kuvaka mufananidzo wedombo nedombo. Muna Seurat, diki uye yakanyatsojeka, yakaderedzwa kusvika padanho remasvomhu. Kurovera kwebhurashi kunorega kuvanzwa uye kunova chikamu chakakosha cheshoko.
6. Maumbirwo, chimiro uye zvazvinoreva
Kunyange zvazvo Impressionism yainyanya kutarisa mhepo uye mutambo wechiedza, Post-Impressionism yakadzokera pakuratidza kufarira ... chimiro chakasimba uye kurongeka kwakanyatsofungwaVanyori vazhinji vanoita kuti mifananidzo ive nyore kusvika padanho rekuita zvinhu nemazvo, vanoronga mapuraneti ane hunyanzwi hwekuvaka, uye vanoisa mifananidzo muzviratidzo. Mabasa acho haasiriwo "mafungiro" epanguva iyoyo; asi zvivakwa zvinotaura nezvepfungwa, manzwiro, kana kutsoropodza magariro evanhu.
Kusiyana Kwakakosha Pakati Pepfungwa Nepfungwa Dzekufembera
Impressionism nePost-Impressionism zvinopindirana munguva uye zvinofarira dingindira remazuva ano nemavara anopenya, asi zvinangwa zvazvo zvakasiyana. Impressionism inotsvaga kuratidza kuti chokwadi chinotaridzika sei; Post-Impressionism, manzwiro ainoita uye zvazvinoreva..
MuImpressionism, chinonyanya kukosha chiedza chechisikigo uye mhedzisiro yacho pamhando. Vanyori vanopenda panze, nekukurumidzira kudhirowa, vachiedza kutora nguva yacho. Kusanganiswa kwemavara kunoitika zvakananga muziso remuoni, kuburikidza nekubata kudiki, kwakabatana. Basa racho richiri rakanyatsojekaMuvezi anongonyora zvaanoona.
Mupfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvinoonekwa mushure mekufungidzira, kune rumwe rutivi, chiedza chinorega kuva musimboti wova chimwe chinhu chinobatsira pakuratidza manzwiro. Kuzviisa pasi pevamwe kunopinda munzvimbo yacho nesimbaZviyero zvinokanganiswa, mavara anowedzerwa, uye zviratidzo nemadimikira zvinounzwa. Vanyori vazhinji vanodzokera kubasa remustudio, vachisiya kupenda zvidimbu zvemhepo kuti vagadzire zviitiko zvinoratidzira.
Madingindira acho anochinjawo. Impressionism inotarisa pamamiriro ekunze, zviitiko zvekuzorora kwemabhurugwa, hupenyu hwemumaguta, uye zvisikwa. Post-Impressionism inowedzera huwandu hwezvinhu: Nyika yepasi inoonekwa, zviratidzo zvechitendero zvemunhu, fungidziro dzakaita sedzechiroto, zvitsuwa zvekune dzimwe nyika, vanhu vari vegaZvese izvi nechinangwa chine musoro, kazhinji chepfungwa kana chemanzwiro.
Kuti tizvitaure zviri nyore, tinogona kutaura kuti Impressionism inoshandura chiedza kuita ruvara, nepo Post-Impressionism ichishandura manzwiro nepfungwa muchimiro neruvaraMusiyano iwoyo ndiwo uchavhura nzira yekutaura, cubism nedzimwe "tsika" dzemuzana remakore rechi20.
MuImpressionism, iyo yakatanga muFrance pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, sangano iri rakatsigirwa zvakasimba nevamwe vatengesi nevatengi, vakaita saPaul Durand-Ruel, avo vakabatsira vaimbi kuti vararame vachirambwa nehurumende; VaPost-Impressionist vakaomerwa zvikuru nekuwana rutsigiroKuzvikudza kwake kwakanyanya uye kushamisa kwezvikumbiro zvake zvakawanda zvakatyisa chikamu chikuru cheveruzhinji vemabhurugwa, avo vaisaziva kunyatsonzwisisa zvinhu zvitsva zvakadaro.
Vanyori Vakuru vePost-Impressionist Nemipiro Yavo
Kunyange zvazvo mazita mazhinji aibatanidzwa nePost-Impressionism, kune boka revaimbi vanowanzoonekwa sevari musimboti wayo. Mumwe nemumwe wavo akatsvaga nzira yake, uye imhaka yekusiyana uku kwakaita kuti nguva iyi ive nyore kunzwisisa kuburikidza nemafambiro avo ega ega.
