Wakambozvibvunza here kuti mhuka dzinokandira mazai dzinobva kupi? Mhuka dzinonakidza dzenyika dzinotipa nzira dzisingaverengeki dzekubereka, uye pakati padzo, oviparity pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushamisa. Munhoroondo yose yechisikigo, zvisikwa akatiratidza zvishamiso zvechokwadi pamusoro pemhuka izvo zvinozvarwa kubva muzai, kubva kumatatya madiki kusvika kushiri dzinoshamisa nezvinokambaira.
Kubereka kuburikidza nemazai chinhu chinowanzoitika kupfuura chinoratidzika.. Haisi kungovhara huwandu hunoshamisa hwemarudzi, asi inovanzawo maitiro anotsanangura kushanduka uye kugadziriswa kwechimwe nechimwe chezvisikwa zvipenyu izvi. Gadzirira kunyura mumusoro wenyaya uyo, kuwedzera Dzidzo, izere nezvakada kuziva, mienzaniso inonakidza uye mhinduro dzakajeka kumibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa pamusoro pemhuka dzine oviparous.
Ndedzipi mhuka dzinoberekwa nemazai?
Apo patinotaura nezvazvo mhuka dzinoberekwa kubva mazai, tinoreva zvipenyu idzo kubereka kunoenderana nekukandira uye nekuzotevera kukura kwezai kunze kwemuviri waamai. Mhuka idzi dzinozivikanwa zviri pamutemo se oviparousZai, muzvinyorwa zvehupenyu, chimiro chine zvese zvinodiwa pakukura kwe embryo: zvinovaka muviri, kudzivirira uye nharaunda inodzorwa. Kana "embryo" yakura zvakakwana, zai rinochochonya uye vana vanobuda vachienda kunze.
Oviparity ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakapararira dzekubereka pakati pemhuka.. Kunyange zvazvo tichiwanzobatanidza mazai kunyanya neshiri, nzira iyi inowanikwawo muhove, amphibians, zvinokambaira, zvipembenene, uye kunyange dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Imwe neimwe taxon yakagadzira nzira dzakananga maererano ne chimiro, ukuru uye kudzivirira zvemazai avo.
Oviparous uye viviparous: misiyano yakakosha
Muhutongi hwemhuka pane kunyanya miviri mikuru yekubereka: oviparity uye viviparity. Viviparous mhuka Ava ndivo vane vana vanokura mukati memuviri waamai kusvikira vaberekwa. Mienzaniso yekare imhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakadai sembwa, tsuro, uye kunyange vanhu.
Mukupesana, Mhuka dzine mazai anokura mazai adzo kunze kwemuviri waamai, muzai rinokandwa mumhoteredzo. Zai rinogona kuiswa mumatendere, kuvigwa, kusungirirwa panzvimbo kana, mune dzimwe nguva, kuiswa mumvura.Musiyano wakakosha ndewekukura kwe embryonic kunoitika: mukati maamai mune mhuka viviparous uye kunze mune yemhuka ine oviparous.
Iko kune zvakare inoda kuziva yepakati chikamu: ovoviviparousMumhuka idzi, mazai anoramba ari mukati maamai kusvikira embryo yasvika pakukura kunodikanwa. Zai parinenge rava kuda kuchechenywa, mwana wacho anobuda, dzimwe nguva kunyange mukati memuviri waamai, obva abuda anyatsoumbwa.
Chii chinonzi oviparous reproduction?
Oviparity inosanganisira akatevedzana matanho anogona kusiyana zvikuru pakati pemarudzi. Muitiro wacho unowanzotanga nekusangana, kunogona kuva mukati kana kunze., zvichienderana neboka remhuka. Semuyenzaniso, mushiri zhinji nezvinokambaira, kusangana kunoitwa mukati, nepo muhove nemhuka dzomusango kunowanzova kunze: hadzi inokandira mazai uye murume anobudisira urume munzvimbo.
Mushure mekusangana, zai rinokura uye, kazhinji, rinoiswa kune imwe nzvimbo yakachengeteka.
- Mumatendere: Shiri zhinjisa dzinovaka matendere padzinofukura mazai adzo, dzichiapa ushamwari nedziviriro.
- Kuvigwa mujecha: Zvinokambaira zvakaita sekamba dzinokandira mazai adzo mumakomba akacherwa, ayo anozovhara.
- Mumvura: Hove dzakawanda nemhuka dzinorarama panyika mumvura dzinokandira mazai mumadziva kana kuti munzizi, umo mhoteredzo ine mwando inodzivisa kuoma.
Kuwedzera kudzivirira kunoitwa nezai kunoita kuti mwana akure aine imwe nzvimbo yechengeteko kubva kumhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka uye kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza.
