Hupenyu hwaSeneca, hwaive padyo nenzvimbo dzesimba, hunozivikanwa kwatiri nekuda kweuchapupu hwevanyori venhoroondo veRoma vane chiremera venguva yakadai saTacitus, Suetonius, naDio Cassius. Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa hukama hwaSeneca nesimba, tinofanira kutanga taongorora nguva yenhoroondo yaanozviwana.
Kutonga kwaNero kwaiva nguva yakaoma zvikuru, izere nekukakavadzana uye kutya, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvose hazvina kuitika pakarepo. Kutaura zvazviri, paakangokwira pachigaro, Nero, zvakare nekuda kwekutsigirwa kwakasimba kwevarume vakaita saSeneca naAfranius Burrus, akakwanisa kuchengetedza kuenzanisa mukati meUmambo hweRoma. Iyi nguva yebudiriro yakadanwa nevezvenhau makore mashanu nguva Neronis o quinquennium felix, chaizvoizvo nokuti akanga ari makore mashanu orugare norunyararo.
Simba, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika
Nehurombo, iyi nguva yemakore mashanu yakateverwa nenguva yakadzorwa nekutya uye kupenga kwaNero, uyo akaisa hutongi hwejekerere pamusimboti, achitsiva nhamba mbiri dzakamboitenderedza. Burrus inotsiviwa naTigellinus, nepo pasina anotora chinzvimbo chaSeneca. Seneca haarambi kuratidzwa kwemunhu uye haaregi kubva pazvisungo zvakaiswa nekubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika, asi anowanzobhadhara zvakanyanya mukurumbira wake uye hupfumi hwakaunganidzwa, kusvikira amanikidzwa kuzviuraya.
Nekufamba kwenguva, muna AD 39, anoisa hupenyu hwake panjodzi pasi pemirairo yaCaligula uye makore maviri gare gare anomanikidzwa kuenda kuutapwa kuCorsica naClaudius, kwaanoenda kubva pakufunga zvekubata kumeso kuti awane ruregerero nekunyora Consolatio ad Polybium, kutora. kutsiva rufu rwake. rufu. rufu, achiratidza ruvengo rwake rwose kwaari muropa Apocolocyntosis, basa raanomutsvinyira nehasha. Kuve mutungamiriri waNero, akaedza kumisa hurumende yake pamisimboti ye rex iustus, theorizing mufananidzo wemuchinda ane mufananidzo mu zve clementia, asi chimiro chechiremera neane utsinye chamambo wechiduku chakabva chatora nzvimbo.
Seneca uye zvematongerwo enyika
Seneca, kusiyana nevamwe vanyori vemazuva ano, anonzwa basa rekutora chikamu kwehupenyu hwake hwose mune zvematongerwo enyika. nokuti iye chaizvo Importante hukama pakati pehupenyu hunoshanda uye hupenyu hwekufungisisa, hupenyu hweveruzhinji uye hupenyu hwepachivande, negotium uye otium, munhu uye nzanga. Inoramba yakanyatsobatanidzwa nenheyo: "basa remunhu nderokubatsira kune vamwe varume." Kuti ibatsire, Seneca anoti murume akanaka haafanire kunzvenga mabasa ake emunhu uye ehurumende. Hunhu hweSeneca ihwo hutsika hunoshanda, hwakavakirwa pamusimboti wezvakanaka.
Saka hukama hweSeneca nemukuru hunonetsa. Pakutanga achifara nehutungamiri hwaNero, aizonyora bhuku kuna mambo mutsva Nero, rine musoro unoti. Kubva kuClementia. Mubasa iri Seneca inorumbidza mwero uye kushivirira kwe machinda, ichipawo muenzaniso wemaitiro waunofanirwa kutevedzera. Mutongi ane ngoni, anodaro munyori, anofanira kuzvibata kuvadzorwi vake sababa kuvana vake. Nzira yakanakisa yekudzidzisa zvidzidzo inogara iri yekunyengetedza uye nekuraira, kwete yekutyisidzira uye kutya.
simba isimba
Seneca haabvunzi simba rakakwana ramambo uye, kutaura zvazviri, anoriita zviri pamutemo sesimba rinobva kuna Mwari. Fate akapa Nero basa rekutonga vanhu vake uye anofanira kuita basa iri asingaite kuti vanzwe kuremerwa kwesimba, uye anofanirawo kuva muchengeti wechiyero. pasi rose. Anotaura mutemo mumwechete mukubata nevaranda: "Rarama nevakaderera vako sezvaungada kuti mukuru wako agare newe."
