La Nhoroondo yeSpain Inhoroondo yakareba, yakaoma, izere nekuchinja kunoshamisa, kubva kuvanhu vekutanga vakatsika paIberian Peninsula kusvika kuSpain yanhasi ine democracy uye ine vanhu vakawanda. Kwezviuru zvemakore, nzvimbo iyi yave iri nzvimbo yekusangana, kusawirirana kwetsika, humambo, hondo dzevagari, kuwanikwa kukuru, uye shanduko dzakakura dzakasiya chiratidzo chadzo mune zvematongerwo enyika, tsika, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Mumitsara inotevera muchawana a pfupiso yakazara yenhoroondo yeSpainYakarongwa zvichienderana nenguva huru dzechinyakare: Nhoroondo isati yatanga, Nhoroondo Yekare, Nguva Yepakati, Nguva Yemazuva Ano, uye Nguva Yemazuva Ano. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekupa ruzivo rwakakwana, rwakajeka, asi rwakadzama, runobatsira zvikuru kungave uri kudzidza muchikoro chepuraimari kana chesekondari kana kungoda kunzwisisa zviri nani mavambo enzvimbo yatiri kudana kuti Spain ikozvino.
Nhoroondo yekare muIberian Peninsula
Apo patinotaura nezvazvo Prehistory MuSpain tinotaura nezvenguva refu kwazvo magwaro asati anyorwa, umo ekutanga vagari veIberian Peninsula Vakasiya zviratidzo zvematombo, zvisaririra zvemisha, uye mifananidzo inoshamisa yemapako. Nguva iyi inotangira pavanhu vekutanga vema hominid kusvika pakubuda kwevanhu vekutanga vane simbi nekurima, nguva pfupi isati yasvika Nguva Yekare.
Munzvimbo iyi tinowana mienzaniso mikuru ye Paleolithic yeEurope, dzakadai senzvimbo dzeAtapuerca, idzo dzakatibvumira kuvakazve chikamu chekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu. Gare gare, nenguva yeNeolithic, kurima nekurima zvipfuyo kwakavandudzika, nzvimbo dzakagadzikana dzakabuda, uye zviumbwa zvehari zvakaonekwa, izvo zvakachinja zvachose mararamiro enharaunda idzi dzekare.
Muchikamu chekupedzisira chePrehistory, kuvakwa kwe zvivakwa zvikuru zveguta, dzakadai semadolmens nemamenhir, zvinoratidza kurongeka kwevanhu kuri kuramba kuchioma uye zvitendero zvine chekuita nerufu nehupenyu hwepashure perufu. Zvisaririra izvi zvematongo zvatoratidza nzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana, ine mapoka evanhu akasiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye hukama hwavo nenzvimbo.
Nhoroondo Yekare: Vanhu Vasati Vasvika Roma uye Kuchinja kweRoma
NeNguva Yekare tinopinda muchikamu chavanobatana vanhu veko uye tsika dzekutora nyikaRoma isati yaisa hutongi hwayo, Iberian Peninsula yaigara vanhu vakaita seIberian kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba, maCelt mukati nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, nemapoka akasiyana-siyana akasiyana-siyana, atinoti maCeltiberi. Masangano aya aitove nemarudzi ehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi hwakavakirwa pakurima nekutengeserana, uye zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero.
Panguva imwe chete, mahombekombe akatanga kuzara ne makoroni ekutengeserana Yakagadzirwa nevaFenikiya, vaGiriki, uye gare gare, vaCarthagini. VaFenikiya vakatanga misha yakaita seGadir (yava kunzi Cádiz mazuva ano), uko kwakatangira kuchinjana simbi nezvinhu zvinobva kumabvazuva kweMediterranean. VaGiriki vakagara zvakanyanya kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, vachisiya chiratidzo chakasimba chetsika, nepo Carthage, simba rekuchamhembe kweAfrica, raitonga chikamu chikuru chekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIberian Peninsula kuti vawane zviwanikwa uye nzira dzekutengeserana.