Oviparous mhuka: main protagonists
Nyika yemhuka dzine oviparous yakafara zvisingaite. Shiri zvichida ndiro boka rinonyanya kufarirwa, asi oviparity iripo mune mamwe akawanda taxa anotitenderedza zuva nezuva.
bird
Kana tikafunga nezvemhuka dzinokandira mazai, shiri ndidzo dzinotanga kuuya mupfungwa: huku, madhadha, shiri duku, mapenguin... Shiri dzinovaka matendere munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pamiti kusvika pasi.Huwandu hwemazai akakandwa hunosiyana zvakanyanya: mhando dzakaita semapenguin dzinowanzokandira rimwe chete uye dzinopa kutarisisa kwakawanda kwairi, nepo mamwe, sehuku, anogona kukandira kusvika gumi neshanu mune imwe clutch.
Kuchengetwa kwevabereki kunowanikwa mushiri dze oviparous.Vabereki vazhinji vanofukura mazai, vachiachengeta patembiricha yakakwana, uye gare gare vanodyisa vana panguva yehupenyu hwavo hwekutanga.
Amphibians
Pakati pe amphibians matatya, matatya uye mitsva zvinobuda pachena. Mhuka idzi dzinowanzokandira mazai akawanda mumvura., sezvo dzisina goko rakaomarara uye dzinoda kugara dzakanyorova kuti dzirege kuoma. Kurarama kwevana kunoenderana nehuwandu hwemazai, sezvo iyi imhando yekuberekesa umo mazai mazhinji nemakonye haasvike pakukura nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvikara kana kungoerekana kwachinja kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kazhinji, amphibians haana hanya mazai kana vaduku. mushure mekudziisa, kunyangwe paine zvisizvo mune mamwe marudzi.
Hove
Oviparity muhove yakaparariraHadzi inokandira mazana kana kuti zviuru zvemazai mumvura, iyo hono inozoberekesa. Dzimwe hove dzinochengeta mazai adzo, dzichiapepeta kana kuti kuafambisa kuti adzidzivirire pakutyisidzirwa, nepo dzimwe dzinongoasiya pashure pokukandira.
Hove dzinozvarwa kubva kumazai dzinowanzopfuura nepadanho re fry, vachidya zvokudya zviri muzai kusvikira vagadzirira kutanga kutsvaka zvokudya voga.
Reptiles
Nyoka, makarwe, kamba nemadzvinyu chikamu chemhuka dzinokambaira dzine mazai. Zvizhinji zvinokambaira zvinokandira mazai panyika, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachisarudza nzvimbo dzine hunyoro kana kunyange nzvimbo dzine mvura.Kamba dzemugungwa, semuenzaniso, dzinozivikanwa nekuchera makomba mujecha umo dzinokandira mazamu adzo akawanda emazai. Zvipuka zvishomanana zvinotarisira vana vazvo kana zvachochonya, kunyange zvazvo kune zviitiko zvinoda kuziva, zvakadai semakarwe, ayo anobatsira vana kubva mudendere uye kusvika kumvura.
Zvipembenene uye arthropods
Boka gurusa remhuka dzine mazai anoumbwa nezvipembenene uye dzimwe arthropods. semadandemutande nemagakanje. Mhuka zhinji idzi dzinokandira mazana kana kuti zviuru zvemazai munzvimbo dzine hunyanzvi kuitira kuti vana vadzo vararame zvakanyanya. Mashavishavi, somuenzaniso, anokandira mazai pamiti chaiyo kuitira kuti makonye awane zvokudya nokukurumidza pashure pokuchochonya.
Pakati pezvipembenene, kutarisirwa kwevabereki kunowanzoshaikwa mushure mekukandira mazai, kunyange mumhando dzakadai senyuchi nemasvosve, kudzivirira uye kudya kunoitika mumatanho ekutanga.
Iyo yakakosha kesi ye oviparous mammals: monotremes
Zvingaita sezvinoshamisa, asi Kune mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinokandirawo mazai. Izvo ndezve iyo monotremes, boka duku zvikuru rinosanganisira platypus uye echidnas. Mhuka idzi dzinokandira mazai asi dzine hunhu hwekudyisa vana vavo nemukaka kana vangozvarwa. Monotremes inogara muAustralia, New Guinea chete, nenzvimbo dziri pedyo, uye inomiririra imwe yemuenzaniso unoshamisa wekushanduka-shanduka.