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
Van Gogh ndiye angangodaro ari chiso chinozivikanwa zvikuru che post-impressionismAkazvarirwa kuNetherlands, akasarudza kuzvipira zvakanyanya pakupenda aine makore makumi maviri nemanomwe uye akavandudza mabasa ake mazhinji muFrance. Aiyemura mavara evaImpressionists nemifananidzo yechiJapan, asi haana kumbozvigumira pakutevedzera iwo. Mabhurashi ake aifamba-famba, azere ne impasto, uye mavara ake eyero, girini, uye bhuruu zvakachinja mufananidzo wega wega kuita rudzi rweX-ray yemanzwiro.
Kuna Van Gogh, ruvara rwaiva nechiratidzo chikuru. Akanga asingagutsikane nekungotevedzera matauriro chaiwo echinhuAkazvisimbisa, akazvikanganisa, uye akazvibatanidza nemafungiro evanhu. Semuenzaniso, mu "Café Terrace at Night," yero yekofi inopenya kupfuura chiedza chaicho, kuratidza kudziya nesimba renzvimbo yacho. Kubatwa kwemavara uku kunomuisa semutangi weExpressionism.
Hupenyu hwake hwepachivande hwakanga hwakaratidzwa nekusagadzikana kwepfungwa uye kurwara nepfungwa. Munguva yedambudziko, akatocheka nzeve yake, uye matambudziko ake epfungwa akazopedzisira aita kuti azviuraye aine makore 37 chete. Haana kana mufananidzo mumwe chete waakatengesa muhupenyu hwake, asi nhasi uno unoshanda seizvi. "Husiku Hune Nyeredzi""Maruva ezuva", "Zvifananidzo Zvega", "Mubhedha wekuArles" kana "Café Terrace at Night" zviratidzo zvehunyanzvi hwekuMadokero.
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
Gauguin akatanga ari mupendi weImpressionist, asi nekukurumidza akaneta nemiganhu yayo. Akasiya hupenyu hwake hwemabourgeois, achienda kutanga kuBrittany ndokuzoenda kuPolynesia, achitsvaga mararamiro "ekare" aizokurudzira hunyanzvi hutsva. Maitiro ake akavakirwa pa nzvimbo hombe, dzakati sandara dzine ruvara rwakanyanya, magadzirirwo akajeka, uye chiratidzo chakasimba, yakanyanyiswa zvakanyanya netsika dzevanhu, hunyanzvi hwepakati nepakati uye hwekunze.
Mumifananidzo yakaita se "The Yellow Christ," akawana kurudziro kubva muzvifananidzo zvechitendero zveBreton zvakakurumbira, achideredza mafomu kuita mapurogiramu akareruka uye achizadza mavara. Mumifananidzo yake yechiTahiti, yakadai se "Vakadzi veTahiti" kana kuti "Tinobva Kupi? Tiri Vanaani? Tiri Kuendepi?", akasanganisa ngano dzemuno, kufungisisa kwehupenyu, uye kufadza kukuru. Kushandisa kwake mavara neushingi uye kuramba kwake chitendero chezvisikwa kwakapesvedzera zvakananga Fauvism.
Seri kweizvi zvekusaziva kunewo divi rinokakavadzana: Maonero ake nezvetsika dzePolynesia anoumbwa nekutonga kwevagari vemo panguva iyoyo.Hukama hwake nevasikana vechiTahiti, vaairatidza vasina kupfeka kana kuti vasina kupfeka, hwave huchitsoropodzwa zvikuru. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, basa rake mukushanduka kwemavara nemifananidzo hazvirambiki.
Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)
Kune vanyori venhau dzakawanda, Cézanne ndiye baba vechokwadi veunyanzvi hwemazuva anoAkapinda mune zvimwe zviratidziro zveImpressionist, asi munguva pfupi akatora nzira yakasiyana, achizoenda kuProvence. Ikoko akazvipira kunzwisisa nekugadzirazve zvakasikwa kubva muzvinhu zvakakosha: masirinda, makoni, mabhora. Nzvimbo dzake, zvipenyu zvisipo, uye mifananidzo yevanhu vanogeza zvinoita sekunge zvakagadzirwa nemavara akaunganidzwa semagadzirirwo ezvivakwa.
Mumabasa akadai se "The Bathers" kana maonero ake akawanda egomo reSainte-Victoire, nzvimbo haichamiririrwi nemaonero ekare. Maumbirwo acho ari nyore, mapurani acho anopindirana, uye brushstroke pfupi, yakafanana inochinja ruvara. pasina kushandisa chiaroscuro yechinyakare. Nenzira iyi, Cézanne anogadzirira zvakananga nzvimbo yeCubism yaPicasso naBraque, avo vachatora ongororo yake yemaumbirwo kusvika padanho rakatonyanya kushata.
