El Planet Saturn Ndiyo imwe yeanofarira mapuraneti esainzi uye maamateurs, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo, imwe yacho ndeyekuti inogona kucherechedzwa zviri nyore kubva kuPasi, kunaka kwemhete dzayo, ma satellites, nezvimwe.
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nyika yesaturn Maererano nehukuru hwayo, inotevera "Jupiter" iyo iri panzvimbo yekutanga muhukuru, panzvimbo yekuremekedza pedyo neZuva, iyo nhamba yechitanhatu, ine zvindori zvinogona kuonekwa kubva pasi.
Kana iri zita, rinobva kuna Mwari weRoma Saturn. Inowanikwa muboka remapuraneti anonzi gaseous kana ekunze.
Chikamu chinonyanya kukosha pasi pano zvindori zvayo zvinopenya. Yaigara ichirangarirwa sepasi rakanga riri kure zvikuru namambo wenyeredzi, riri panguva iyoyo pasi rakanga risingaratidzi chinhu chipi nechipi chokufarira kana kuti rakanga rakajeka, ikoku kwakachinja apo teresikopu yakatangwa.
Mhete dzepasi dzakaonekwa kekutanga mugore ra1610 naGalileo, panguva iyoyo teresikopu yakanga isina kunyatsojeka, izvi zvakaita kuti atende kuti zvindori zvacho akanga ari masatelliti makuru maviri.
Makore gare gare aya mashoko akaruramiswa naChristiaan Huygens, uyo, achishandisa midziyo yakavandudzwa, akacherekedza hoops, ikoku kwakaitika mugore ra1659.
Kuburikidza nemasvomhu kwakaratidzwa kuti marin’i akanga asina kusimba uye kuti akanga ari tunhu tuduku-duku twakarongwa, naJames Clerk Maxwell mugore ra1859.
Zvinhu izvi zvinoumba zvindori zvepasi rino zvinoita kuti maspins ayo ave nekumhanya kukuru, zvinofungidzirwa kuti anogona kufamba nekumhanya kwe48.000 km/h, zvakaenzana nemafambiro anoita projectile.
Kwakabva Zita reNyika Saturn
Maererano nechinzvimbo maererano neZuva, Saturn inzvimbo imwe iri kure kupfuura Zuva. Planet JupiterIchi ndicho chikonzero vaRoma vakaritumidza zita retateguru waJupiter, uyo ainzi Saturn.
Kubva pangano dzeRoma, Saturn akanga akaenzana nechiGiriki chekare Titan Cronus, uyo aiva dangwe ra "Uranus" uye amai vake vaiva "Gaea", munyika yeVamwari, inotongwa naCronus, varume vaiva netsika yekudya vanhu. vanakomana vaakaberekerwa kuti Mwari uyu arege kurasikirwa nechigaro chake choumambo.
Mumwe wevanakomana akakwanisa kutiza kubva pakuparadzwa, zita rake rainzi "Zeus", saka akakwanisa kutsiva baba vake pachigaro.
Vakabatsirwa vaiva vaGiriki nevaRoma, avo vakagara nhaka yeSumerian (chitendero chenhoroondo yeMiddle East) uye uchenjeri, vakanzwisisa zvose zvine chokuita nedenga, vakasimbisa kuti pane nyeredzi nomwe dzaitenderera mudenga: Zuva, mapuraneti. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter uye Saturn, kwaivawo neMwedzi.
Kwaivewo nenyeredzi dzakati wandei dzaidzungaira, idzo dzine masipidhi akasiyana uye dzakaita kutenderera kwadzo kutenderera nyika yePasi, nyika iyi yainzi ndiyo iripakati pechadenga.
Saturn inofamba nekumhanya kushoma kwemapuraneti mashanu, kutenderera Zuva kunotora makore angangosvika makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe nemazuva mazana mana nemakumi mashanu nemanomwe, zvinotora nguva yakareba zvakapetwa katatu pane zvinotora Jupiter, makore gumi nerimwe nemazana masere mazuva maviri, semapuraneti matatu asara akadai seMercury, Venus neMars, kusaenzana kwakakura.
Saturn inomira pachena nokuti inononoka uye kana Jupiter ichifanirwa kuva Zeus, ipapo Saturn aiva Cronus, baba vekare, avo vakafamba zvishoma nezvishoma nepakati penyeredzi.
Iyo General Hunhu hwePlaneti Saturn
Nyika ine mapango akati sandara uye imwe mhando yebhora rakatsetseka rinomira pachena kuequator. Chiyero chayo muequator zone makiromita 120.536 uye munzvimbo yepolar makiromita 108.728.
Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekumhanya kwekufamba kwayo kana kutenderera, kakugwinyira kainako uye hunhu hwayo hwegasi. Mamwe mapuraneti anewo chimiro cheovhari asi haina kunyorwa zvakadaro.
Hune hukobvu hunosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe kg/m3, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti pakati pemapuraneti iyi ndiyo chete ine yakaderera density kupfuura density yemvura, kuva chiuru kg/m.3.