Mune monotremes, Mazai ane dehwe rine dehwe pane rakaomarara, uye pashure pokuchochonya vana vacho vanodzivirirwa uye vanodyiswa naamai mumatanho ekutanga eupenyu hwavo.
monotremes
Mamwe maitiro ekubereka: ovoviviparous
Isu takambotaura kare kuti kune nzira yepakati pakati pe oviparity uye viviparity: ovoviviparity. Mugadziriro iyi, mhuka dzinochengeta mazai mukati memiviri yadzo kusvikira vana vakura zvakakwana., mushure mezvo vanoberekerwa kunze, kazhinji vari vapenyu. Rudzi urwu rwekubereka runowanzo kuwanikwa mune dzimwe shark, mwaranzi, uye mamwe invertebrates akadai sezvinyavada.
Mumwe musiyano mukuru ndewokuti, nekuchengetedza zai mukati maamai, vana vanonyanya kuchengetedzwa, izvo zvinoreva kuchengetedzwa kukuru mumarudzi ane zvikara zvakawanda kana munzvimbo dzakaoma.
Zai sechinhu chekushanduka-shanduka
Kukandira mazai kwave kuri mukana wekushanduka-shanduka kumarudzi mazhinji emhuka.. Inobvumira mwana kuti akure munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa, kunyanya munzvimbo umo mhoteredzo inogona kunge ine utsinye kana kusagadzikana. Zvokudya zvezai, zvakadai segoko rakaoma reshiri kana kuti gelatinous inovhara mazai emvura, zvinobatsira kuchengetedza unyoro hwe "embryo" uye kuvimbika.
Uyewo, Oviparity inobvumira mhuka dzakawanda kubereka zvakanyanya uye kuwedzera nhamba yevana., nokudaro zvichibvisa mwero wokufa kwemazai namaduku musango. Naizvozvo, mhando dzakaita sehove nezvipembenene zvinowanzokandira mazai muhuwandu, zvichiwedzera mukana wekuti vamwe vanhu vasvike pakukura.
Kuda kuziva nezvemhuka dzinoberekwa kubva kumazai
Nyika yemhuka dzine oviparous izere nezvinhu zvinonakidza. Semuyenzaniso:
- Dzimwe kamba dzinogona kukandira mazai anopfuura zana muchikwata chimwe chete., asi maduku akawanda haambosviki vanhu vakuru, sezvo zvikara zvakawanda zvinonyangira matendere.
- Emperor penguin ine mukurumbira nekukandira zai rimwe chete. uye anopedza mwedzi yakawanda achimutarisira munyika dzinotonhora dzeAntarctic.
- Muzvipembenene, nhamba yemazai inogona kudarika chiuru mumukadzi mumwe chete., kuva nechokwadi chekupona kwemarudzi kuburikidza nehuwandu panzvimbo pekutarisira kwega.
- Zvizhinji zvinokambaira, zvakaita semakarwe nedzimwe nyoka, zvinosarudza nzvimbo dzakafanira dzematendere adzo, zvichigadzirisa tembiricha nekubuda kwezuva kana kusarudza substrate..
Basa rematendere nekuchengeta kwevabereki
Kuchengetwa kwezai chimwe chinhu chakakosha mumhuka dzine oviparous. Mhuka dzakawanda dzinopa nguva nesimba pakuvaka matendere uye kudzivirira mazai awo.Pakati peshiri, kuvakwa kwematendere akaoma kunzwisisa muenzaniso wekushanduka-shanduka, uye incubation inoita kuti mazai anokura zvakanaka.
Mamwe mapoka emhuka, sedzimwe kamba nehove, anofarira kuviga kana kuviga mazai adzo, achitsamira pakuvanza uye nhamba kudzivirira zvikara. Muzvipenyu zvakaita semapenguin, kungwarira uye kupisa kwemuviri kwakakosha pakubudirira kwekubereka.
Mienzaniso yakatanhamara yemhuka dzinochochonya kubva kumazai
- Hen: Pamwe ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa mhuka inonzi oviparous, yakachengetwa nevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore.
- Turtle yegungwa: inokwanisa kufamba mazana emakiromita kunokandira mazai kumahombekombe kwayakazvarirwa.
- Penguin: Inokandira mazai mashoma, ichiisa mari yakawanda mukutarisira mwana wayo mumwe chete.
- Datya: Inokandira masumbu makuru emazai mumvura, pasina kana tarisiro yevabereki.
- Nyoka: Mhuka dzakawanda dzinoviga mazai adzo kuti dzidzivirire kubva kuzvikara.
- Platypus: mhuka inoyamwisa yakasiyana inokandira mazai uye inodyisa vana vayo nemukaka.
- Nyuchi: Mambokadzi ega ega anogona kukandira zviuru zvemazai, panobva pabuda vashandi, drones kana mambokadzi matsva.
Kuberekwa kwemhuka dzakawanda kubva mazai kunopindura kune imwe nzira inofarira kurarama uye kupararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubatanidza oviparity seimwe yenzira dzakabudirira zvikuru dzekubereka mumhuka.