Rudzi urwu rwevanhu rwakachinja zvikuru kubva muzana remakore rechitatu BC zvichienda mberi, apo Roma yakatanga kukunda Iberian Peninsula muhondo dzePunic neCarthage. Mushure memakumi emakore ekurwa, kukombwa, uye kurwisa kwenzvimbo, Hispania yakabatanidzwa muUmambo hweRoma, yakakamurwa kuita mapurovhinzi akati wandei pasi pesimba reRoma.
Mumazana emakore ekutonga kweRoma, nharaunda iyi yakava chikamu chakakosha cheUmambo: yakakura Maguta nemigwagwa yeRomaMigodhi yegoridhe nesirivha yakashandiswa zvakanyanya, uye chiLatin chakapararira semutauro wakajairika. Kuchinja kwemutauro wechiRoma kwakasiya chiratidzo chikuru pamutemo, chitendero (kutanga kunamatwa kwevamwari veRoma uye gare gare chiKristu), uye kurongeka kwevanhu. Maguta mazhinji emazuva ano akatanga munguva iyi.
Nekufamba kwenguva, dambudziko guru reUmambo hweRoma hwekuMadokero rakakanganisawo Hispania. Miganhu yayo yakapera simba, kumanikidzwa kwevanhu vekuGermany kwakawedzera, uye simba reRoma rakadzikira. kunyungudika zvishoma nezvishomaKushaikwa kwezvematongerwo enyika uku kwakavhura mukana wenguva itsva: umambo hweVisigoth.
Nguva yeVisigothic muPeninsula
Mushure mekuputsika kwesimba reRoma muzana remakore rechishanu, maVisigoth, a Vanhu vechiGerman avo vakanga vagara vachibatanidzwa neUmamboVakagara muIberian Peninsula ndokuvaka umambo hwaiva neguta guru muToledo. Umambo uhwu hweVisigoth hwakaedza kuchengetedza hurongwa hwakawanda hwekutonga hwakagara nhaka kubva kuRoma, asi hwakaunzawo hurongwa hwahwo hwezvematongerwo enyika nehondo.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha munguva yeVisigothic chaive kubatanidzwa kwechiKristu sechitendero chepamutemo, chimwe chinhu chakasiya chiratidzo chakakura munharaunda nemasangano. Mapoka echitendero echiKristu Vakawana simba muhupenyu hwevanhu uye Dare reToledo rakava misangano mikuru kwaiitwa sarudzo dzechitendero nedzezvematongerwo enyika.
Munyaya dzezvemitemo, maVisigoth vakagadzira makodhi emutemo akadai se Kodhi yaEuricMitemo iyi yaitonga hupenyu hwevanhu vaigara ikoko uye yakaedza kubatanidza mutemo waishanda kuvanhu veRoma neveGermany. Pasinei nekuedza uku kwekubatana, umambo hweVisigoth hwakasangana nekusawirirana mukati, kurwira chigaro cheumambo, uye kurwisana pakati pemapoka echitendero neakanaka.
Kusasimba kwezvematongerwo enyika nekukakavadzana kwemukati menyika zvakaita kuti pave nesimba idzva kubva kuNorth Africa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechisere. akapinda muPeninsula zvine simba, zvichipa nzira kunguva yevaMuslim.
Kupinda kwevaMuslim neAl-Andalus
Muna 711, mauto echiMuslim achitungamirirwa naTariq ibn Ziyad akayambuka Strait of Gibraltar ndokukunda mambo weVisigothic Roderic paHondo yeGuadalete. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga kwe Kukunda kweIslam kweIberian Peninsulaizvo zvakafambira mberi nekukurumidza nekuda kwekushaya simba kweVisigoth uye rutsigiro rwemamwe mapoka emunharaunda. Mukati memakore mashoma, nzvimbo zhinji dzakanga dzava pasi pekutonga kwevaMuslim.