Mhepo yaro inosvika makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu muzana yehydrogen uye ine zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana helium.
Iine vhoriyamu inodiwa kutsigira Nyika, ine huremu hunosvika makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu chete kupfuura Nyika, nekuda kwekushomeka kwayo.
Nguva yekutenderera kwepasi haina chokwadi nekuti inyika isina nzvimbo uye paine mutsauko mumhepo yaro, pese painotenderera kune imwe latitude.
Sezvo masaisai eruzha anonzi Voyager akatumirwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nguva yekutenderera kwepasi, maererano nekutenderera kwehuwandu hwemasaini eredhiyo akafumurwa nayo, yaive maawa gumi nemaminetsi makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe nemasekonzi makumi maviri nemaviri.
Cassini naUlisses mamishini emuchadenga akakwanisa kuratidza kuti kupera kweredhiyo iyi kunogara kuchisiyana nenguva, semuenzaniso panguva ino maawa gumi nemaminitsi makumi mana nemashanu uye masekonzi angangoita makumi mana nemashanu.
Musiyano wenguva yekutenderera kweradius inogona kukonzerwa ne cryovolcanic action (inova rudzi rwekuputika kweaizi nemvura), yakafanana negeysers (inove sosi yekupisa iyo munguva dzenguva inoburitsa mvura ine tembiricha yakanyanya padivi pemagasi emhepo. ), kubva pasatiraiti yechitanhatu yeSaturn Enceladus, iyo inoburitsa zvinhu mugwara repasi kuburikidza nekudyidzana nemagineti kunze kwepasi.
Iyo inoshandiswa kuziva kuti kutenderera kwenucleus kunoyera kwakadii painotangira. Muchidimbu, kutenderera kwechikamu chemukati chepasi kunogona kungozivikanwa nekuita maverengero akaenzana.
Saturn rakapetwa kapfumbamwe kukura kweNyika, uye nekapfumbamwe kure kubva kuZuva.
Kana pasi pano neSaturn zvichionekwa kubva kuZuva panguva yavanenge vari panzvimbo imwe chete, panzvimbo iyo orbit inochekwa nenzira ye elliptical, mapuraneti maviri achaonekwa kuti ane hukuru hwakafanana.
Mamiriro emukati meNyika
Zvinoenderana nemhando dzemapuraneti, chikamu chemukati cheSaturn chakafanana chaizvo nechikamu chemukati cheJupiter, uko musimboti une matombo wakakomberedzwa nehelium, hydrogen uye maronda ezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanduka.
Iyo yekunze yakafukidzwa negumbeze remvura hydrogen, mhedzisiro yekupisa kwakanyanya uye nekuda kwekumanikidza kwakawedzera.
Kune mhepo yakagadzirwa nehelium uyewo haidrojeni kunze kwenyika kwemakiromita angangoita zviuru makumi matatu.
Inofungidzirwa kuti mukati mepasi pane musimboti wakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvine tembiricha yakaderera iyo yakawanikwa kubva pakusikwa kwepasi uye kuenderana kwayo kunofanirwa kunge kuri mvura, kumanikidza uye kudziya kunofanirwa kunge kwakafanana nekupisa kwepakati.
Tembiricha iri pedyo nezviuru zviviri zveK, ingangoita kaviri tembiricha yepasi peZuva.
Saturn, nenzira imwechete seJupiter neNeptune, inoratidza huwandu hukuru hwekupisa kunze, hukuru kupfuura hwakagamuchirwa Maitiro chezuva. Chikamu chesimba iri chinogadzirwa nekuderera kunononoka kunoitwa nepasi, kuburitsa simba regiravhiti rinogoneka rinozvarwa kubva mukumanikidzwa.
Iyi mhando yemashini inonzi "Kelvin-Helmholtz" mechanism. Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogadzirwa nekuda kwekupatsanurwa kwematenderedzwa pakati pehydrogen nehelium akafanana zvakanyanya, ari kurasikirwa nekufanana sezvo pasi richiumbwa, richiburitsa simba regiravhiti sekupisa.
Atmosphere
Gasi reSaturn rine rudzi rwemabhandi echiedza uye mamwe matani erima akafanana neaya eJupiter, nemusiyano wekuti mabhandi ane Saturn akareruka.
Mamiriro ekunze ari panyika anoperekedzwa nemhepo huru dzine gwara kune mamwe anofambirana mulatitude yaro uye ane masymmetries akawanda mumahemispheres maviri, zvisinei nemwaka wemhedzisiro yekurereka kwakaita pasi.
Mhepo huru inobva ku equatorial zone inotonga mhepo pakureba kwe Makore nekumhanya kwemazana mana nemakumi mashanu m/s munguva yeVoyager. Zvakapesana nezvinoitika muJupiter zvinoitika, hazvisi mavhiri makuru, kune akasiyana saizi madiki.
Makore epamusoro-soro anofungidzirwa kuve akaumbwa neammonia crystals. Pamusoro pemakristasi aya pane mhute inotenderera pasirese, mhedzisiro yephotochemical phenomena mugasi rese remhepo yepamusoro-soro, ingangoita gumi mbar.