Mambo ndiye musoro wehurumende, vanotongwa ndivo nhengo, naizvozvo vanoda kuteerera mambo sezvo nhengo dzavo dzinoteerera musoro uye vanoda kutarisana kunyange norufu nokuda kwake: “Iye, chaizvoizvo, ndiye chisungo icho hurumende inoramba yakabatana, ndiye mudzimu unokosha unofema zviuru zvose izvi zvavanhu. Ivo, mavari, vangadai vari chimwe chinhu kunze kwomutoro, kana mweya iwoyo uchishayikwa kune vamwe.
De Beneficis de Seneca
Aona kukundikana kwedzidzo yetsika yaNero, Seneca anonyora De zvinobatsira, bhuku rezvinyorwa zvinomwe rinobata nenyaya yekuziva kupa uye kugamuchira rubatsiro, inonzwisiswa semupiro wekongiri wezvakanaka, uye inobatawo kubata pamuviri maererano nerombo chete rinogona kugadzirisa mamiriro ekusununguka kana hutapwa. Naizvozvo, munhu wose anofanira kuziva nzira yokuvaka nayo mbiri yake nebasa uye nesimba, asingaverengeri kuti akasiirwa chii nemadzitateguru ake..
Seneca, chaizvo nekuda kwe "kusawirirana" kwake pamberi pesimba, akakwanisa kuchengetedza mukurumbira wakakura kwemazana emakore nezvikonzero zviviri: hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri uye hudzvanyiriri hunokoshesa maitiro ake sechidzidzo, nepo vakangwara vachigovana nzira yake yekupikisa vatongi. .
Seneca inonakidzwa nehunhu hweStoic uye inoishandisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvehupenyu hunoshanda. Zvisinei, nekuzviuraya anokwanisa kuendesa mufananidzo wake kunhoroondo, achidzikinura hupenyu hunopesana. Zvichida izvi ndizvo zvakamupa mukurumbira mukuru uye, nokuzviuraya kwake, akanyora peji inokosha yokuvapo kwake.
rusununguko pamusoro pezvose
Seneca mumatambudziko ake anotarisa kune rimwe divi risingazivikanwe rehunhu hwake, iro re vir sapiens uye mabhonasi, uyo achazviuraya nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka chorusununguko. Rusununguko, rweSeneca, rwuri mukati medu uye hapana anogona kuchimanikidza: muhuchenjeri, mukuzvidza muviri wedu ephemeral, rusununguko rwakachengeteka.. Kana tichiziva kutendeukira kuzvinhu zvikuru kupfuura uranda hwomuviri, tichakunda rusununguko rwomukati, tichava pfuma yedu. "Uri kundibvunza kuti nzira yerusununguko ndeyei? Chero tsinga mumuviri wako.
Chinonyanya kukosha kuziva kusiyanisa chakanaka nechakaipa, nekuti avo chete vanochiwana ndivo vachave vakasununguka zvechokwadi, nekuti rusununguko harubvi mukuzvarwa muboka rakati, ringava murombo kana kuti rinokudzwa.. Kumunyori, hondo yekukunda rusununguko inogona kurwiwa chete nechombo chehuzivi, zvekuti akasimbisa kuti vakachenjera chete ndivo vakasununguka.
Pfungwa yehuzivi yaSeneca
Seneca haasi muzivi kana mufungi akarongeka: chinangwa chake chikuru ndechokubudisa pfungwa yehupenyu uye humwe hutsika hwetsika; kutaura zvazviri, basa rake rakasiyana chaizvo nerevamwe vafungi vekare vakadai saPlato kana Aristotle. Haadi kupa hurongwa hwehuzivi, asi kuti aratidze vateveri vake nevaverengi hunhu hweStoicism. Kunyangwe mazhinji emabhuku ake ekunyora akaiswa pasi pezita rekuti "nhaurirano," aya anonyatso siyaniswa kubva kuna Plato, achitora chimiro chechokwadi monologues, umo Seneca inotaura chero munhu anofarira pfungwa yake.
Hunhu husina kurongeka hwekufunga kwaSeneca uye kuziviswa kusununguka kwezvinyorwa zvinogara zvichingoitika mukati mebasa remuzivi. Kubva mukubuda kwake kwese kwemabasa kunobuda dudziro yemunhu oga yezivo inopfuudzwa kumuzivi nenyanzvi dzinogara pamwe nekunyanya kujeka kweStoicism. Iwo maviri mamisimboti ehuzivi hweSeneca anobva kuStoicism: hunhu uye kufunga.. Maererano neSeneca, munhu anofanira kupfuura zvose kuenderana nezvisikwa uye, saizvozvowo, kuteerera kufunga, kunoonekwa se chiyero, ChiGiriki logos, nheyo youmwari inodzora nyika.