Nzvimbo yakakundwa yakazozivikanwa se Al Andalus Pakutanga yakaumba chikamu cheUmayyad Caliphate, ine guta guru muDhamasiko. Nekufamba kwenguva, al-Andalus yakasvika padanho repamusoro rebudiriro yezvehupfumi, tsika, uye sainzi. Maguta akadai seCórdoba akava nzvimbo dzekudzidza, uko maMuslim, maKristu, nevaJudha vaigara pamwe chete, nekusawirirana kwakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenguva yacho.
Panyaya dzehupfumi, al-Andalus yakaratidza mukurumbira wayo kurima kwakasimba uye kutsvaNekuda kwekuunzwa nekuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekudiridza, zvirimwa zvakaita semichero yecitrus, mupunga, nedzimwe mhando dzemiriwo zvakabudirira. Kutengeserana kwakabudirira mukati menzvimbo iyi pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeMediterranean nenyika dzeIslam.
Muhupenyu hwetsika, Spain yechiMuslim yaive muenzaniso weEurope muzvikamu zvakaita semasvomhu, mushonga, uzivi, uye kuvaka. Nhaka yeAndalusia ichiri pachena muunyanzvi, kuronga maguta, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu. Mashoko echiSpanish anobva kuArabicZvisinei, mepu yezvematongerwo enyika yeAl-Andalus yakachinja nekufamba kwemazana emakore, ikaparara kuita humambo hweTaifa munguva dzakasiyana dzematambudziko.
Panguva iyi, kuchamhembe kwechitsuwa ichi, humambo hudiki hwechiKristu Vakatanga kuronga nekutora danho rehondo kurwisa masimba echiMuslim. Kubva panguva iyi zvichienda mberi kwakatanga nguva refu inozivikanwa seReconquista.
Middle Ages: Umambo hwechiKristu neReconquista
Makore epakati muIberian Peninsula anozivikanwa ne: kugara pamwe chete uye kusawirirana pakati peumambo hwechiKristu nesimba reMuslimKubva muzana remakore rechisere zvichienda mberi, nzvimbo dzechiKristu dzakatanga munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe dzemakomo, dzakadai seUmambo hweAsturias, hwakazviratidza semugari wenhaka yetsika dzeVisigothic uye nzvimbo yekutanga yekudzorerwa kwenzvimbo kubva kuIslam.
Mumazana emakore, nzvimbo idzi dzakashanduka kuita umambo hwechiKristu hwakasiyana-siyana: León, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, neDunhu reBarcelona, ​​​​pakati pedzimwe. Imwe neimwe yakatevera nzira yayo, nekubatana, hondo dzemukati, uye kuwedzera kuenda kumaodzanyemba. Maitiro aya ekufambira mberi kwemauto nekuwanda kwevanhu anozivikanwa se Kudzokazvekunyangwe zvaive zvakaoma kupfuura mutsetse wakatwasuka kubva kuchamhembe kuenda kumaodzanyemba.
Kubva muzana remakore rechi11 zvichienda mberi, kufambira mberi kwechiKristu kwakawedzera. Mauto ehondo, kutora chikamu kwemachinda nevarimi muhondo dzekukunda, uye kusvika kwevagari vemo munyika dzakatorwa kubva kumaMuslim zvakachinja mamiriro ezvinhu. magariro uye mamiriro ehupfumi yenzvimbo dzakakura. Maguta nemaruwa zvakachinjana maoko, hushe hwakarongwa patsva, uye hukama pakati pehumambo, machinda, nevagari vemaruwa hwakagadziriswazve.
Hupenyu hwevaHispanic vepakati peMiddle Ages hwairatidzwawo nekukosha kwe chitendero neChechinemamongi, macathedral uye zvidimbu zveatari senzvimbo dzezvemweya, tsika, uye hupfumi. Tsika dzechiKristu dzaigara pamwe chete, kwete nguva dzose murunyararo, nevaJudha nevaMuslim vari munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kwaiva nenguva dzekushivirirana kukuru uye dzimwe dzekutambudzwa, kudzingwa, uye chisimba.