Nekudzika kwakawanda uye nekumanikidza kunosvika gumi bar, mvura iri mumhepo inogona kunyura mumvura ine makore isati yaonekwa kusvika nhasi.
Kune madutu mumhepo, seaya anoitika paJupiter, mamwe acho akaonekwa kubva kuPasi. Sezvo muna 1933 paive nemumvuri muchena waive padanho reequator, zvakaonekwa nemuzivi wenyeredzi William Thomson.
Tsvina yacho yaive yakakura zvekuti yaionekwa ne7cm refractor, yakagara zvishoma, yakanyangarika pakarepo. Izvo zvine chekuita nenyaya yekurongeka kwemadutu makuru.
Kune mahwendefa emifananidzo akatorwa muzana remakore rapfuura, ane nguva yemakore makumi matatu pakati pavo. Kwaunogona kuona mimvuri yakafanana neyakawanikwa mumakore apfuura. Mugore ra1994 kune dutu rakaonekwawo asi kukura kwaro kwaive kwakaderera nezvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana pane zvegore ra1990.
Pakazosvika 1962 mumvuri wakatanga kukura, akanga asina kufambira mberi. Kwegore ra1990, gore guru jena rakaonekwa raiva muequator yeSaturn, iro rakabatanidzwa muboka remadutu makuru.
Madutu mazhinji ehukuru hwakakura akabatwa paSaturn nenzira yeCassini probe.
Kune dutu guru, iro raive nemheni ine zviuru gumi zvine simba kupfuura chero dutu ripi zvaro rakaonekwa paNyika, kutaridzika kwaro kwaive munaNovember 27, 2007, uye yakatora mwedzi minomwe nehafu, panguva iyoyo yaive rekodhi kuti yakanga yatora nguva yakareba sei, isati yamboonekwa mugadziriro yezuva.
Dutu iri rakanga riripo kumaodzanyemba kwepasi renyika, nzvimbo yarakanga iri inonzi "mukoto wemadutu" sezvo zviitiko izvi zvakazoitika panzvimbo iyoyo. Nhoroondo yacho yakapfuura nekuonekwa kweimwe dutu munzvimbo imwe chete, izvi zvakaitika mugore ra2009 mumwedzi waNdira, nekugara kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe.
Pakave nedutu guru zvekuti rakafukidza pasi rose, izvi zvakaitika mumwedzi waZvita 2010, panguva ino yaive kuNorthern hemisphere ichigadzira pakati peruvara rwakasviba nehupamhi hwemakiromita zviuru zvishanu.
Zvakafanana nemumvuri wakaonekwa paJupiter unonzi "Great Red Spot", wakanga wakasimba zvikuru, zvichida une simba guru pane chero dutu rakaitika. Dutu iri rakatakura makore eammonia makristasi akadzika mumhepo yeSaturn.
Yakatora mazuva angangoita mazana maviri kana mashoma, nekubatana kweCassini probe uye pasi teresikopu, kuongororwa kwayo kwakaitwa, ichiwedzera ukuru hwayo kusvika yasvika munzvimbo inosvika kasere pakukura kwePasi, yaive. zvinogoneka kukoshesa nekureruka kwemasaisai eredhiyo akagadzirwa nemagetsi akabatanidzwa kwairi.
Nzvimbo dzepanyika dzine jet stream pa "78°N uye 78°S". Mumakore ekuma1980, Voyager probes yakaona rudzi rwechimiro chine hexagonal munzvimbo yeNorth pole yakaonekwa neteresikopu yeHubble kubva muchadenga mumakore gumi apfuura ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Iyo Cassini probes yakabata iyo yakanyanya-yezvino mifananidzo inoratidza iyo polar vortex zvakadzama. Saturn kusvika parizvino yakasarudzika mukuva nepolar vortex ine typology iyi kana mavhuvhu aripowo pamapuraneti eVenus nePasi.
Kana iri hexagon iri kuNorth pole yeSaturn, divi rimwe nerimwe rine makiromita angangoita zviuru gumi nezvitatu nemazana masere pakuyera kwaro, rakakura kudarika dhayamita reNyika, hexagon ine kutenderera kwakafanana nekufamba kunoita mapuraneti. vane .
Musiyano ndewekuti iri isaisai rakamira risingasiyane muhukuru, uye harina mutsauko mukuumbwa, sezvinoitika nemamwe makore anowanikwa mumhepo.
Mapolygonal manhamba ane zviso zvitatu kusvika zvitanhatu akadzokororwa nenzira yekutenderedzwa kwemvura mumifananidzo yemurabhoritari.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe majeti nzizi aripo kuzasi pole, sezvinoratidzwa nemifananidzo yakatorwa, aya haasi mafungu ane hexagonal, uye haasi mavhiri. Saizvozvovo, NASA yakapa mushumo muna Mbudzi 2006 apo inoti Cassini probe yakabata dutu padyo nedanda rezasi, iine ziso rakapinza.
