Zvipfeko zveMedieval uye nhumbi dzokurwa dzakanga dzisiri zvishongo chete: dzaive tekinoroji yaishandiswa kumuviri. Pakati pema castle, shongwe, uye rondedzero, zvipfeko zvine chimiro, zvakadzivirirwa kubva mukurova uye mamiriro ekunze, uye zvinotenderwa kuzivikanwa mukupisa kwechinguva. Kure nekutaura kwe "magaba" asina kusimba, iyo midziyo yakashanduka kuenzanisa kudzivirira uye kufamba.
Pakushanya uku, tinopfeka kubva zvipfeko zvemukati kuenda kuheti, ongorora maitiro evakadzi nevarume vakajairana nechando uye chirimo, uye kupinda musangano kugadzira zvipfeko zvechikoro nezvinhu zvemazuva ese. Tichaonawo zvidimbu zvakakosha (gambeson, zvombo, mahwendefa), kutarisira uye kugadzirisa, Templar zvipfeko, kodhi ye chivalry, mareferensi enhoroondo uye ongororo yehunyanzvi yehondo dzepakati.
Kupfeka sei knight (13th-14th century)
Nzira yacho yakatanga nemabhuruku, akagadzirwa nemucheka kana mvere dzemakwai, akasungirirwa muchiuno netambo kana bhanhire rakamanikana, uye akasungirirwa pamabvi. Vakanga vasina kupfeka nhunzi, saka kana zvakakodzera, zvakanga zvakakodzera kusunungura uye kuderedza nguo; imwe tsika yakazotevera inoratidza kuunzwa kwe "cowl" kunharaunda yeTurkey, nekushandiswa kwayo kunosemesa mukupamba, chokwadi chakataurwa nhasi seyambiro isina kusvibiswa yenhoroondo.
Iwaya akanga akafukidzwa nerineni inobatika kwazvo, mvere dzemakwai, kana kuti hose yedehwe rakaisvonaka, inosungirirwa nechemberi netambo pabhanhire remuchiuno rebhurukwa. Dzaigona kuguma nematehwe (kushanda seshangu) kana sematinji, apa paiwedzerwa shangu kana mesh hose soles. Kubva pane yayo chromatic yakasiyana-siyana yakabuda "half-stockings" kubva muzana remakore rechi14-15, mavambo ezwi rokuti "masokisi".
Panguva iyi, paidiwa rubatsiro rwesquire. Mail leggings (imwe-chidimbu kana kuvhara chete mberi kwegumbo) yakaunzwa. Mazamu akazara anogona kunge aine masosi uye mabvi ekusimbisa ane jira rakaputirwa kana dehwe brafoneras ine dehwe rakabikwa kana simbi inoiswa. Kuti huremu husadonhe, tambo dziri pasi pemabvi dzaive dzakajairika kana brafoneras yakasimba isina kushandiswa.
Iyo torso yakatanga kuvharwa nemucheka werineni yakareba kana shati yemvere dzemakwai, uye pamusoro payo gambeson: yakaputirwa nehove kana bhiza, yakashongedzwa mumitsara yakatwasuka, zvikwereti kana madhaimondi, yakazaruka mberi uye kumashure kwekuisa. Basa ravo raive rekukunda mace, sando kana mafirairi, kudzivirira zvinokanganisa izvo mesh inochinjika yaizonzwa neimwe nzira. Mumusoro, chivharo chekudzivirira chakasungirirwa, chakasungirirwa pachirebvu, chinodzivirira kubvongodza kubva mumambure uye chinopa imwe cushioning.
Iyo chainmail shati (loriga kana shati yetsamba) inogona kusungirirwa kune coif kana kupfekwa zvakasiyana. Yakanga iri chidimbu chimwe chete chisina fasteners: yakatsvedza pamusoro pemusoro nerutsigiro rwe squire, sezvo yairema zvakapoteredza 20-25 kg. Sleeve inogona kuva mapfupi, kureba kana ane mittens akabatanidzwa. (nechanza cheganda chekubata), chakasungirirwa paruoko nemabhandi; dzimwe nguva vaiva nemisuwo yokuvhomora ruoko uye kuti mhuta irembedzwe. Vaiwanzosvika pazasi pebvi vovhura kumberi nekumashure kuti vakwire.
