Tsika yeZapotec ndeimwe yebudiriro yakakosha muMesoamerica, ine nhoroondo inodarika makore 2,500 apfuura. Vanhu veko ava vainyanya kugara mudunhu reOaxaca, kunyangwe simba ravo rakasvika kumatunhu akaita sePuebla, Guerrero neVeracruz. Vakamira vakasiyana nekumberi kwavo social organisationake monumental architecture uye ruzivo rwake rwakadzama rwe kunyorala nyeredzi and the agriculture. Nekufamba kwenguva, maZapotec akakwanisa kukudziridza hupfumi hwetsika huchiripo nanhasi.
Kubva pakuvambwa kweMonte Albán seimwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzemadhorobha muMesoamerica kusvika kune yechitendero syncretism yavakagamuchira nekusvika kwevaSpanish, maZapotec vanga vari vanhu vakatsiga. yakaziva nzira yekuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa tsika dzayo. Zvadaro, tichaongorora zvakadzama nhoroondo yaro, tsika, zvitendero uye nhaka yavakasiya seimwe yezvinoyevedza pre-Hispanic budiriro.
Nzvimbo uye kuwedzera kwevanhu veZapotec
VaZapotec vakagara muMupata weOaxaca, nzvimbo ine hunyanzvi yakavabvumira kusimudzira hupfumi hwakavakirwa agriculture and the commerce. Sezvo budiriro yavo yakawedzera, vakawedzera simba ravo kumatunhu akapoteredza, kusanganisira Sierra Madre del Sur uye Isthmus yeTehuantepec.
Monte Albán ndiyo yakanga iri muzinda wayo mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika uye wechitendero. Guta iri, rakavakwa pamusoro pechikomo, raibvumira kuti a panoramic maonero yepakati pemipata, iyo yakafambisa kudzivirira kwavo uye kutonga kwenharaunda. Nekufamba kwenguva, dzimwe nzvimbo dzekugara dzakaita seMitla dzakawana kukosha, kunyanya mushure mekudzikira kweMonte Albán makore akapoteredza 800 AD. Mukutsvaga uku kwekuwedzera uye pesvedzero, kudzidza kwe Mesoamerican tsika Zvakakosha kunzwisisa mamiriro ayo.
Sangano remagariro nezvematongerwo enyika
Mamiriro emagariro evaZapotec aive emhando yepamusoro uye akavakirwa pane gadziriro youbati ushe hwaMwari. Pamusoro paive nevapristi nevatongi, vaitonga hupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika nehwechitendero. Vanokudzwa, vaiumbwa nevakuru vakuru vemauto nevakuru vakuru, vakaita basa guru mukutarisira nharaunda yacho.
Vanhuwo zvavo vakaumbwa Varimi, mhizha uye vatengesi mukati menzanga yeZapotec, uyo akabatsira mukusimudzira upfumi hwevanhu. Pazasi pepiramidhi yemagariro maive nevaranda, kunyanya vasungwa vehondo kana vanhu vakabatwa nemhosva.
Chitendero uye maonero enyika
VaZapotec vaidavira vanamwari vakawanda uye chitendero chavo chakanga chakabatana zvikuru nature. Vaitenda muna vamwari vakasiyana-siyana vaimiririra zvinhu zvinokosha paupenyu zvakadai semvura, zuva uye rufu. Pakati pavamwari vayo vakuru vaiva:
- Cocijo: Mwari wemvura nekutinhira, zvakakosha pazvirimwa.
- pitao cozobi: Mwari wechibage nekubereka.
- Coqui Bezelao: Humwari hwepasi nerufu.
- Xipe Totec: Inoenderana nekuvandudzwa uye chitubu.
Kunamata madzitateguru kwaivewo chikamu chakakosha chemaonero avo enyika. The Zapotec makuva Vakanga vakashongedzwa zvounyanzvi uye vakashongedzwa nezvinopiwa, zvichiratidza kudavira kwavo upenyu pashure porufu. Hukama nerufu mumaonero epasirese eZapotec hwakafanana nehwedzimwe tsika, sezvinoonekwa mukudzidza kwe Mixtec tsika.
Kunyora uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi
MaZapotec aive mapiyona mukuvandudzwa kwe hieroglyphic kunyora system muMesoamerica. Iyi nzira yekunyora yakabvumira zviitiko zvenhoroondo, zvechitendero uye zvemagariro evanhu kuti zvinyorwe kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvakanyorwa mudombo.