Kujeka kwemaziso kwaingoonekwa paNyika, kwete kunyange muGreat Red Spot yeJupiter neGalileo probe ine chero mufananidzo wakaonekwa unoratidza ziso rinonyatsotsanangurwa.
Iyo vortex ine zviuru zvisere zvemakiromita muhupamhi hwayo, haigone kutorwa mifananidzo kusvika zvino, kana kuongororwa neCassini probe, mhepo dzakaratidza kuyerwa kwemakiromita mazana mashanu neawa.
Mugore ra2010 mumwedzi waKubvumbi, NASA yakaburitsa mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo anoratidza chiridzwa chemagetsi chakabatana nemadutu anoitika mumhepo yaro, izvi zvakaitika kekutanga pazuva iroro.
Orbit yePlaneti Saturn
El Planet Saturn inotenderera Zuva neavhareji nhambwe yemakiromita chiuru nemazana mana ane gumi nemasere emakiromita uye Orbit ye eccentricity ndeye 0,056, nzvimbo yenzvimbo iri kure kure neZuva maererano neSaturn (aphelion) inosvika chiuru nemazana mashanu emakiromita emamiriyoni, uye perihelion inosvika chiuru nemazana maviri nemakumi mana emakiromita emamiriyoni. Saturn yaive pa perihelion mugore ra1974.
Nguva yekutenderera Zuva ingangoita makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe nemazuva zana nemakumi matanhatu nemanomwe, uye nguva yesynodic (inova nguva yainotora kutenderera nekusangana panzvimbo imwe chete) mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe nemasere, zvinoreva kuti rinotora gore rePasi. kusiyana kunobva nekunonoka kwemavhiki maviri kana tichitarisa gore rapfuura.
Nguva yekutenderera pamusoro penzvimbo yayo yepakati ipfupi, maawa angangoita gumi nemaminitsi gumi nemana, pane nguva dzose misiyano ine equator nematanda.
The orbital units of Saturn inochinja-chinja nechiyero chemazana mapfumbamwe emakore nekuda kwe orbital resonance yerudzi rwe5: 2 maererano nepasi reJupiter, vazivi venyeredzi vekuFrance vezana ramakore regumi nemasere vakaripa zita rekuti "la grande inégalité" ( Jupiter inoita mabhindauko mashanu pakuchinja kuviri kwega kwega kwakaitwa naSaturn).
Mapuraneti haana chaiyo resonance, izvi resonances anenge nguva dzose akafanana kuti kuvhiringidza kukosheswa.
Satellites of the Planet Saturn
Nyika ine akawanda satellite, anosvika makumi masere nembiri ane akajairwa orbits, akagadziridzwa muna 2019, iyo inonyanya kukosha setiraiti iri "Titan" ine system ine mhepo yakakosha.
Masetiraiti makuru, ayo anozivikanwa kusati kwatanga kutsvagisa nzvimbo, Minas, Tethys, Enceladus, Dione, Titan, Rhea, Iapetus, Hyperion, Phoebe.
Panyaya yeEnceladus neTitan, ndiwo maviri anosarudzika masatellite esainzi, yekutanga nekuti inofungidzirwa kuti dzidziso yekuti mvura yemvura inowanikwa pairi isiri kure nepamusoro, pamusoro pekubuda kwemhute yemvura, inoshanda. geysers uye yechipiri, umo mune kuvapo kwemhepo yakapfuma mune methane uye yakafanana zvikuru neyePasi yekare.
Mamwe ese masatellite, anokwana makumi matatu, anewo mazita, kunyangwe nhamba yacho isina chokwadi nekuti kune zvakawanda zvinhu zviri kutenderera pedyo nepasi. Muna 2000 vamwe vangangosvika gumi nevaviri vakabatanidzwa.
Mwedzi gumi nembiri idzi zvichienderana nekutenderera kwayo inoonekwa sezvidimbu zvezvinhu zvikuru zvakakwezvwa panyika. MuCassini-Huygens mishoni ivo vakawanawo mwedzi yakati wandei, yekupedzisira kuwanikwa yakaburitswa munaKurume 3, 2009 uye izvo zvinoita nhamba 61 yepasi.
Iyo inofungidzirwa mhete yeTitan, iyo isina kujeka zvachose, idenderedzwa reorenji ine rima rakasviba, inogona kuoneka kubva kune isiri nyanzvi yeteresikopu, ine chete 200mm aperture, inoda kunosvika mazana matatu magnification uye denga rakajeka. Iyo yepedyo inogona kuyerwa inogona kunge iri 0,88 masekonzi earc.
Mamwe masatelliti madiki uye ane kufanana nenyeredzi. Iwo ma satellites ari mukati anogona kucherechedzwa, kunyangwe neCCD kamera inoshandisa inotarisisa inodarika 2m.