Iyo almofar yakanyatsokwana chaizvo, kwete seyakasununguka mahood aunoona mumafirimu. Pakanga pane misiyano: sikweya yemambure yakashongedzwa nematehwe yaisungirirwa patemberi; tehwe-lined mesh tab yakasungirirwa kune rumwe rutivi; zvigadziriso zvine burelete (padded mhete) yeheti dzakagadzirwa pasina varwi; armored caps ine yakabatanidzwa burelete uye mutsipa kudzivirira; uye kunyange zvimedu zvakavhurika kumashure uye zvakavharwa nedhirowa rekugadzirisa zvakanaka. Kiyi yacho yaive yakanyatsokwana pasi pengowani dzakasiyana.
Pamusoro peizvi zvose, kubva pakati pezana remakore rechi13, tsamba yeplate yakawedzerwa: surcoat ine mahwendefa esimbi akaiswa mukati (anenge 9-10 kg). Yakagadziriswa nebhandi rekumashure uye tambo dzepamberi. Pamusoro akanga akapfeka jasi remaoko, "textile banner" ye knight, ine heraldic zviratidzo zvinoonekwa muhondo.
Pamusoro pazvo zvose: zvibayiso kana zvibayiso, bakatwa rine bhanhire, nhoo nengowani. Ensemble yese inogona kurema kupfuura 30 kg, pamwe ne2 kg ngowani, zvombo, uye dziviriro. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, ngano yekusafamba ingori iyo: ngano: kudzidziswa kubva paudiki uye kudzidziswa kwezuva nezuva Zvaivaita kuti vashande nesimba uye vasarambe vachifora, kupisa, kutonhora uye kurwa.
Zvimedu zvekudzivirira uye kushanduka kwavo
Hembe dzedehwe dzakaomeswa uye nguo dzaidzivirira mutumbi; mabhureki anogona kuwedzerwa. Dzaive dzakareruka uye dzichifamba, asi dzaipa dziviriro shoma mukurwa kwepedyo. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevapfuri yekuisa pamberi pekufamba mubasa ravo.
Iberian root cuirass yakaratidza dhizaini ine katatu ine madhisiki matatu echipfuva uye kumashure, akachengetedzwa kumuviri nemabhandi mana. Chaive chakakosha: chakasiya nzvimbo dzakakosha (mutsipa, maoko, makumbo) pachena. Muzana ramakore rechi 14 yakawedzerwa nezvikwama, mapendekete epafudzi, ristres, codales, uye armbands., gauntlets; pamakumbo, zvinochengetedza zvidya, zvinorinda mabvi, magirefu, nebhutsu dzetsoka.
Iyo lorica segmentata (mugari wenhaka yeRoma) yaisanganisira mabhandi esimbi akatwasuka aimbundira torso nedziviriro pamapfudzi: akareruka uye agile, asi ane mapeji anogona kushandiswa pakati pemahwendefa uye zvishoma kudzivirira kune migumo. Kudzidzira kwekukurumidza maneuvers, neganhuriro dzayo.
Loriga kana brunia (metallic scales akabatanidzwa nemhete, mesh kana mbambo) yaipa kuvharika kukuru, uye jacerina/chain mail vhezheni (diki dhayamita yakabatana mhete, dzimwe nguva pachigadziko chedehwe chine madhisiki) yakawedzera kudzivirira kwakadzama nebrafoneras yemakumbo netsoka. Zvakaoma kwazvo kupaza, kunyangwe zvichidhura uye zvinorema (inenge 11-25 kg zvichienderana negungano uye kuwedzera).
Iyo yakazara plate harness, "white armor," yakapa nhumbi dzekuzvidzivirira nadzo dzepamusoro nezvidimbu zvesimbi zvaitaurwa nemabhandi nemarivets, kazhinji aipfekwa pamusoro petsamba dzemaketani. Zvakanakira: kufukidzwa uye kuramba kukanganiswa uye projectiles. Kukanganisa: mutengo wakakwirira, kuoma mukugadzirisa, uye uremu (dzimwe nguva pedyo ne40 kg). Bhiza rakanga rakachengetedzwawo nematehwe fenzi kutanga, uyezve mesh nesimbi.
Equipment kuchengetedza uye kutarisira
Dehwe (girths, tambo) rakaputirwa nemafuta emhuka uye rakabvumirwa kusveta, robva raoma. Simbi yaifanira kuchengetedzwa kure nemvura Kudzivirira ngura, yakacheneswa nejecha uye yakaomeswa nemucheka; ipapo firimu remafuta rakadzivirira pamusoro.
Zvipfeko pasi pezvombo uye surcoats
Knight's base layer yaive gipoun (short cassock) ine vhesi rerineni uye bhurugwa remukati, chipfeko chinobata zvakasimba kudzivirira kukwenya. Pamusoro peiyi pakanga pane gambeson yakarukwa (rineni, mvere dzemakwai, kana kuti dehwe, pane dzimwe nguva ine zvikamu zvakasonerwa pamambure) yaigona kusvika mumabvi. Matanho anokuchengeta uchidziya uye anokudzivirira kubva kunaya.Vashoma vakapfuma vakashandisa fustian (jira gobvu).
