Mifananidzo yekare yemadziro emadziro ekare John weBurgundy Mifananidzo inoshongedza imba yekupinda kana imba yekumberi yeChapter House yeToledo Cathedral ikozvino inogona kuyemurwa zvakare mukubwinya kwayo kwepakutanga. Mushure mekugadziriswa kwakasimba kwemakore akati wandei, nzvimbo iyi iri mucathedral yekare yakavhurazve masuo ayo kune vanamati nevashanyi, avo ikozvino vanowana imba yakashandurwa zvachose, isina makabati akaviga mabasa mazhinji eunyanzvi kwemazana emakore.
Chirongwa ichi, chakasimudzirwa nePrimate Council nerutsigiro rwe Nheyo yeACSChirongwa ichi, icho chinomiririra mari inosvika €390.000, chikamu chechirongwa chakakura chezviitiko zvakarongwa pamhemberero yemakore 800 eToledo Cathedral. Kugadziriswa kwehoro yekupinda kunopedzisa kugadziriswa kweimwe yemapoka ekutanga eRenaissance eSpain akasiyana zvikuru, akabatana naCardinal Cisneros uye chirongwa chikuru cheunyanzvi cheChapter House.
Bindu rekufananidzira rakawanikwazve pakati peCathedral
Mifananidzo yacho, yakagadzirwa nemafuta papurasita pakati pa1508 na1511Vanogadzirazve zvaizivikanwa seBindu kana kuti Orchard of the Virgin, nzvimbo yakakodzera kwaiitirwa misangano yekugadzirira zvitsauko zvechechi huru vasati vapinda muChapter House. Chirongwa ichi chekushongedza, chakaumbwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemweya kwaCardinal Cisneros, chakafuridzirwa nepfungwa ye Hortus Mhedziso kubva muRwiyo rweNziyo, mufananidzo wetsika dzekare dzepakati pekare dzine chekuita nehunhu hwaMaria.
Muchengeti weCathedral, Antonio Sánchez-BarrigaAnotsanangura kuti mahwindo enhema akapendwa anovhurika pamusoro pemadziro, ayo shiri dzinobhururuka mambakwedza nenzvimbo inopenya inogona kuonekwa, zvichipesana nenzvimbo yakavharirwa iri pazasi. Kubatana uku pakati pehukama hwepedyo nekuvhurika kunosimbisa hunhu hwechiratidzo chenzvimbo iyi, yakagadzirirwa kufungisisa uye kutonga kweChechi yeToledo.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa inyaya yezvisikwa zvemiti, umo kunyange Mhando gumi nemasere dzakasiyana dzemiti nemaruvaPari zvino, basa iri riri kuongororwa nenyanzvi dzezvemiti nenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, richaguma nekuongorora maruva anoratidzwa uye dudziro yawo yemweya, zvichienderana nekunzwisiswa kwezvisikwa zviri munharaunda yeFranciscan yeCisneros.
Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakaratidzawo kuti muhoro iyi yekupinda, Juan de Borgoña akasarudza kupenda zvakananga papurasita, asina kushandisa dhizaini yekugadzirira sezvaakaita muChapter House. Sarudzo iyi inoita kuti zviitiko zvive zvitsva zvisingawanzoonekwi mukupenda pamadziro epanguva iyoyo uye inoratidza hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi yemuimbi mukushandiswa kwemafuta pachigadziko chisiri fresco yechinyakare.
Boka reRenaissance rakavanzwa kuseri kwemawardrobe emuzana remakore rechi17
Chinhu chikuru chakaita kuti kupindira uku kuve kwakaoma, chisarudzo ichi chave chiri chekuti bvisa makabati emapuranga akakura Zvidimbu izvi, zvakafukidza madziro mazhinji kubva muzana remakore rechi17, zvinosanganisira fenicha yakabva kuTabernakele yekare yakabva kuma1550. Zvakagadziriswa panguva iyoyo kuti zvichengete zvinyorwa zveChitsauko zvaikura, asi zvakazopedzisira zvakanganisa zvachose kuverenga kwekushongedza kwepakutanga.