Satellite Classification
- Titan: Ndiwo mwedzi mukuru, une hukuru hwakafanana nepasi, pachiitiko ichi chakaenzana nehukuru hweMercury. Mhepo yaro yakakora. Iine hunhu hwekuva nemhete dzakajeka dzinogona kuonekwa nemunhu wese anoda kuona mapuraneti, nyeredzi nemasatellite, ine telescope yakakura kudarika 200mm muhupamhi uye nekukudza kunopfuura mazana matatu; mukupikisa kwake kwakanyanya anogona kuve nechiyero che 0,88 masekonzi muarc yake.
- Frozen yepakati satellites: Ndiyo mwedzi ine hukuru hwepakati, mwedzi iyi yakaonekwa kekutanga kuburikidza neteresikopu, boka rinoumbwa ne: Mimas, Tethys, Enceladus, Rhea, Dione, Iapetus uye Hyperion. Nzvimbo dzese dzakafukidzwa nechando, uye dzine makorokoza akawanda.
- Ring Satellites: Iyi ndiyo mwedzi iri kutenderera mukati medhisiki yepasi, inochengeta matunhu asina chinhu. Muenzaniso ndiPan, anotsigira chikamu chaEncke. Kune mumwe mwedzi mudiki, Daphne (S2005 S 1), iyo inopihwa basa rekuita iyo Keeler kupatsanura.
- Satellites Vafundisi: Ndiwo mwedzi ine mitsetse iri pedyo nehurongwa muzvindori zveSaturn uye inobatana nekuenzanisa chimiro chezvindori. Pandora naPrometheus ndivo vari kutungamira kuenzanisa mhete yeF.
- Trojan Moons: Mwedzi iyi inoita mikoto yayo ichigovera madaro nepasi, ine mutsauko unosvika madhigirii makumi matanhatu pakati pawo nemwedzi mikuru. Kune "Calypso neTelesto" iTrojan mwedzi yemwedzi "Tethys", "Pollux uye Helena" iyo isati yawanikwa kwenguva refu, neCassini-Huygens mission, iTrojans yemwedzi Dione.
- Coorbital Mwedzi: Ndiyo mwedzi inogovera kutenderera kwayo pakati pavo, muboka iri "Epimetheus naJanus", pavakaonekwa kuti pane chimwe chinhu chinovhiringidza, masayendisiti akafunga kuti inongova satellite, mu orbital dynamics vanoita rudzi rwekuchinja. pakati pavo kuti varege kudhumhana.
- Irregular Mwedzi: Mune iyi seti ndiyo yakawanda, mwedzi une hukuru hukuru ndi "Febe"; mwedzi yasara midiki, haina makiromita akawanda muhupamhi, inotenderera kure nepasi. Iyi seti inogona kupatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu, senge Inuit set, Norse set, uye Galic set.
- Mwedzi midiki yemukati: Ndidzo mwedzi midiki inotenderera pakati pemwedzi Mimas neEnceladus, iPalene neMetone, ichangobva kuwanikwa neCassini-Huygens mission. Nekuda kwekubatana kwechinangwa ichi, zvakawanikwa zvakati wandei zvakaitwa, senge arc yemadhisiki anotenderera pedyo nemwedzi iyi, seMetone neAnthe, chikonzero chinogona kunge chiri nekuda kwekukonana kwemamwe meteorite pamwedzi iyi.
Mwedzi Isina Zita
Kana mwedzi wawanikwa, unogara uchipihwa zita renguva pfupi apo zita richipihwa neInternational Astronomical Union. Vanogara vachitungamirirwa nemimwe mitemo:
- Inopihwa zita guru "S" iro rinopa chiratidzo che "satellite".
- Ipapo slash "/" uye gore rekuwanikwa kwayo rinotevera.
- Mavambo ezita repasi parinotenderera anowedzerwa; Semuenzaniso, kana ichitenderera Saturn, iyo "S" inogara ine capitalized.
- Tsananguro yacho inopera ne ordinal manhamba yezuva rakawanikwa, zvichiisa gore. Muenzaniso: S/2006 S 14, zvinoreva kuti ndiyo satellite yechigumi nemana yakawanikwa muna 14.
Ring Systems yePlaneti
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakatanhamara zvePlanet Saturn zvindori zvayo, izvo zvakashamisa masayendisiti ekutanga uye vanhu vanoda kuziva vakauya kuzozviona, sezvakaita Galileo. Kuti akanga asina teresikopu ine zvikwanisiro zvekunyatsosiyanisa zvaive pamativi eSaturn, achifungidzira kuti nyika yaiperekedzwa nezvinhu zviviri kudivi rimwe nerimwe.
Makore anoverengeka akapfuura, ndipo pavakakwanisa kuona zvakajeka kuti kwakanga kune zvindori zviviri kurutivi rumwe norumwe, Galileo akashamiswa kuziva nezvokutsakatika kwezvinhu zvakanga zviri pedyo nepasi. Zvino Christiaan Huygens mugore ra1659, aive neteresikopu ine simba rakawanda.
