Zvaimbova kupfuma kwemamiriyoni panguva yekubudirira kwekutengesa zvinodhaka muColombia ikozvino zvava chimwe chezvinhu zvinokanganisa kusawirirana kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakurumbira zvikuru pasi roseMvuu dzakakurumbira dzakaunzwa naPablo Escobar kuHacienda Nápoles yake dzakatora nzizi, mataundi nemisoro yenhau, zvichibatsira masayendisiti, vezvematongerwo enyika, vavakidzani nevanorwira kodzero dzemhuka.
Kunyangwe chiitiko ichi chakatangira muColombia, gakava iri rapfuura miganhu uye riri kuteverwa nerubatsiro kubva ku Europe neSpain, uko nyaya iyi inotaurwa semuenzaniso wakanyanya nezvezvinoitika kana kutengeswa kwemhuka dzesango uye kushaya simba kwekutonga zvikasanganiswa nemhosva dzakarongwa. Kutamiswa kwedzimwe dzemhuka idzi kuIndia kunogona kuitika Zvawedzera divi repasi rose rinoita kuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu ave akaomarara.
Kubva kuZoo yaEscobar kuenda kunzvimbo isina vanhu vakawanda
Munguva yekukura kweMedellÃn Cartel mukupera kwema1970 nekutanga kwema1980, Pablo Escobar akavaka chivakwa chakakurumbira [chisina kujeka] muDoradal (Antioquia). Hacienda Nápoles, nzvimbo inopfuura mahekita 2.000 ine madhamu ekugadzira, nzira dzekumhanyira, uye, sechiratidzo chesimba rayo, zoo yakazara ne mhuka dzisiri dzekunze dzakaunzwa zvisiri pamutemo kubva kuAfrica nedzimwe nyika.
Pakati pe mhando dzakawanda dzeAfrica Pakati pemhuka dzakaungana – twiza, nzou, zvipembere, shumba, nemhou – boka diki remvuu rakasiyana: murume mumwe chete nevakadzi vatatu vemuAfricaiyo shefu wezvinodhaka akatenga muna 1981 kuti awedzere "Areka yaNoah" yake. Hapana akambofungidzira panguva iyoyo kuti mhuka ina idzodzo dzaizopedzisira dzava ivo vanokonzeresa dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza munyika.
Mushure mekufa kwaEscobar muna 1993, hurumende yakatora purazi iri. Mhuka zhinji dzakakura dzakatumirwa kunzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka nemhuka muColombia nedzimwe nyika; dzimwe dzakatengeswa, uye dzimwe dzakangonyangarika nekuda kwekubiwa nekushaya hanya. Zvisinei, mvuu dzakasiiwa kuti dziite zvadzinofanira kuita.kufamba-famba mumadziva nemadhamu ari pedyo pasina hurongwa hwakajeka hwekutarisira.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mhando dzakawanda dzakabuda muzvivanze zvepurazi rekare dzikasvika kurwizi rweMagdalena, nzvimbo ine hunyoro uye yakaorera iyo, chaizvoizvo, yaidzipa. mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neaya ekwavaigara pakutanga muAfricaasi pasina zvikara zvechisikigo zvinoderedza kukura kwazvo.
Mumakumi emakore akati wandei, boka diki iri rakachinja kuva huwandu hwevanhu hunofungidzirwa kuti hunosvika Mvuu mazana maviri dzine hunhu hwemusangoZvakapararira munzvimbo inosvika 43.000 square kilometers, zvichienderana nekuverenga kwakaitwa neColombian Ministry of Environment. Zvifungidziro zvesainzi zvinonyevera kuti, kana pasina chiito chakasimba, huwandu hwazvo hunogona kudarika 500 mhuka panosvika 2030, uye hunogona kusvika pakati pe1.000 ne1.500 mhuka panosvika 2035.
Kubva pakukwezva vashanyi kusvika kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emhuka uye kutyisidzira kwezvakatipoteredza
Kwemakore, mufananidzo wemhuka idzi hombe dzichidya mumadhamu kana kuyambuka migwagwa wakapa simba kune imwe ngano dzakapoteredza "mvuu dzecocaine""Aya ndiwo mazita emazita ekuremekedza aanozivikanwa nawo muColombia." MuDoradal, vagari vazhinji vaiona semascot asina kurongeka eguta, chikamu chenzvimbo, uye, sezvineiwo, nzvimbo inokwezva vashanyi yepamusoro.
Yaimbova Hacienda Nápoles, iyo yava paki yemusoro, inosanganisira nzendo dzekuona mhuka idzi, izvo zvakagadzira kufamba-famba kwevashanyi vemunyika nevekunze kwenyika nguva dzoseKune nzvimbo yaizivikanwa nemhirizhonga nekushaikwa kwemikana, mvuu dzakava chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa uye sosi huru yemari.