Jasi repamusoro (jasi refu rine jasi rezvombo) raibvumira munhu kusiyanisa shamwari nevavengi. Yaiwanzovhurwa nechepasi nezvikonzero zvinoshanda. Pamakumbo, tight wool tights; shangu, dzakagadzirwa nedehwe, dzine maitiro kune shangu dzakapinza.
Mabhurukwa erineni akasungwa muchiuno nemabvi, asina nhunzi. Pamusoro pavo, mabhuruku ematehwe akanaka kana erineni (pamwe nesarudzo yematehwe ematehwe). Kunze, mesh breeches ine brafoneras inodzivirira muviri wepasi. Ruoko rwaiva mumittens kana kuti matinji; apo mesh yaisanganisira girovhosi, muchindwe wedehwe waibatsira kubata.
Pamusoro, chivharo chemucheka wepadded pasi pengowani, yakachengetedzwa nezvisungo pasi pechirebvu. Ngowani (ngowani iri nyore) uye, gare gare, ngowani ine visor. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 14, maplate harness akagadzirisa kusasimba kwetsamba dzemaketani zvidimbu zvinopindirana: chidzitiro chechipfuva, chidzitiro chekumashure, guardrail uye gorget yemutsipa.
Zvimwe zvinozivikanwa zvinosanganisira danda, dehwe, kana simbi shield; mvere dzemakwai kana silika pamusoro pebhanhire; tard (jira pfupi, risina maoko) rine zviratidzo; bhurukwa rakaputirwa pasi pezvombo; siketi yemukati; hood yejira; jira kana bhandi reganda rekubata zvimedu uye kutakura munondo nedhadha; bhande remaoko sebhejiIsu tawedzera inobatsira PDF referensi pano kuti uwane mamwe ehunyanzvi ruzivo: tarisa gwaro iri.
Madzimai, mamiriro ekunze uye fashoni: kubva kunyoro kusvika kunotonhora
Mamiriro ekunze aidzora mutinhimira wekurima nezvipfeko. Pasina kupisa kana machira ehunyanzvi, zvipfeko zvaive "mutsara wekutanga" kurwisa mhepo, mvura, uye kutonhora. Iyo High Middle Ages yakasangana nemamiriro ekunze akanaka nenguva yechando yakati nyoro (10th–14th centuries), chinhu chaikanganisa zvirimwa nemapfekero embatya.
Zvipfeko zvakakosha uye zvinhu
Nguo yechikadzi inokosha yaiva shati yemukati (yakaitwa nerineni), ine nguo imwe chete kana dzakawanda dzokunze zvichienderana nechinzvimbo uye nguva, uye bhandi rekushandisa. Musoro wemusoro semakepisi uye machira akadzivirirwa uye airatidza chimiro chewanano (bvudzi rakavharwa kuvakadzi vakaroora). Makushe aive mambokadzi wewadhiropu yekuEurope Nokuda kwekudziya uye kubvisa mvura, yerineni, inotonhorera uye inonwisa, inotonga zvipfeko zvemukati. Sirika nemicheka yakanaka zvaingova zvoumbozha; majasi akaiswa mumitsetse munzvimbo dzinotonhora.
Layer uye kucheka kuti zvikwane
Kuturika kunotenderwa kukwenenzverwa kwekudzivirira: yerineni padivi peganda, nguo dzemvere dzemakwai pamusoro, uye jasi pazvinenge zvakakodzera. Mhepo yakavharirwa pakati pezvikamu inodzivirira, nheyo ichiri kushanda. Mumamiriro okunze ekupisa, micheka yakasununguka yerineni isingaremi yaipa mhepo; mumamiriro okunze anotonhora, nguo dzakasimba dzemvere dzemakwai dzaichengeta kupisa.
Sleeves uye misoro
Sleeves aibva kubva kupfupi kusvika kune akareba zvakanyanya, akarembera maoko, ekupedzisira ese sepokugara kwenguva pfupi uye sechiratidzo chechimiro (chisina kukodzera kubasa). Zvifukidzo uye zvivharo zvakadzivirirwa kubva kuzuva nemhepo; kuchamhembe, heti dzine mitsetse nemvere dzaipfekwa pakufamba; paiva nemisiyano yematunhu (Ngowani dzeItaly, hennins dzechiFrench, zvivharo zvine "mapapiro" muBritish Isles).