Ini ndinokwanisa kuona zvindori zvepasi, izvi zvinokura kuburikidza nenzvimbo yeEquatorial yeSaturn kubva pa6.730 kusvika 120.700 makiromita pamusoro peequator yepasi uye zviri mukati mezvindori izvi zviyo zvinoperekedzwa nehuwandu hwemvura inotonhora.
Zviyero zvezviyo zvinosiyana kubva kumicroscopic kusvika kumatombo emamita.
Kuwanda kwe "irradiation" iyo inoratidzwa pamusoro pepamusoro maererano ne "radiation" inowira panzvimbo iyi, ndiyo "albedo", inowanikwa muzvindori, zvichiratidza kuti ichangobva kuitika maererano nenguva iyo. yapfuura, nenzira Solar system yakaumbwa sei.
Pakutanga, ndaifungidzira kuti zvindori izvi zvakanga zvisina kugadzikana, izvi zvakatendwa kwenguva yakareba, zvichida kwemamiriyoni emakore, pane chimwe chokwadi chakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura, Cassini probes inoverenga kuti zvindori zvakakura kudarika izvo zvinofungidzirwa kusvikira panguva iyoyo. .
Zvindori izvi zvine maitiro akaoma ekutenderera, achiburitsa density masaisai, pamwe nekutsinhana nemasatellite epasi, kunyanya nemasatelliti anonzi shepherds. Sezvavanogara vachiputika nemukati we "Roche", hoops inodzivirirwa kubva pakukura uye kuumba semuviri wepamusoro.
Zvindori zvakakamurwa kuva nzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakawanda uye hushoma huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu, zvichisiya zvikamu zvinoonekwa munzvimbo. Mhete dzakanyanya kukosha dziripo uye dzinodaidzwa kuti A uye B, dzakapatsanurwa neCassini partition. Munzvimbo yemukati yemhete B unogona kuona imwe mhete yakareruka asi yakafara: C uye iyi imwe mhete yakapfava uye yakatetepa: D.
Munharaunda yekunze zvinokwanisika kuona mhete yakanaka uye isina kusimba iyo ine zita remhete F. Iyo yakavanzika mhete E inoenda kubva ku "Mimas" kuenda ku "Rhea" uye inosvika pakakwirira density pedyo "Enceladus", zviri kunzwisiswa kuti izvi. anoipa nezvidimbu, nekuda kwemasamples emamwe magiza ari kuSouth Pole.
Kusvikira kumakore ekumaXNUMX, bumbiro remhete rakafumurwa kuburikidza nemasimba anokwevera anoratidzwa nemasatelliti ari pedyo zvikuru.
Voyager probes yakawana radial uye shadowy bumbiro riri muB ring uye rine zita reradial wedges kana spokes, iyo yakanga isina tsananguro, nekuti kutenderera kwekufamba kunotenderedza mhete kwaisava kwechigarire ne orbital mechanism.
Zvinonzwisiswa kuti aya masumbu ane mimvuri ane hukama nemagnetic zone yeSaturn, nekuti kutenderera kwawo kuenda kumarin'i aive nekumhanya kwakafanana nekumhanya kwemagineti yepasi. Kunyangwe iyo sisitimu yakamisa maitiro ayo haisati yazivikanwa. Pane mukana wekuti wedges acharatidza uye kupararira nenzira yakamira.
Muna 2005, musi waNyamavhuvhu 15, zvinhu zvaive mukati mechitundumuseremusere cheCassini zvakaburitsa pachena kuvepo kwemuenzaniso wakafanana nemhepo yakatenderedza ring system, inogadzirwa zvakanyanya nemocular oxygen.
Neruzivo urwu, mhedziso yakasvikwa: mhepo iri mumhete yepasi inofanana neiyo pamwedzi yeJupiter, inonzi "Europe neGanymede".
Musi waGunyana 19, 2006, NASA yakafumura kuwanikwa kweimwe mhete mu Planet Saturn, neCassini spacecraft iri pakati pekuferefeta kwezuva, yaive panguva iyo Zuva rakapfuura chaizvo kuseri kweSaturn uye panguva iyoyo chitundumuseremusere cheCassini chiri mumumvuri wakasiyiwa naSaturn uye munguva iyoyo zvindori zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka. uye kupenya.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJB1xlsLKdA
Zvakajairika kuti jasi rezuva rigare awa, asi munaGunyana 17 wegore iro raive kwemaawa angangoita gumi nemaviri, iyi yanga iri iyo yakareba kwazvo yakanyorwa neCassini mission. Mashiripiti aya akabvumira Cassini kumepu kuvapo kwezvinhu zvidiki zvisingaonekwe nguva dzose, muhurongwa hwemhete.
Mhete yakawanikwa, zvishoma inogona kuonekwa, iri pakati peRing F neRing G.
Aya marongero anobvumirana nemafambiro emasatelliti eSaturn "Jano naEpimetheus", iwo mwedzi miviri inotenderera yepasi apo kupatsanurwa nepakati penyika kune misiyano midiki muhukuru hwemasatelliti, ane mhando yekutamba inoita kufamba mukutenderera pakati pawo.