Kufambira mberi kwechiKristu kwakaguma muna 1492, apo madzimambo Isabella weCastile naFerdinand weAragon vakakunda umambo hwekupedzisira hwevaMuslim paIberian Peninsula, Emirate yeGranada. Chiitiko ichi chakagumisa kuvapo kwenguva refu kwezvematongerwo enyika kwevaIslam paPeninsula uye chakasimbisa simba revainzi Reyes Católicos, avo vakaita basa guru mukuumbwa kweHurumende yeSpain yeramangwana.
Nguva Yemazuva Ano: kubva kuMadzimambo eKaturike kusvika kuUmambo Hukuru
Nguva yemazuva ano yeSpain inotanga nemufananidzo wemadzimambo echiKaturike, ane muchato wakabatanidza korona dzeCastile neAragon uye wakamirira danho guru rekuenda ku kuvakwa kwesimba reumambo rine hukama hwakasimbaKunyangwe dunhu rega rega raichengetedza mitemo yaro nemasangano aro, simba rehumambo rakakura zvakanyanya.
Muchiitiko ichi, zviitiko zvakakosha zvakaitika, zvakaita sekupedzwa kweReconquista muGranada uye kudzingwa kwevaJudha muna 1492. Gore iroro, pasi pehutungamiriri hweCastilian, Christopher Columbus akatanga rwendo rwakamuendesa kuAmerica, achigadzira nzira yekuenda ku humambo hukuru hweSpain mhiri kwemakungwa izvo zvaizokura muzana remakore rechi16 nerechi17.
Muzana remakore rechi16 nerechi17, Spain yakava imwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzeSpain. masimba makuru enyikaMaHabsburg ekuSpain akatonga nzvimbo dzakakura muEurope nemumakondinendi achangobva kupinda muEurope. Kufamba kwevanhu vakaita saHernán Cortés naFrancisco Pizarro kwakaita kuti pave nekutonga pamusoro petsika huru dzekuAmerica uye kubatanidzwa kwezviwanikwa zvavo muhupfumi hwehumambo.
Sirivha negoridhe zvakabva kuAmerica zvakasimudzira hupfumi, asi zvakare zvakakonzera kusawirirana, kwakadai sekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu. Panguva imwe chete, Spain yakabatanidzwa muhondo dzakawanda muEurope uye mumakakatanwa ezvitendero mukati mehurongwa hwe Kurwisana neChimurenga cheKaturikeMari yekushandisa muchiuto uye kuoma kwehurongwa hwehumambo zvakaguma zvakonzera mutoro unorema kuumambo.
Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17, a kurasikirwa nesimba zvishoma nezvishomaDambudziko rezvehupfumi, kukundwa kwemauto, uye kuoma kwekuchengetedza umambo hwakakura kudaro kwakaratidza nguva iyi. Chinjo huru yakauya neHondo yeSpanish Succession pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, mushure mekufa kusina kubviswa kweHabsburg yekupedzisira, Charles II.
Hondo yeVatongi veSpain yakarwisanisa masimba akasiyana-siyana eEurope, rimwe nerimwe richikwikwidzana kuti riise mumiriri waro pachigaro cheSpain. Kusawirirana kwacho kwakaguma nekusvika kwe Dzinza reBourbonMunguva iyi yakaona kutangwa kweshanduko dzehutungamiriri, kuyedza kugadzirisa hurumende, uye kurongwa patsva kweumambo. Zvisinei, kurasikirwa nesimba renyika dzakawanda kwakaramba kuripo, uye matambudziko emuumbi akaramba aripo.
Nguva Yemazuva Ano: Kuchinja, Kusawirirana uye Democracy
Zana remakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20
Zana remakore rechi19 raive nguva isina kugadzikana muSpain, yakaratidzwa nehondo, shanduko dzehutongi, uye matambudziko emukati menyika. Pakutanga kwenguva iyi, Kurwiswa kweNapoleon uye Hondo yeRusununguko (1808-1814) yakazunungusa nyika uye yakakonzera maitiro makuru ezvematongerwo enyika, akadai sekunyorwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reCádiz ra1812, rimwe remagwaro ekutanga ebumbiro remitemo rakasununguka muEurope.