Mabasa ake haana kunyanya kukosheswa panguva yehupenyu hwake, asi mushure mekufa kwake vazhinji vevanyori vechidiki vaimuona senyanzvi chaiyo. Picasso naMatisse vakamuti "baba vedu tese." Pakati pemifananidzo yake inozivikanwa zvikuru ndeiyi: "The Bathers," "Woman in Blue," "Basket of Apples," uye "The House of Mary on the Path to Château Noir."
Georges Seurat (1859-1891)
Seurat anowanzo tsanangurwa seNeo-Impressionist, asi mipiro yake inoenderana nepfungwa yePost-Impressionist. Ndiye mumwe wevakatanga kubuda muboka reImpressionist nekugadzira maitiro ake ega. kusarurana kana kupatsanurana, nzira yakavakirwa pakuisa madotsi madiki ane ruvara rwakachena padivi nepadivi kuitira kuti musanganiswa uoneke zvakanaka pa retina yemuoni.
Achifurirwa nedzidziso dzesainzi dzeruvara uye pfungwa dzakanaka dzenguva yake, Seurat akatsvaga nzira yemasvomhu kuti awane kupenya kwakanyanya uye kusimba mumafomu. Mumabasa akadai se "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" kana kuti "A Bather at Asnières", Mifananidzo yacho inova yakasimba uye ine vhoriyamu, ichisiya mhedzisiro isina kujeka uye inopfupika yeImpressionists.Pasinei neizvi, akaramba achifarira nzvimbo dzekuzorora dzemabhurugwa, masakisi, nenzvimbo dzemaguta.
Hupenyu hwake hwaiva hupfupi zvikuru: akafa ava nemakore anopfuura makumi matatu. Zvisinei, nzira yake yakaenderera mberi naPaul Signac uye yakayemurwa nevazhinji vaimbi vaiona mupfungwa dzepfungwa senzira yekuenda kune mamwe maitiro ekushongedza uye asina kujairika.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)
Akazvarwa mumhuri yevanhu vakapfuma, Toulouse-Lautrec akava munyori mukuru wenhoroondo dze Hupenyu hwehusiku muParis mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Mifananidzo yake, lithographs, uye maposters anotarisa pama cabarets, madhirezi, ma cafe-concerts, uye mabhurendi ekuMontmartre, achinyanya kutarisa kuMoulin Rouge. Aifarira kupenda nekudhirowa, aishanda nemafuta, pastel, gouache, uye, pamusoro pezvose, lithography.
Saini yake pachake ikushandisa kwake mutsetse uyu: Magadzirirwo ane simba, dzimwe nguva akagadzirwazve kana kugadziriswa, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzine ruvara rwakati sandara uye furemu dzakasimbaAkawana kurudziro kubva mumifananidzo yechiJapan uye akasimudzira poster yekushambadzira kusvika pachinzvimbo cheunyanzvi hwepamusoro, zvichipesvedzera dhizaini yemifananidzo yezana remakore rechi20. Mamwe emabasa ake anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeanoti "At the Moulin Rouge," "In Bed: The Kiss," uye maposter ake ane mukurumbira eMoulin Rouge naAristide Bruant.
Henri Rousseau (1844-1910) nemamwe mazita akabatana nawo
Henri Rousseau, mupurisa wezvemitero uye mupendi akazvidzidzisa, anowanzo batanidzwa nePost-Impressionism nekuda kwemaitiro ake asina ruzivo uye maitiro ake ekunyora. Nzvimbo dzesango rakasvibira uye nzvimbo dzakanaka kwazvoHaana kumbobva kuFrance kana kuona musango chaiwo; akawana kurudziro kubva mumabhuku evana, minda yemiti, uye nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka. Hunhu hwake husina ruzivo hwakashorwa nevatsoropodzi vakawanda asi hwakayemurwa nevanyori vakaita saPicasso nekuda kwekutsva kwahwo nesimba rekufungidzira. Mabasa akadai se "The Sleeping Gypsy" uye "The Dream" iye zvino anoonekwa seakakosha pakunzwisisa primitivism uye pfungwa dzakaita sedzechiroto dzemuzana remakore rechi20.