Vakaitawo budiriro huru mu nyeredzi uye masvomhu, kugadzira karenda yakavakirwa pakuona nyeredzi. Ruzivo urwu rwakavabvumira kufanotaura kutenderera kwekurima uye kutara misi yemitambo mikuru yechitendero, chinhu chakakosha chesangano ravo.
Upfumi nemabasa ane pundutso
Hupfumi hweZapotec hwaive hwakavakirwa pa agriculture, kuratidza kurimwa kwechibage, bhinzi, squash nechirimo. Vakashandisa nzira itsva dze kudiridza uye nemateru kuti vawedzere goho rezvirimwa zvavo. Kusimukira kwekurima uku kwaikosha pakurarama kwavo uye pakuchinjana kwekutengeserana.
Kutengeserana kwaiva rimwe basa rinokosha. Kuburikidza nenzira dzekutengeserana, vaZapotec vaichinjana zvigadzirwa senge obsidian, ceramics uye machira. Kuva pedyo kwavo neIsthmus yeTehuantepec kwakavabvumira kuwana kutengeserana kwemugungwa, kufambisa kuchinjana nemamwe matunhu eMesoamerica, chinhu chinoratidza kugona kwavo kugadzirisa uye kubudirira munyika yakabatana.
Architecture uye art
La Zapotec architecture Ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kushamisa muMesoamerica. Monte Albán muenzaniso wakajeka wehunyanzvi hwake mukuvaka, ane zvivakwa zvakatsikwa, nzvimbo dzemitambo uye makuva akashongedzwa. Iyo dhizaini muMonte Albán haingoratidzi huinjiniya hwenguva yayo, asiwo sangano remagariro nezvematongerwo enyika, umo Chincha tsika inogonawo kuenzaniswa.
Zapotec art yaisanganisirawo iyo mupfuri wegoridhela Ceramics ine ruzivo rwehunyanzvi and the textiles. Nhumbi dzavo dzemariro dzinonyanya kucherechedzwa nehunyanzvi hwavo hwakadzama uye chiratidzo chechitendero chavanomiririra, chiratidzo chinobatika chenhoroondo yavo yakapfuma yetsika.
Tsika nemagariro
Pasinei nokuchinja kwemazana emakore, tsika dzakawanda dzeZapotec dzakaramba dziripo. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kukosha zvinosanganisira:
- Zuva revakafa: Mhemberero mukukudza madzitateguru, nezvipiriso neatari dzakashongedzwa nemaruva nezvokudya.
- VaGuelaguetza: Mutambo wechinyakare weOaxacan unosanganisa pesvedzero dzechivanhu nedzechiKristu mukupemberera kutamba nemimhanzi.
- Mushonga wechivanhu: Zvinobva pakushandiswa kwemiti yemishonga uye tsika dzekuporesa dzakagarwa nhaka kubva kumadzitateguru avo.
Mukuwedzera, iyo Mutauro weZapotec Ichiri kushanda munharaunda dzakawanda, kunyangwe ichitarisana nematambudziko mukuchengetedzwa kwayo nekuda kwekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweSpanish mudzidzo, zvakafanana nezvinoitika kune dzimwe nharaunda dzechivanhu, senge Chichimeca culture.
Legacy uye mamiriro ezvinhu
Nhasi, vaZapotec vanoumba imwe yenharaunda huru dzeko muMexico. Pasinei nekumanikidzwa kwemazuva ano, vakakwanisa kuchengetedza yavo Zita kuburikidza nekuchengetedza mutauro wavo, mitambo yavo netsika dzavo.
Zapotec art inoramba ichikosheswa pasi rese, kunyanya yayo tishu, Ceramics uye zvakavezwa. Saizvozvowo, nzvimbo dzakaita seMonte Albán neMitla dzakazivikanwa senzvimbo dzenhaka dzetsika, izvo zvinobatsira mukuparadzira nekuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo yavo. Uku kukosha kwetsika kunoratidzwa zvakare mu Tsika dzeMexico, iyo inobatanidza tsika dzakasiana-siana nenhaka dzavanhu vayo veko.
Vanhu veZapotec, vane hupfumi hwenhaka yavo, yakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki munhoroondo yeMexico. Kubudirira kwayo mukunyora, zvivakwa uye maonero epasirese inoramba iri nyaya yekudzidza nekurudziro nhasi. Pasinei nematambudziko emazuva ano, vaZapotec Vanoramba vachichengeta tsika dzavo dziri mhenyu. kuve nechokwadi chekuti nhaka yavo inogara kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.