Muzana remakore rose, Spain yakachinja-chinja madzimambo akazara, hurumende dzakasununguka, uye nguva dzekusagadzikanaHondo dzevagari vemo, dzakadai sehondo dzeCarlist, dzakarwisanisa vatsigiri vezvirongwa zvakasiyana zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvekutsiva. Panguva imwe chete, humambo hwekoloni hwakaparara, nzvimbo zhinji dzeAmerica dzichiwana rusununguko mukati memakumi emakore ekutanga ezana remakore.
Maitiro aya ekuchinja akakanganisawo hupfumi nenzanga. Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri kwakafambira mberi zvisina kuenzana, kunyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakatarwa, ukuwo kusaenzana kwakakosha munharaunda uye kupatsanurwa kukuru pakati penzvimbo dzekumaruwa nedzemaguta kwakaramba kuripo. nyaya dzemagariro evanhu uye kusawirirana pakati pemafungiro (rusununguko, tsika, republicanism, socialism, anarchism) zvakawedzera kusimba.
Kunyangwe pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Spain yakanga ichiri kurwisana nemigumisiro yekurasikirwa nemakoloni ayo ekupedzisira ekune dzimwe nyika, akadai seCuba nePhilippines. Izvi zvinonzi "Njodzi" zvakakonzera dambudziko guru. gakava rezvepfungwa nezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pezvikonzero zvakakonzera kudzikira kweSpain uye kudiwa kwekuvandudza nyika. Kusawirirana uku, pamwe chete nematambudziko ezvehupfumi, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusawirirana kwevanhu, zvakagadzira nzvimbo yezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvikuru.
Second Republic neHondo yeVanhu veSpain
Muna 1931, Republic yechipiri yeSpainHutongi uhwu hwaive nechinangwa chekuvandudza nyika kuburikidza nekuchinja kwakadzama kwezvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu, uye tsika. Matanho akatorwa munzvimbo dzakadai sedzidzo, kupatsanura chechi nehurumende, kodzero dzevashandi, uye kuronga nzvimbo, pamwe nenhaurirano pamusoro pekuzvitonga kwedunhu nemitemo.
Zvisinei, nzanga yakanga yakaparadzana zvikuru. Kusawirirana pakati pemapoka echitendero nemasimba ekuruboshwe, simba reChechi, basa remauto, uye kusawirirana kwezvekurima zvakakonzera kusawirirana kwakanyanya. Pane izvi zvakawedzerwa. matambudziko ehupfumi nemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, nezviitiko zvekuomerwa kukuru munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika.
Muna 1936, chikamu chemauto chakapandukira Republic, zvichikonzera Spanish Hondo Yenyika (1936-1939). Kurwisana uku kwakabatanidza divi reRepublican, vadziviriri vehurumende yakagadzwa zviri pamutemo, nedivi revapanduki, iro rakabatanidza mauto ekuchengetedza tsika, eumambo, uye echiFascist, pamwe nechikamu chikuru cheuto. Hondo iyi yaive neropa rakawanda uye yaisanganisira kupindira kwenyika dzakawanda, neNazi Germany neFascist Italy zvichitsigira divi revapanduki, uye Soviet Union neInternational Brigades vachipa rubatsiro rushoma kuRepublic.
Mushure memakore matatu ekurwa, divi revapanduki rakakunda. Kukunda kwemauto aitungamirirwa naGeneral Francisco Franco kwakabvumira nzvimbo ye hudzvanyiriri hwakareba uye hunodzvinyirira, izvo zvakaratidza zvikuru hupenyu hwezvizvarwa zvakati wandei zvevaSpain.