Vanyori vakaita se Émile Bernard, maNabis (Vuillard, Bonnard), Henri Rousseau, uye kunyange vavezi vakadai saAuguste Rodin naCamille Claudel.Ava vaimbi vekupedzisira vakaisa pfungwa imwecheteyo pamusoro pekuratidza chimiro, pendi inopenya uye kupatsanurwa nedzidziso dzezvedzidzo.
Maitiro uye ma sub-currents mukati me post-impressionism
Amburera yePost-Impressionist inosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Tinogona kutaura nezvemamwe maitiro kana matekiniki akakurumbira anotibatsira kufamba muhurongwa uhwu hwemaitiro emunhu.
Pointillism
Zvakafuridzirwa naGeorges Seurat naPaul Signac, pfungwa ye "pointillis" inosanganisira gadzira mufananidzo uchishandisa madotsi madiki ane ruvara rwakachenainoshandiswa nemwoyo murefu. Ziso rinosanganisa pfungwa idzi uye rinoona maumbirwo akasimba, anopenya. Mabasa makuru akadai se "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" kana kuti "Bathers at Asnières" anoratidza zviitiko zvikuru, apo chiedza chinoita sechinodedera kubva mukati mependi pachayo.
ChiJaponism
The fascination for the chiJapanese artMaitiro aya, ayo akanga atove nepesvedzero yeImpressionism, akasvika pane imwe nhanho muna Van Gogh nevamwe vanotsigira Post-Impressionists. Vakafuridzirwa nemifananidzo yaHokusai naHiroshige, vakatora magadzirirwo asina kuenzana, mavara akati sandara, mitsetse yakakora, uye maonero asina kujairikaVan Gogh akatosvika pakukopa zvakananga maprinti echiJapan, semu "Plum Blossom (after Hiroshige)" kana "Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige)", uye mune mimwe mifananidzo, yakaita se "Portrait of Père Tanguy", akashandisa maprinti echiJapan senzvimbo ine zvainoreva.
Primitivism
Zvinonzi primitivism zvinoratidzwa ne kufarira tsika dzisiri dzekumadokero uye nenzira yakapfava kana kuti "isina ruzivo"Gauguin anoratidzira izvi nekufamba kuenda kuTahiti, kwaanodhirowa mifananidzo nevanhu vakasimba, vasina kurongeka vakakomberedzwa nezviratidzo zvechitendero kana zvengano. Rousseau anoita izvi nenzira yake, achifungidzira masango nevanhu vakarara kana kuti vakarasika mupfungwa, sezviri mu "The Sleeping Gypsy." Maitiro aya akazopesvedzera Cubism nevazhinji vainyora mifananidzo vaitsvaga mu "chinyakare" nzira yekuvandudza tsika dzedzidzo dzeEurope.
Impressionism uye Post-Impressionism: Pfupiso Yekwakabva Kuputsika
Kuti tinzwisise zvizere kusvetuka kunoratidzwa nePost-Impressionism, zvinobatsira kurangarira kwakabva vapendi ava. Impressionism yakatanga muFrance pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 senzira yekupikisa hunyanzvi hwakasimba hwedzidzo. Monet, Renoir, Degas, Pissarro nekambani vaida kutora chiratidzo chechiedza chipfupi pazvinhu, kupenda panze, nekushandisa mabhurashi asina kurongeka uye mavara akachena pasina kusanganisa pa palette.
Mufananidzo waMonet wakakurumbira wekuti "Impression, Sunrise" wakapa zita rawo, nenzira yekuseka, kuboka rese. VaImpressionist vakarambwa neSalon yepamutemo uye vaifanira kuronga zviratidziro zvavo, zvakaita sechiratidziro chakakurumbira paNadar Gallery muna 1874. Ipapo, nyaya iyi yakatanga: Vatsoropodzi vakashamiswa nemavara iwayo aingova nemusoro chete kana akatariswa uri kure..
Kufungidzira kwairatidzwa nekushandiswa zvakananga kwemavara akachena, kudzivirira chiaroscuro yechinyakare, kuzivikanwa kwechiedza chechisikigo, uye kupenda panze. Yairatidza zviitiko zvezuva nezuva, nzvimbo, uye nguva dzekuzorora, kumaruwa nemumaguta. MuSpain, simba rayo rakasvika gare gare, kuburikidza nemifananidzo yakaita se Darío de Regoyos, Aureliano de Beruete kana Joaquín Sorolla, avo vakachinja nzira yeImpressionist kuti ienderane nedingindira remunharaunda uye chiedza.