Capes, majasi uye shangu
Nguo dzakareruka dzemvere dzemakwai kana silika mumamiriro ekunze anodziya; majasi anorema ane jira kana dehwe kunze uye gava, marten, kana ermine lining kuchamhembe. Detachable hoods akawedzera dziviriro kumusoro nemutsipa. Shangu dzedehwe dzaivharirwa mvura negirizi uye tanning; mumadhaka, zvivharo zvemapuranga ("sabots" kana "klompen") nematehwe kana machira emucheka. Masokisi eshinda uye leggings akasimuka pamusoro pebvi; chaussen (pant) yaidziya uye yaidzivirira kusvuuka pavanenge vakatasva.
Mwaka, matunhu uye zvakanyanyisa
Muzhizha, machira erineni uye airy kuchekwa, mavara akareruka, uye zvinhu zvakaita sezaddeln (machira ekushongedza aipawo mhepo) akatonga. Pakasvika chando, makushe akakora, machira, uye makushe emvere aitonga zvikuru; dehwe muffs Vakadzivirira maoko. Pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, machira akarukwa zvakasimba aiiswa mafuta kana wakisi kuti adzivirire pa<em>saltpeter, uye ma<em>balaclava akasimba aipfekwa. Munguva ye "Little Ice Age" (kubva kumativi ekuma1300), kuvhara kwakawedzera; munguva yekudziya, machira akanyatsonaka uye kunyange parasols yekumabvazuva yakaonekwa.
Trades, tekinoroji uye nhaka
Masangano nevatengesi vanoparadzira hunyanzvi uye machira: machira emavara anogara kwenguva refu, nzira dzaiunza sirika, uye machira ekare asingapindi mvura. Vhiri rinotenderera (zana ramakore rechi 13) raimhanyisa kuruka, uye kuzara shinda yakamanikana, zvichiita kuti isapinde mhepo. Nheyo yekupfeka muzvikamu, yakasimbiswa ipapo, inoramba iri mutemo wegoridhe wezvipfeko zvekunze zvemazuva ano; mvere dzemakwai (nhasi merino) nerineni zvinoramba zviri mufashoni.
Express workshop mukirasi: zvipfeko zve medieval nemabhegi
Kana iwe uchishanda pane dingindira renhare mukirasi, kushongedza mukova senhare uye kuibvisa nepati yepakati chirongwa chikuru. Nemabhegi emarara uye tepi yemagetsi, unogona kugadzira zvipfeko zvine mavara mumaminitsi. Ngwarira paunenge uchitenga mabhegi: dzivisa avo vane zvinyorwa zvakadhindwa. (zvakanakisa kubva kuchitoro chikuru); uye kana uchikwanisa, wedzera tende revana rakaita senhare kuti vape fungidziro yavo (vanobva kuIkea nezvitoro zvakamboshandiswa).
Chipfeko chevakadzi veMedieval (yero bhegi, ribhoni uye kupenya):
- Peta nepakati uye uvhure sikweya neckline inenge 6,5 cm; cheka buri remaoko ne 15-16 cm.
- Shongedza neribhoni kumutsipa, tambo mbiri dzakatarisa pasi, bhandi pachiuno, uye isa rhinestones panopindirana muhuro. Tarisa symmetry uye yakanaka kukwana.
Sutu yeGentleman (bhegi rebhuruu uye ribhoni):
- Peta wocheka mutsara wehuro unoyera 6,5 x 6,5 cm uye gomba reruoko richiyera 15–16 cm.
- Ita muchinjikwa nematanho mana ematepi matsvuku; gadzira muchinjikwa wakatarisa pasi patafura (yakanamira kumusoro) kuti ugone kupedzisa uye kucheka chero zvakawandisa.
- Namatidza muchinjikwa wakananga pamutsipa, cheka pasi nekucheka mativi, uwedzere bhandi rebhuruu pachiuno, uye upedze mutsipa nezvidimbu zviduku zveribhoni. Inoshanda zvikuru pamutambo wekufananidzira..
Tembere, iyo kodhi uye ane mukurumbira knight
Zvipfeko zveTemplar zvaisanganisira shati, bhurugwa, chiuno chine mapepi ekumberi uye kumashure, uye jasi remaoko. Iyo "drapier" yaive nebasa rekupfeka nekushambidzika: bvudzi pfupi, ndebvu dzakachena uye zvipfeko zvakafanana neChirongwa. Chirango chaitambanuka kubva pamunhu kusvika kune wemauto.
Iyo inonzi "medieval code" yaisanganisira mitemo yemaitiro echivalric munharaunda uye hondo: kukudzwa, kuchengetedzwa kwevasina simba, kuvimbika, kuenzanisa. Yakawanda yegwaro retsika pane mutemo wakaoma, isa zvinangwa zvinokurudzira nhoroondo uye nziyo dzekare.