Sánchez-Barriga anotsanangura kuti, kudzivirira kukuvara kwehuni dzekare dzinokosha, kuputsa kwacho kwakaitwa nenzira imwe chete, chidimbu nechidimbu, nemagwaro akanyatsonyorwa uye kutariswa kwehunyanzvi. Mushure mekubviswa kwawo, makabati akatamiswa ndokuiswazve mudenga. Museum yeCathedral Tapestry, uko zvino vanogona kushanyirwa munzvimbo yakakodzera.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, mifananidzo yaiva pamusoro pekamuri chete, muzvikamu zvaisanyatsofukidza madziro, ndiyo yaizivikanwa zvechokwadi. Zvisinei, hapana aiziva nezvekuchengetedzwa kwayo kana kuti nzvimbo dzakazara dzaive dzakavanzwa seri kwehuni. Kushamisika kwakauya apo, panguva yekugadzirira makore 800, timu yekudzorera yakawana nzvimbo itsva dzemifananidzo yeBurgundy dzakanga dzisingaonekwe zvachose kusvika panguva iyoyo.
Kuwanikwa uku kunowedzera kune mamwe mabasa achangobva kuwanikwa nemunyori mumwechete muCastilla-La Mancha, kunyanya mudunhu reAlbacete, izvo zvinosimbisa kuti huwandu hwekuvapo kwaJohn weBurgundy munharaunda uye kukosha kwekuramba tichiongorora nzvimbo dzinoita sedzisina kukosha mumatemberi ekare.
Nzvimbo yekugadziriswa: mifananidzo, plasterwork uye denga rakafukidzwa
Chirongwa ichi hachina kungogumira pamifananidzo yemadziro chete, asi chakafukidza imba yese yekupinda sechikamu cheunyanzvi. Pakazara, inenge Mifananidzo yemadziro ine madziro ine mamita zana nemakumi mashanu, purastera yekushongedza inosvika mamita gumi uye denga rakafukidzwa nepolychrome rinosvika mamita makumi manomwe nemashanu, zvichidzoreredza kuverenga kwakazara kwenzvimbo iyi yekusvika kuChapter House.
Kuti basa guru iri riitwe, zvaive zvakakosha kuronga timu ine nyanzvi gumi neina dzakasiyana-siyana: vanogadzirisa, vanogadzira makemikoro, vanopurasita, vanogadzira magirazi, vanochengeta zvinyorwa nevanyori venhoroondo, pamwe nemakambani akazvipira ku kuvaka, scaffolding uye mwenjeKusanganiswa uku kwemaprofile kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzirisa matambudziko ehunyanzvi pamwe nematambudziko ekuchengetedza zvivakwa uye ekudzivirira.
Kugadziriswazve kwepurasita kwakadzoreredza hupamhi uye kuverengeka kwemavara ekushongedza akanga akafukidzwa zvishoma neguruva, mavarnish ekare, uye kupendwa zvakanyanya. Panguva imwe chete, denga remapuranga, iro rinoramba riine zviratidzo zvepolychromy yaro yekutanga, rakacheneswa nokungwarira uye rakagadziriswa zvakananga kuti pendi isaparare.
Mugumisiro wacho inzvimbo yakavhurika, uko kekutanga mumazana emakore munhu anogona vanokoshesa magadzirirwo uye kushongedza kweRenaissance sezvavakafunga: sumo inokosha asi yepedyo vasati vapinda muChapter House huru, iyo kugadziriswa kwayo kwakazara kwakanga kwatopedzwa muchikamu chekutanga chepurogiramu imwe chete.
Dambudziko rehunyanzvi: kusvika kumatanho gumi nemanomwe ezvirongwa zvekare
Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru zvechikwata chave chiri mamiriro emifananidzo yacho, yakaratidzwa nemazana emakore ekubatanidzwa kwezvirongwa. Vagadziri vemifananidzo vakaona kuti mifananidzo yacho yakanga yatove yakatogadzirwa. kusvika kuzvikamu gumi nemanomwe zvakasiyana zvekuwedzeraizvo zvaisanganisira kupenda patsva, wakisi, rosin varnish nezvimwe zvinhu zvakachinja zvachose kuverenga kwebhurashi rekutanga raBurgundy.