Masayendisiti kuNASA ane chokwadi chekuti kudhumhana kwemameteorite nemasatelliti kwakonzera kuti imwe nyaya ibatane nering.
Mifananidzo yakatorwa nemidziyo iri muCassini spacecraft yakawana chinhu chine tembiricha yakaderera inowanikwa munzvimbo ine zviuru zvishoma zvemakiromita kutanga mu "Enceladus", pane humwe humbowo hunoratidza kuti satellite iyi. inotangisa zvimedu zvinogona kunge zviri izvo zvakakonzera E ring kugadzirwa.
Mwedzi "Enceladus" waionekwa kuburikidza nemhete yeE uchiona majeti anobuda pamusoro anoita se "minwe", anoenda akananga mhete iyi, majeti aya akaumbwa nezvidimbu zvinotonhora zvakanyanya, izvi zvinoburitswa nemagetsi. inowanikwa kuSouth Pole ye "Enceladus" uye pinda mhete E.
"Zvese mhete nyowani nezvimiro zvisingatarisirwi muE zvinotipa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuti mwedzi ingatangisa sei zvidimbu zvidiki uye kuveza nharaunda dzayo," akadaro Matt Hedman, mubatsiri wekutsvagisa paCornell University muIthaca, New York.
Cassini akakwanisawo kutora mufananidzo weruvara rweNyika, nehupamhi hwemakiromita anosvika chiuru nemazana mashanu emakiromita kure, mumufananidzo uyu pasi rekudenga rinoonekwa. Pane mumwe mufananidzo, wakatorwa muchiitiko chimwe chete, kwaunogona kuona Mwedzi.
Munhu anoronga boka rinotarisira michina yeCassini probe, anonzi Carolyn Porco, anobva kuInstitute of Space Sciences muBoulder, Colorado, akataura nezvechiitiko ichi:
"Hapana chine simba rakawanda rekushandura maonero edu pachedu uye nzvimbo yedu mu cosmos semifananidzo iyo yePasi yatinowana kubva kunzvimbo dziri kure seSaturn."
Musi waGumiguru 24, 2007, NASA yakashuma kuwanikwa kwerudzi rwebhandi remicromoon riine chikamu chekunze chemhete A uye zviyero zvaive zvakasiyana, zvichiverengera kuti kufanana kwaro muhukuru kwaive kwerori rine zviyero zvishoma, kunyangwe chiyero chaive. zvakafanana nenhandare yenhandare, vanoti zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekurasikirwa neimwe yemasatellite madiki.
Iyo Spitzer Space Telescope inoratidza mhete hombe yakatenderedza Saturn, iyo yakakura kupfuura dzimwe mhete dzakaitenderedza. Zvakatora mazana emakore anoverengeka kuti zviwanikwe, sezvo zvichishamisa kwazvo zvokuti hazvisi nyore kuona.
Bhandi idzva rinopfuura nehurongwa hweSaturnian yose. Nehuremu hunotanga mamiriyoni matanhatu emakiromita kubva kuSaturn uye kupeta kusvika mamiriyoni gumi nematatu emakiromita kubva pahupamhi hwayo. Mwedzi uri kure kwazvo nepasi, "Phebe", iyo inotenderera mukati memhete, inogona kunge iri mavambo echimiro chayo.
Saturn's Magnetosphere
Jupiter ine simba remagineti rakasimba kupfuura munda weSaturn, magineti epasi rino rinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheJupiter. Saturn ine magnetosphere ine boka rematoroidal mabhandi emwaranzi uye mukati maro mune maerekitironi uye nuclei yeatomu.
Aya mabhanhire akapararira anenge ari chinhambwe chemamiriyoni maviri emakiromita kubva pakati peSaturn, uye zvinogoneka kuti iri zvishoma, ivo vanoenda kune yakatarisana neZuva, iyo magnetosphere ine saizi inogona kusiyana, iyo. zvese zvinoenderana nekusimba kwemhepo yezuva (kunova kuyerera kwezvikamu zvinochajiswa kubva kuZuva).
Mhete dzeSaturn, satellite uye mhepo yezuva zvinopa zvimedu zviri mubhandi remwaranzi.
Nguva yekuita kutenderera imaawa gumi, maminitsi makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe uye masekonzi makumi maviri nemashanu muchikamu chemukati cheSaturn, chiyero ichi chakaitwa neVoyager payakapfuura nepakati pemagnetosphere, iyo inotendeuka nenzira yakawiriraniswa nechikamu chemukati che. Saturn.
Iyo ionosphere inodyidzana nemagnetosphere, iyo ionosphere ndiyo yakakwira mantle yemhepo yepasi, ichikonzera auroral kuratidzwa kwe ultraviolet mwaranzi; Ongororo dzakaitwa uye dzinoti munzvimbo yeNorth pole kune rin'i ine madiki auroras sezvakaita nyaya yeJupiter kana paPasi kuti kune imwe hofori aurora ine chimiro chemhete.