Kune vakawanda vanyori venhoroondo dzekare, murwi mukuru aive William Marshal, akashongedzerwa zvombo muna 1116 maererano netsika dzekupedzisira, shasha yemakwikwi kwemakore gumi nematanhatu aine anopfuura mazana mashanu akabatwa, uye pakupedzisira akaiswa muTemberi, maakavigwa muLondon. Mukurumbira wake wakamupa zita rekuti "greatest knight" mumiromo yevafundisi vepamusoro-soro.
Hondo yeMedieval mumabhurashi
Hondo yaive ye strategy pamwe nemhasuru. Matekiniki akaita se "shield wall" akaruka pamwe chete zvidziviriro zvenhare zvekudzoreredza kudzinga uye kurwisa. Kukombwa kwacho chaive chingwa chemazuva ese: komberedza, cheka zvinhu uye rova madziro nema trebuchets uye makondohwe ekurovera kusvikira kupikisa kwaputsika.
Zvombo zvezvombo zvaisanganisira minondo (iyo yakareba sechiratidzo), mapfumo, mbezo, uye mapfumo, ane uta uye miseve inopa huwandu uye simba. Iyo yekupedzisira, yakanyatsojeka uye iri nyore kubata, yakave yakakurumbira nekufamba kwenguva. Kudzivirirwa kwakagadzirisa zano: Mambure anochinjika uye mamwe mahwendefa ane zvombo asi anorema airaira mutinhimira nemabasa mukurwa.
Yunivhesiti, tsika nemagariro
Nyika yeruzivo yakakura pamwe chete nemamongi nemamongi, iine nheyo dzakaita seOxford neCambridge. Sayenzi yakanzwisiswa mupfungwa yomudzimu, uye Scholasticism yakabatanidza Plato naAristotle mukufunga kwechiKristu. Dzidzo yakanga ine rusaruro rworudzidzisoMadzimai aidzidziswa kuverenga nekunyora, kunyangwe zvazvo vazhinji vakapedzisira vave kukoshesa mabasa emaoko akaita sekusona. MuGermany, nzvimbo yavo yetsika yainyanya kuzivikanwa.
Yakanga iri nguva yefeudalism uye fashoni yaiwanzodzikiswa nehondo, kunyangwe mafomu akabuda kubva kuMiddle Ages achiripo. Zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano seDolce & Gabbana Ivo vakanunura mitsara yepakati, embroidery uye silhouettes, vachizvigadzirisa kune zvazvino zvinonaka.
Inowanzobvunzwa mibvunzo
1) Vese varwi vaive varwi? Kwete. Vakwiri vemabhiza vaiva vashoma; voruzhinji vakanga vari varwi navapfuri vouta, vane mabasa akasiyana-siyana nemichina.
2) Ko varwi vaigara vachirwa vakatasva bhiza here? Vaive nyanzvi dzekutasva bhiza, asi kana mamiriro acho ezvinhu achida, vairwa netsoka. Dzika uye upinde muhondo yepedyo Zvakanga zvakajairika mune zvimwe zvikamu.
3) Midziyo yako yairema zvakadii? Shati yecheni yecheni yairema 20-25 kg; zvombo zveplate zvinogona kusvika 40 kg. Izvi zvaisanganisira ngowani, nhoo, nezvombo. Kugadzirira kwomuviri kwakabhadhara mutoro mukuru.
4)Paiva nevarwi vechikadzi here? Vakanga vari vashoma, asi vaivapo. Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiJoan weArc, munhu anokosha muHondo Yemakore Ane zana.
5) Chii chakaitika kana knight akabatwa? Upenyu hwavo hwaiwanzoremekedzwa kuitira kuti vade rudzikinuro kana kuti kuchinjana navo, muitiro wakajairika mukukurukurirana kwemauto kwepakati. Chimiro chakapesvedzera kurapwa.
Kutarisa kuMiddle Ages kuburikidza nechipfeko chayo kutarisa tekinoroji yemuviri: zvidimbu zvinopa kudziya uye kutaura nezvekirasi, machira anopindura kumamiriro ekunze, uye nhumbi dzokurwa dzinoshandura murwi kuita nhare inofamba. Pakati pebhurugwa, matinji, gambesons, meshes nema plates, zvipfeko zvakabatanidza kuzivikanwa, mazano, kutenda uye unyanzvi, zvichisiya nhaka iyo ichiri kukurudzira vanyori vezvakaitika kare, vagadziri uye vadzidzisi nhasi.