Vakachenjera havasi vanhu, imwe yemafungiro aLucio
Chinyorwa chechimwe chikamu kubva kudzidziso yeStoic chiri pasi pemufananidzo we sapiens, murume akachenjera. Mafungiro echiLatin aSeneca aiita kuti abvise hunhu husina kunaka hwainzi hwakaitwa nemunhu akachenjera. Uchenjeri nokudaro hunotora chimiro chokutonga kune mufungo kwezvishuvo uye kwete kwokusakendenga nedziviriro kumanzwiro.
The spiritual asceticism of the sage ine zvikamu zvishanu zvakakosha: the kukunda kuchiva, zvakadai sokutya, kurwadziwa uye kutenda mashura; iye bvunzo yekuziva, tsika yakajairika mudzidziso yePythagoras; the kuziva kuve chikamu cheiyo logos uye naizvozvo ziva kuti isu tiri zvisikwa zvinonzwisisika, chikamu chechirongwa chekutarisira chepfungwa; Kuzvigamuchira uye kuzivikanwa, kutaura idi, murume akachenjera anoziva chiri chikamu chepfungwa uye chii chisiri, achiziva kuti iye chikamu chacho.; uye pakupedzisira kubudirira kwe unomusunungura mukati: kubudikidza nechikonzero munhu anogona kurarama achifara.
Uchenjeri nokudaro hunorongwa senzira uye kwete semagumo. Inogadziriswa senzira iyo munhu anowana nayo rusununguko rwemukati uye kwete ruzivo pacharwo.
Aristotle uye Seneca
Mukuona kwehuzivi hwaSeneca, pfungwa yehuzivi yesainzi yakafemerwa naAristotle inowanawo nzvimbo. Kudzidza nezvezvinoitika zvechisikigo, kutaura zvazviri, kunobvumira munhu kuziva chikamu icho zvese ndezvazvo uye, kuburikidza nazvo, kuti azvisanganise nacho.
Seneca inotsanangurawo zvinhu zvina zvakakosha zvehuchenjeri: Kudzikama zvinobatsira kudzora zvishuvo; simba, inobatsira kukurira kutya; kungwara, kutenda kune izvo zviito zvichaitwa zvinogona kufanoona mberi; kururamisira,iyo yaunogona kugovera kune mumwe nemumwe zvinoenderana naye. Kana munhu awana kunaka, anozvisunungura kubva mukutya uye kuzvidya mwoyo kunowanikwa mumamiriro ake ekufa uye emuviri uye anogona kupedzisira ataura kuti anofara zvechokwadi, nokuti kuziva kwake kuzere kunosanganisira kunaka uye kuvandudza, uye haisi pasi pekuda kwehupfumi, uye hazvibvi pane pfuma kana hutano huri mukati mesimba redu uye kwete simba redu.
Uzivi uye zvinyorwa zvinogara pamwe chete nesimba
Seneca zvirokwazvo muzivi uye murume wetsamba aiziva kushandira pamwe nesimba, achisiya mucherechedzo wakanaka mukati memakore ebasa namambo wechidiki, achishandira pamwe nekunakira veruzhinji, asi anozivawo nzira yekuzvibvisa. kubva kwaari paanenge asingachamiriri muenzaniso wakanaka, achiramba ropafadzo nenyasha pasina kuzvidemba., sezvakataurwa mu Zvehupenyu hwakaropafadzwa: "vanokwanisa kunakidzwa nepfuma kana iripo, asi vachikwanisa kuita pasina ivo kana varega."
Kune rimwe divi, kubuda kwake muhupenyu hweveruzhinji kwakave nemhedzisiro yakaipa kuna Nero uyo, akasiiwa ega kuti atonge, mumakore mashanu ekupedzisira esimba rake, akaita kusatenderwa nevagari vemo zvekuti akatongerwa, mushure mekufa kwake, ku " kutongwa. ndangariro», la mutongo wakaipisisa uyo muRoma angatambura, nepo ndangariro yeSeneca icharamba iripo kwemazana emakore nekuda kwehuchenjeri hwake hwakadzama uye kuzvipira kwake pachena.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kwemagariro kusagadzikana mu Caput Mundi yenguva, Seneca inoratidzira kusanzwisisika kwese, miganhu uye zvishuwo zvekirasi yehungwaru, iyo yakaramba iri yega kupikisa simba rezvematongerwo enyika, mushure mekuendeswa kweseneta.. NeSeneca, mukana wekirasi yehungwaru kuzadzisa organic basa mukati mesimba rezvematongerwo enyika unokundikana. Mushure make, "vanachipangamazano vemuchinda" vachave vakasununguka uye vatongi, uye vakangwara vachangokwanisa kutaura zvinoitika.
unogonawo kuverenga Lucius Anneo Seneca (Chikamu 2)