Zvisinei, shure kwemufananidzo iwoyo wakanaka pane dambudziko guru. Masayendisiti ave achinyevera kwemakore kuti hunhu hwemvuu Izvi zvinoita kuti mhando iyi, kana ikaunzwa isina kudzorwa, i... zvinoshandura mashandiro ezvisikwa zvemumvura nezvinoyerera mumvuraKufamba kwavo kunokonzera kukurwa kwevhu pamhenderekedzo, tsvina yavo inochinja makemikari emvura, inokanganisa huwandu hwehove, uye inogona kubvisa mhuka dzemuno dzakadai semanatee kana capybaras munzvimbo dzekudyira.
Kunewo kunetseka nezvekuchengetedzeka kwevanhu. Kunyangwe zviitiko zvakakomba muColombia zvave zvishoma uye zviri kure—sekurwiswa kwemurimi muna 2020, uko kwakakonzera mbabvu dzakawanda dzakatyoka, kana kubonderana kwemotokari nemvuu mumugwagwa mukuru uri pakati peMedellÃn neBogotá muna 2023—kureva kweAfrica kwakajeka: Mvuu inoonekwa seimwe yemhuka dzine njodzi zvikuru mukondinendi., inokonzera kurwiswa kwakawanda kunouraya gore rega rega.
Rutivi irworwo rusina kufadza rwechiitiko ichi rwakakonzera hurumende yeColombia kuti Zivisai kuti mvuu imhuka yemuno inopararira muna 2022Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, gakava iri rakarega kungova nyaya yekuda kuziva vatori venhau uye rakava nyaya yemutemo wenyika wezvakatipoteredza.
Mhinduro dzeHurumende: kuvharirwa kwevana, kutamiswa kwevana vasina kuvhiyiwa, uye kuuraya vana
Vasati vatora matanho akasimba, vakuru vakuru vakapedza makore vachiedza dzimwe nzira dzisinganyanyi kukakavadzana. Zvirongwa zvekudzora kubereka, zvakaita sekuvhiyiwa kwekuchekwa uye kuvharwa kwemasero nemakemikaripamwe nekuongorora nzira dzekutamisira mhuka kune zoo kana nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuka kunze kwenyika.
Dambudziko nderekuti kubata nekupa chinyaradzo mhuka inorema kupfuura 1.300 kgs hakusi nyore. Mapoka evanachiremba vezvinhu zvipenyu nevanachiremba vemhuka akatsanangura kuti Kuvhiyiwa kwega kwega kwekubvisa utachiona kunogona kutora kusvika maawa masere uye inoda kuti pave nekubatana kwevanhu vasere, uye mutengo wakakwira zvikuru pamunhu mumwe nemumwe maererano nebhajeti riripo.
Kuedza kutamira kune dzimwe nyika hakuna kubudirira zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe kutamisa mvuu kuenda kune dzimwe nyika dzinofarira kwakambofungwa kakawanda, Mari yekufambisa zvinhu, zvinodiwa zvehutano, uye maitiro ari pasi peCITES Convention Vakamisa zvirongwa izvi zvakawanda. Pakupedzisira, huwandu hwevanhu hwaramba huchikura nekukurumidza kupfuura zvaigona kudzorwa nevakuru vakuru.
Yakatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, uye nefungidziro dzichiratidza mazana emakopi mumakore mashoma chete, hurumende yakasarudza kuchinja maitiro. Muna Kubvumbi, Mutungamiriri weColombia vakatendera hurongwa hwekuuraya mvuu makumi maserenebhajeti inosvika mamiriyoni maviri emadhora. Nzira yacho inosanganisira jekiseni rinouraya uye mukana wekupfura mhuka mumisoro, nguva dzose zvichitevera mitemo yepamutemo.
Sarudzo iyi yakakonzera gakava. Masayendisiti nenyanzvi dzekuchengetedza nharaunda dzinotsigira euthanasia sedambudziko diki pane maviri akaishora. kumanikidzwa uye kutyisidzirwa kwevanhu kubva kumapoka anopesana nekuzvipiraZvichakadaro, masangano anorwira kodzero dzemhuka ari kuti danho iri "kuponda" uye mhinduro dzinoda kugadziriswa zvichibva pakutamiswa kwemhuka nekudzora kubereka.
Basa raVantara: zvipikirwa zvekununurwa uye mimvuri yekusava nechokwadi
Pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu aya akapatsanuka, mutambi asingatarisirwi akaonekwa: Vantara, nzvimbo huru yekununura nekuchengetedza mhuka dzesango muJamnagar, mudunhu reGujarat muIndia, richitungamirwa nebhiriyoni Anant Ambani, mugari wenhaka yemurume akapfuma muAsia.