Udzvinyiriri hwaFranco neSpain yedemocracy
Udzvinyiriri hwaFrancisco Franco hwakavambwa muna 1939 uye hwakaramba huripo kusvika paakafa muna 1975. Mumakumi emakore ekutanga, hurumende iyi yaizivikanwa neudzvanyiriri hwakaoma. kudzvinyirirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika Hurumende iyi yakanangana nevaya vakakundwa, vaitambudza vasingabvumirani uye yaidzvinyirira zvachose rusununguko rwevanhu. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakaiswa mujeri, zvakaurayiwa, kana kumanikidzwa kuenda kuhutapwa.
Kwenguva yakawanda iyi, Spain yakaramba iri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara. kuparadzaniswa nedzimwe nyikaKunyanya mushure meHondo Yenyika II, yaionekwa sehudzvanyiriri hwakabatana nehurumende dzakakundwa. Mumakore apfuura, uye muhondo yeCold War, hukama hwakavhurwazve nedzimwe nyika dzekuMadokero nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehurongwa, uye mamiriro ehupfumi akatanga kuchinja nehurongwa hwekuvhurika nebudiriro.
Kubva kuma1960 zvichienda mberi, Spain yakaona chiitiko chinoshamisa. economic growthIzvi zvaive nekuda kwekushanya, kusvika kwemari yekudyara, uye kutamira kwevashandi kunze kwenyika. "Kubudirira" uku kwakachinja nzanga, kwakavandudza zvivakwa, uye kwakasimudzira kubuda kweboka repakati, kunyangwe zvese izvi zvakaitika pasi pehutongi husina zvematongerwo enyika akawanda uye rusununguko rwekutanga.
Rufu rwaFranco muna 1975 rwakavhura nzira kune vanonzi KuchinjaIyi yaive nzira iyo nyika yakachinja kubva muhudzvanyiriri kuenda kuhutongi hwedemocracy. Kugadziriswa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaitwa, mapato nemasangano evashandi zvakatenderwa, uye sarudzo dzakaitwa, zvese zviri mukati mekutaurirana, kusawirirana, uye njodzi yekudzokera shure.
Chinhu chakakosha chaive kubvumidzwa, muna 1978, kwe Bumbiro idzva remitemo Yakagadzira hurongwa hwehumambo hweparamende uye yakabvuma kodzero nerusununguko rwakakura. Rugwaro urwu rwakatsanangurawo muenzaniso weHurumende yeZvitongi, iyo yakapa masimba ezvematongerwo enyika kunharaunda dzinozvitonga dzakadai seCatalonia, Andalusia, Galicia, neBasque Country, pakati pedzimwe.
Kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, Spain yakabatana senyika huru demokrasi yeparamendeSpain inhengo yeEuropean Union nemasangano akasiyana-siyana epasi rose. Pasinei nenguva dzakaoma, dzakadai sekuyedza kupidigura hurumende, matambudziko ehupfumi, uye kusawirirana kwenzvimbo, hurongwa hwedemocracy hwakagara kwenguva refu uye hwakachinja kuti huenderane nemamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja munyika.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, Spain yave nekuvandudzwa kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzakadai sehupfumi, dzidzo, hutano hwevanhu, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Nyika iyi yave nzvimbo inotungamira yekushanyira vashanyi uye chiyereso chetsika nekuda kwenhaka yayo yenhoroondo, kugadzirwa kweunyanzvi, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, izvo zvinosanganisa tsika nekuchinja kwemagariro evanhu kudzika
Nhasi tinogona kufunga kuti nhoroondo yeSpain, kubva munharaunda dzekare dzekare kusvika nhasi, inhoroondo ye shanduko yenguva dzoseKubva kumadzinza madiki kusvika kumadzimambo makuru, kubva kuumambo hwepasi rose kusvika kunyika dzakasiyana, kubva kuhudzvanyiriri nehondo dzehama kusvika kuhutongi hwedemocracy hwakabatana hune nzanga ine vanhu vakawanda uye vakasiyana-siyana. Kunzwisisa rwendo urwu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani hunhu, kusawirirana, kubudirira, nematambudziko eSpain yanhasi.