Zvisinei, kubva kuma1880 zvichienda mberi, vaimbi vazhinji vakatanga kunzwa kuti Impressionism yakanga yakundikana. Mafomu akanyungudika zvakanyanya muchiedza zvekuti pfungwa yehukuru nenzvimbo yakarasika. Vamwe vaida kudzoreredza mufananidzo wacho, vamwe kuwedzera manzwiro, vamwe kutsvaga chimiro chakasimba kana kuongorora ruvara zvakarongeka.Kubva panzvimbo iyi yekuberekera, post-impressionism yakazvarwa, isinganzwisiswi senzira yekuputsa zvachose, asi sekushanduka-shanduka uye kukunda kwakakosha.
Kunyange zvazvo Impressionism yaitsigirwa zvakasimba nevamwe vatengesi nevatengi, vakaita saPaul Durand-Ruel, avo vakabatsira vaimbi kuti vararame kurambwa nehurumende, VaPost-Impressionist vakaomerwa zvikuru nekuwana rutsigiroKuzvikudza kwake kwakanyanya uye kushamisa kwezvikumbiro zvake zvakawanda zvakatyisa chikamu chikuru cheveruzhinji vemabhurugwa, avo vaisaziva kunyatsonzwisisa zvinhu zvitsva zvakadaro.
Nhaka yePost-Impressionism muUnyanzvi Hwemazuva Ano
Mhedzisiro yePost-Impressionism panhoroondo yeunyanzvi yakakura kwazvo. Vatambi vayo vaisangotsvaga "kupenda zvakasiyana," asi kuwedzera zvinogona kutaurwa uye kuitwa nekupendaKubva pachishuvo ichocho kwakabuda migumisiro yakati wandei yaizoratidza zana remakore rechi20.
Chekutanga, Post-Impressionism inochengetedza kukosha kwekutaura kwemunhu mumwe nemumweVanyori havachatarisirwi kutevedzera chikoro kana maitiro akafanana; mumwe nemumwe ane kodzero yekuvandudza mutauro wake, kunyangwe usingafadzi kana kuti usinganzwisisiki. Pfungwa iyi yebasa iri sechiratidzo chakasiyana chepfungwa dzemusiki ichave kiyi yemafambiro ese evasati vamboona.
Chechipiri, anosiya nhaka huru yehunyanzvi. Cézanne anovhura nzira ye geometris inotungamira ku cubism, sezvakaratidzwa Vasikana vaduku veAvignon Picasso; Van Gogh anokurudzira Expressionism nemavara ake akajeka; Gauguin naRousseau vanotsigira Primitivism neFauvism nemavara avo akasiyana uye kufarira kwavo zvinhu zvekunze; Seurat naSignac vanotungamira nzira yekuenda kune mamwe ma chromatic uye zvishongo. Hapana "ism" yemuzana remakore rechi20 isingakwanise kuratidza chikwereti kubva kuvapendi ava.
Chechitatu, zvinosimbisa kushandiswa kwe ruvara senzira yekuzvisarudzira zvinorevaMushure mePost-Impressionism, hapana aigona kuganhurira ruvara pakutevedzera zvakasikwa: rwaigona kuratidza manzwiro, pfungwa, zviratidzo, uye mafungiro. Rusununguko urwu rwechromatic rwaizoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemafambiro akadai seFauvism, Abstract Expressionism, uye zvakawanda zve contemporary art.
Pakupedzisira, Post-Impressionism inobatsira kuputsa muganhu uripo pakati pevanhu "vakakodzera" neva "vasina kukodzera". Hupenyu hwehusiku, nyika yepasi pevhu, vakagadzira masango, nzvimbo dzemukati dzine mwero, kana zviratidzo zvepamoyo zvemuimbi Vanowana chinzvimbo chakafanana nezvidzidzo zvikuru zvenhoroondo kana zvechitendero. Kupenda kunozvizarurira kune ruzivo rwevanhu mukuoma kwarwo kwese, kubva pamazuva ese kusvika pakurota.
Patinotarisa imba yakazara naGauguin, Cézanne, Seurat kana Toulouse-Lautrec nhasi, zvatiri pamberi pedu mhedzisiro yenguva apo vapendi vashoma vakasarudza kuti hunyanzvi hahuchagoni kuramba huchitevedzera nyika sezvairi. Kutsunga kwake kuunza manzwiro akadzama, maumbirwo matsva, uye mavara asingagoneke ku kanivhasi Ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yekutanga yezvinhu zvese zvatinonzwisisa seunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, uye ichiri kuenderera mberi nekukurudzira vanyanzvi nevanoda hunyanzvi pasi rese.