Pakupera kwaKubvumbi, nzvimbo iyi yakatumira chikumbiro chepamutemo kuvakuru veColombia chekuti vafungezve nezvekuuraya mvuu makumi masere dzakarongwa nehurumende. Imwe nzira ndeyekuti, Akazvipira kugamuchira mhuka idzodzo kunzvimbo dzake, achitora mari yekutamiswa kwadzo. uye kuzvipira kuzvibatanidza munzvimbo inodzorwa uko mazana enzou, makaka nezvikara zvinokambaira atogara pamwe chete.
Chikumbiro ichi chakabatana nechiziviso chakaitwa nebazi rezvezvakatipoteredza reColombia chekuti raizodzidza chero nzira inoshanda yekudzivirira kuuraya vanhu vakawanda, zvisinei, pasina, kuramba kuuraya vanhu vakawanda senzira yekutarisira. Gurukota Irene Vélez vakajekesa kuti hurongwa hwepamutemo hunosanganisira nzira mbiri: kuderedza huwandu hwevanhu kuburikidza nekuuraya nekutama, nepfungwa yekuti nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzinoshandiswa panguva imwe chete uye nenzira inopindirana.
Kuti hurumende yeColombia ienderere mberi nekuendeswa kwemhuka idzi, yakatumira imwe yayo yeIndia kubvunzisisa zviri pamutemo maererano nekukwanisika kwekushanda kwemhuka idzi uye kutevedzera zvinodiwa neCITES Convention, iyo inotonga kutengeserana kwenyika dzese kwemhuka dziri munjodzi. Panguva imwe chete, chibvumirano chakaitwa pa Kusvika muColombia kwechikwata chenyanzvi nevanachiremba vemhuka vanobva kuVantara, ane basa rekuongorora mamiriro emvuu dziri pasi uye kushanda pamwe chete pahurongwa hwekufambisa hunogona kuitika.
Zvisinei, nzvimbo iyi inonzi "nzvimbo tsvene" yakaratidzwa senzira yekubatsira mvuu dzekuColombia yatanga kumutsa mibvunzo. Kuferefeta kwevatori venhau munyika dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira Brazil neVenezuela, pamwe nemishumo kubva kumasangano epasi rose, kwakatarisana ne Kujeka kwaVantara uye hukama hwayo nekutengeserana kwemhuka dzesango.
Kuferefeta kwenyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye fungidziro dzakapoteredza nzvimbo tsvene yeIndia
Imwe yenharo huru inotarisana naTony Silva, Nyanzvi yeshiri yekuAmerica yakatongerwa mhosva yekupinza shiri dzekunze zvisiri pamutemo muma1990 iri munjodzi. Sekureva kwekuferefeta kwakaitwa neBrazilian Federal Police uye mishumo kubva kumakambani enhau akadai seMongabay neArmando.info, Silva ari kuongororwa zvakare kuti aone kana paine basa raanogona kuita mumakambani ekutengesa mhuka, kusanganisira nyaya dzine chekuita nemhuka dzine misoro yeshumba.
Panyaya iyi, zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakabatanidza Silva naVantara nehunyanzvi. Pamusangano wepasi rose wakaitirwa kuThailand, Akaziviswa pachena se "mutungamiri wekuchengetedza" wenzvimbo yeIndiaachishanda semumiriri wenzvimbo tsvene kune nyanzvi nemasangano asiri ehurumende. Mifananidzo nezvinyorwa pasocial media zvakasimbisa mufananidzo uyu wekushandira pamwe.
Pavakabvunzwa nevatori venhau, varwiri verusununguko nenyanzvi dzekuchengetedza nharaunda muBrazil vakasimbisa kuti Paiva nehukama hwekushanda pakati paSilva naVantarazvirinani mumabasa ekupa mazano ehunyanzvi. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yeIndia yakaburitsa chirevo ichiramba chero "hukama hwakananga" nenyanzvi yeshiri uye ichiti, kana paine chimwe chinhu, ingangodaro yakashanda pamwe chete nenyanzvi yakazvimiririra yaimboshanda naye kare.
Zvinoenderana neshanduro yepamutemo yaVantara, Kufamba kwaTony Silva nemabasa ake ndizvo zvaizova basa rake chete.isina kana hukama nechero nzvimbo tsvene. Sangano iri rinoti harina ruzivo nezverwendo rwake kuBrazil uye harina kumupa mabasa munyika iyoyo. Pasinei nekuramba uku, kusava nechokwadi hakuna kupera zvachose.
Kutsoropodzwa uku hakugumiri pazita iri chete. Mushumo weCITES Convention wakatsanangura kuti "vanonetseka" mamiriro ekupinza nekubata mhuka muVantarazvichiratidza kusavapo kweruzivo rwakajeka pamusoro pekwakabva mhuka dzakawanda uye kuoma kwekusimbisa kuti mhuka dzakawanda kudaro dzinowana kutarisirwa kwakakwana.