Kuchenesa kwakaitwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvishoma nezvishoma, kusanganisa matekiniki emuviri neemakemikari akagadzirirwa nzvimbo imwe neimwe. Chinangwa chaive chekubvisa zvidimbu zvisiri zvebasa reunyanzvi pasina kuisa mafuta ari papurasita panjodzi, rutsigiro rwakanyanya kusimba. Izvi zvaisanganisirawo kugadzirisa maburi asina chinhu nemaburi mupendi anokonzerwa nenzvimbo dzinotsigira makabati ekare, pamwe nemaburi akaboorwa ekubatanidza fenicha.
Kana zvinhu zvisina kukodzera zvabviswa uye rutsigiro rwagadzikana, kubatanidzwa kwechromatic kwakashandiswa kuburikidza nzira yekupenda mvuraSisitimu iyi inobvumira vashanyi kuti vanzwisise chinhu chose, vasingatevedzere zvikamu zvakarasika uye vachiramba vachiona kufamba kwenguva, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa pari zvino zvekuchengetedza nhaka.
Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pehunyanzvi hwaBurgundy yakaratidzawo kuti, kusiyana neChapter House, muvheranda iyi mupendi akabvisa mifananidzo yekugadzirira kana sinopias. Sarudzo yekutaura zvakananga nezveruvara nekuumbwa kwepurasita yakatsanangurwa nenyanzvi sechiratidzo chekuvimba nehunyanzvi hwake uye sekuzvipira kune kupenda kwakawanda kunongoerekana kwaitika uye kwezvisikwa.
Maonero aCabildo: nhaka, kushanya uye makore zana ekuberekwa echisere
Dean weToledo Cathedral, Juan Pedro Sánchez GameroAkasimbisa kukosha kwekugadziriswa uku, kwaanoona sechiitiko chakakosha kunhaka yetsika dzeSpain. Mumashoko ake, imba yekupindira yakadzorerwa inoratidza "runako rweRenaissance yekutanga muSpain," yaimbova yakaoma kunzwisisa nekuda kwekuvapo kwemakabati uye kukuvara kwakawanda kwemifananidzo.
Nzvimbo iyi yava chikamu cherwendo rweCathedral rwenguva dzose, saka vashanyi nevanamati vanogona kupinda muimba yekutandarira uye kuyemura Bindu reMhandara yeBurgundy vari pedyo. Kuvhurwa uku kunoenderana nekupembererwa kwe... Makore zana eToledo CathedralIzvi zvinoita kuti kugadzwa kwemhemberero kuve nechiratidzo chekuwedzera mukati mechirongwa chekurangarira.
Pakati pezviitiko zvakarongwa zvegore rino, kuratidzwa kukuru kunonzi "Primate" kwakakosha. Kuvhurwa musi wa25 Chivabvu, kucharatidza zvimwe zvezvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi zvikuru zvechechi, kusanganisira izvo zvave zvakavanzika kubva kuvanhu kwemazana emakore. Saka kugadziriswa kwehoro yekupinda chikamu chehurongwa hwakakura hwekusimudzira kukosha kwezvinhu zvekare zvechechi.
Zvichakadaro, Cabildo yakazivisa kuti basa rekuchengetedza richaenderera mberi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzechivako, kunyanya pamifananidzo ye Kuonekwa kweKathedraluko kwatove nehurongwa hwekuvaka hwatovepo kuti pave nematanho matsva ekupindira. Ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva muchirongwa chekupinda muhoro ruchashanda sehwaro hwemaitiro ezviito izvi zveramangwana.
Nekugadziriswazve kweBindu reMhandara naJuan de Borgoña, Toledo Cathedral inowedzera kukwezva kutsva kune nhaka yayo yakakura uye inopa maonero akazara ekuchinja kubva kuGothic yekupedzisira kuenda kuRenaissance paIberian Peninsula. Kusanganiswa kwekutsvaga kwenhoroondo, kugadziriswa kwakasimba, uye kupinda kwevanhu kunoita kuti chirongwa ichi chive chakajeka. chiyero chekuti ungadzosa sei hupenyu munzvimbo dzinoita sedzisina kusimba izvo, kana zvangosunungurwa uye zvadzidzwa, zvinozviratidza sezvinhu zvakakosha pakunzwisisa nhoroondo yeunyanzvi hwekuEurope.