Kutenderera kutenderera kweTitan, uye kuenderera kune orbit ye "Rhea", yakakura toroidal cloudiness inoumbwa nemaatomu ehydrogen asina kwaarerekera anogona kuonekwa. Panewo mhete ye plasma, ine hydrogen uye zvichida okisijeni ion, inotambanudza kubva kunze kwe "Tethys" uye inenge inosvika pakutenderera kwe "Titan." Iyo plasma inotenderera inonyatso kuenderana neSaturn's magnetic field.
Kucherechedzwa kwePlaneti Saturn
Saturn inogona kuonekwa nyore nyore, iri nyore kuona kubva chero kupi zvako kumusoro panguva ipi zvayo uye zvindori zvayo zvinogona kuonekwa neteresikopu iri nyore.
Inoratidzwa panguva chaiyo iyo chinhambwe cheangular kubva kuZuva (kurebesa) kwezana nemakumi masere madhigirii chinogadzirwa, izvi zvinoita kuti iratidzike kuti iri kune mhiri kweZuva muchadenga.
Musi waJanuary 13, 2005, nyika yakaonekwa ine muganhu izvo zvichange zvakaoma kuona zvakare, chete muna 2031, nekuda kwekutarisa kwezvindori maererano nePasi.
Saturn inogona kuonekwa chero nguva, usiku nedenga rakajeka, rinoonekwa sechinhu chinovhenekera, pasina kupenya, chiedza chakajeka chero, ukuru hwayo hunogona kusiyana kubva ku +1 kusvika ku0, kuita kudzokera kuZuva. zvinotora makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe nehafu.
Nekubatsirwa kweteresikopu, binoculars kana chero chigadziro chinobatsira kutarisa, zvishoma 20x unogona kuona zvakajeka zvindori zveSaturn.
Mazuva akakosha mukutarisa nekuongorora kweSaturn
- 1610: Galileo anotarisa kuburikidza neteresikopu yake zvindori zveSaturn.
- 1655: Titan yakawanikwa neDutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens.
- 1659: Christiaan Huygens akaratidzira zvindori zveSaturn nekujekesa kukuru uye akatsanangura chitarisiko chavo chechokwadi.
- 1789: Mwedzi Mimas uye Enceladus inoonekwa kekutanga, naWilliam Herschel.
- 1979: Overflight by Pioneer 11. Pana September 1, 1979, US probe Pioneer 11 yakasvika chinhambwe che20,000 km kubva kumakore akakwirira.
- 1980: Yakakwidziridzwa neJupiter's gravitational field, Voyager 1 yakasvika Saturn musi waNovember 12 pachinhambwe che124 km. Panguva ino, zvimiro zvakaoma mumhete yepasi zvakaonekwa uye data yakawanikwa kubva mumhepo yeSaturn uye yakakura satellite yayo, Titan, iyo yakapfuura isingasviki 200 km.
- 1982: Voyager 2 inoswedera kuSaturn.
- 2004: Cassini / Huygens inosvika kuSaturn. Yakave mota yekutanga kutenderera nyika iri kure uye kuswedera pedyo nemahupu ayo. Basa remuchadenga rakarongwa kupera muna 2017.
- 2009: Kutenda kuSpitzer Space Telescope, imwe mhete inowanikwa yakapoteredza Saturn, iyo yakanga isingaoneki kubva kuPasi uye iyo, iyo, ndiyo yakakura pane imwe nyika.
- 2017: Iyo Cassini/Huygens probe yakapinda ichipfuura pakati penyika nemhete yayo yepedyo ine kumhanya kwemakiromita 124.000 paawa. Mhiri kwepasi uye rimu rayo riri pedyo chinhambwe chingangoita 2.000 makiromita. Izvi zvakaitika mumwedzi wechina wegore 2017. Nokuda kweizvi, aifanira kubvisa kubva kuPasi, achitangazve kubatana kwemaawa makumi maviri gare gare. Izvi zvakaitika mukutanga 20 yakarongwa kusangana kwepedyo.
Saturn muTsika Dzakasiyana
- Nezvechitendero muIndia: Vane mapuraneti 9, ane mazita Navagrahas. Saturn inonzi "Sani kana Shani", ndiye Mutongi pamberi pehurongwa hwemapuraneti ose, ndiye anotarisira kugadzirisa imwe neimwe maererano nezvakaitwa, zvakanaka kana zvakaipa.
- MuChinese neJapan tsika: Vanotumidza Saturn senyeredzi yepasi, inomiririra kumabvazuva kwechinyakare, iyo inoshandisa zvinhu zvishanu pakurongwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa.
- mutsika dzechiHeberu: Saturn inonzi Shabbathai. Kuva naCassiel seNgirozi. Nenjere, kana kuti mweya unobatsira, ivo ndiAgiel (layga), uye mweya wavo (chiso chakasviba zvakanyanya) ndiZazel (Izaz).
- MuTurkey neMalay Tsika: Zita rinoshandiswa ndiZuhal, rakatorwa kubva kuArabic زحل.
- MuchiGiriki tsika: Iyo inozivikanwa nezita rekuti Φαίνων.