Masangano akazvimirira nevanorwira kodzero dzemhuka vakakumbira rumwe ruzivo nezvedambudziko guru iro, maererano nefungidziro dziri mupepanhau reIndia, Ndiyo musha wenzou dzinosvika mazana maviri, makaka mazana matatu uye zvinokambaira chiuru nemazana maviri munzvimbo inodarika mahekita chiuru nemazana maviri.uye inozvirumbidza nekuva ne "chipatara chenzou chine zvigadzirwa zvakanakisisa pasi rose." Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti mhuka idzi dzese dzinobva pakununurwa zvechokwadi here kana kuti dzimwe dzingave dzakatorwa zvakananga kubva musango pasina dziviriro yakakwana.
Chinowedzera kufungirana uku chibvumirano chakasainwa pakati pehurumende yeVenezuela neVantara kuti kutamisa mhuka mhenyu 1.825 kuenda kuIndia, zvakaburitswa pachena neArmando.info yenhau munaKurume 2025. Kukura kwekushanda uye kushaikwa kwekutarisa kwekunze pamusoro pekugara zvakanaka kwemhuka idzi kwakaita kuti pave nekuenzaniswa kusingafadzi nekubuda kwemvuu dzemuColombia kunzvimbo imwe chete.
Dambudziko retsika, rezvematongerwo enyika, uye rezvakatipoteredza rinopfuura miganhu
Kunyange zvazvo kuferefeta uku kuri kuenderera mberi, Chirongwa chekutumira mvuu makumi masere kubva kuColombia kuenda kuVantara chichiri kuongororwa.Bazi rezvezvakatipoteredza rakakumbira zviri pamutemo magwaro kubva kunzvimbo yeIndia anoratidza kutevedzera kwaro mitemo yezvezvakatipoteredza yenyika yaro pamwe nezvinodiwa zvepasi rose zvinodiwa kuti zvibvumidzwe kutamiswa kwenzvimbo iyi.
Zvichakadaro, hurumende yeColombia inosimbirira kuti, kunyangwe chikamu chekutamiswa kwenzvimbo iyi chikapedzwa zvinobudirira, Kuuraya vanhu nekuda kwekuuraya vanhu kuchiri kushandiswa senzira yekugadzirisa matambudzikoIzvi zvinosanganisira kuvharira dzimwe mhuka munzvimbo dzakavharirwa uye kusimbisa zvirongwa zvekudzora kubereka. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekubatanidza matanho ekudzivirira huwandu hwadzo kuti husaputike.
Panyaya iyi, kusawirirana kunoitika zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti wabvunza ani. MuPuerto Triunfo neDoradal, vagari vazhinji vanotya kuti Kubviswa kwemvuu kwaizokanganisa kushanya kwenzvimboimwe yenzvimbo shoma dzinowanikwa mari munzvimbo iyi. Vamwe, vakaita sevabati vehove nevarimi, vari kuda mhinduro dzinokurumidza dzenjodzi dziri kuwedzera muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza.
Hakuna kubvumirana kwakakwana munharaunda yesainzi futi, kunyange hazvo nyanzvi zhinji dzemhando dzezvipembenene zvinopinda mumhuka nekuchengetedza dzichibvumirana kuti Kuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu sezvaari haisi sarudzoVanoti kubvumira huwandu hwemvuu kuramba huchikura pasina kudzorwa kwaizoita kuti kupindira mune ramangwana kuwedzere kudhura uye kuoma, zvichikanganisa zvikuru kusiyana-siyana kwemarudzi emhuka dzemuno.
Kubva kuEurope, nyaya iyi iri kutariswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvikonzero zvayo pasi rose. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuwedzera kutengeserana zvisiri pamutemo kwemiti nemhuka, Nyaya yemvuu dzaEscobar inotaurwa semuenzaniso wakanyanya kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa kunze kwemutemo zvinogona sei kusadzorwa makumi emakore gare gare zvomanikidza hurumende dzedemocracy kutora matanho asingafarirwi.
Kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda kana kutamiswa kwemakiromita zviuru hazvipi mhinduro dziri nyore. Pakati pemufananidzo we "mvuu dzinodhaka" sevanhu vanopinda nechisimba uye wemhuka dzisina mhosva dzakava vanhuwo zvavo muhondo yezvinodhaka, Colombia inotarisana nechisarudzo chisingafadzi chinosanganisa sainzi, tsika, hupfumi, uye ndangariro dzenhoroondoZvakatanga sechido chemukuru wezvinodhaka zvashanduka kuita girazi risingafadzi rinoratidza mashandisirwo ekugadzirisa kukuvara kwenguva refu kunokonzerwa nemhosva dzakarongwa uye kutengeswa kwemhuka dzesango pasi rose riri kuramba richibatana.
