Sezvo vanhu vairota kukunda nzvimbo, kuedza ne Mhuka semapiyona emuchadenga zvave zvakakosha. Vanhu vasati vashinga kufamba kupfuura mhepo, mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzaishandiswa kuongorora njodzi nematambudziko ekufamba muchadenga. Nhunzi, tsoko, imbwa, uye kunyange katsi dzakabhururuka nendege, dzichiisa hwaro hwekutsvagisa nzvimbo, uye zvizhinji zvezviito zvavo zvakaramba zvakadzika mundangariro dzakabatana. Asi ndivanaani vakanga vari ava vafambi vasina ushingi, mishoni dzavo dzakaitika sei, uye chii chatakadzidza chaizvoizvo kwavari?
Muchinyorwa chino uchawana zvakadzama nyaya yemhuka dzemuchadenga: ndege dzekutanga, mhuka dziri kutora chikamu, kubudirira kwakakurumbira, uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye kwetsika kwakaratidza ramangwana remujaho wemuchadenga. Tichaongorora zvichitevedzana zviitiko zvakakosha, zvinyorwa, uye chokwadi chinofadza. Uye isu tichaongorora nhaka yeaya mapiona ane makushe, ane minhenga, uye magamba, tisingakanganwe nyaya dzetsika uye shanduko yetsvakiridzo yazvino.
Mavambo: zvisikwa zvekutanga muchadenga
Rwendo rwemhuka kuenda muchadenga haruna kutanga nemhuka huru dzinoyamwisa, asi ne zvipembenene zvidukuMusi wa20 Kukadzi 1947, United States yakatanga kuedza kwayo kwekutanga kwebiology kunze kwePasi: roketi yeV-2, yakatorwa kubva kumaGerman mushure meHondo Yenyika II, yakasimuka kubva kuWhite Sands air base muNew Mexico. Yakatakura nhunzi dzemuchero pamwe chete nemhodzi dzezviyo. Roketi yakasvika pakakwirira 109 km, ichipfuura ese eUS Air Force muganho wenzvimbo (50 mamaira, kana anenge 80 km) uye dudziro yepasirese (100 km).
Iyo capsule ine nhunzi yakaburitswa uye mushure mekupfuura nemumhepo, yakamiswa neparachuti ichibva yapora pasi. Kukushamisika kwevanhu vose, the nhunzi dzakapona parwendo, zvichibvumira masayendisiti kuunganidza Iyo isina kuburitswa data pamusoro pemhedzisiro yeradiation uye huremu muzvinhu zvipenyu. Iri basa rakabudirira rakaisa hwaro hwezviedzo zvomunguva yemberi uye rakazarura musuo wekuedza nemhando dzakaoma kunzwisisa.
Sarudzo yemuchero nhunzi, inozivikanwa se Drosophila melanogaster, zvakanga zvisina kuitika. Nhunzi idzi dzinogovana zvakatenderedza 75% yemajini anokonzera zvirwere zvevanhu, hupenyu hwavo hupfupi uye vanoberekana nekukurumidza, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuona zvizvarwa zvakati wandei munguva pfupi. Vakava a muenzaniso zvipenyu yakakosha mukutsvagisa kwepasi uye muchadenga.
Mushure mekubudirira uku kwekutanga, kumwe kuedza kwakagadzirwa nemamwe marudzi ehupenyu huri nyore, akadai moss nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene, kuti vaone kuti vakaita sei pakupisa kwemwaranzi uye kusarema kwekunze.
Primates mumujaho wemuchadenga
Pakangopera danho rezvipembenene, tarisiro yakatendeukira kumhuka dzaive pedyo nesu: the tsokoChinangwa chaive chekuongorora maitiro emhuka dzakaoma kunzwisisa kumamiriro akanyanya emuchadenga uye kufanotaura njodzi kune vafambi venguva yemberi.
Muna 1949 kuedza kwekutanga kwakaitwa kutumira tsoko muchadenga nayo Albert I, Tsoko inonzi rhesus yakaparurwa paroketi reV-2. Mishoni haina kusvika pakakwirira yakarongwa uye Albert I akafa. Kwapera gore, Albert II Akakwanisa kubhururuka pamusoro pemakiromita 100, asi haana kupona kukanganiswa kwecapsule nePasi nekuda kwekutadza kweparachuti.
Nzira izere nenhamo
Nzira yacho yakaratidzwa nenjodzi dzakawanda: ndege dzinotevedzana netsoko, inozivikanwa se "Albert" series, zvakaguma norufu rwavagari vayo kutozosvikira, muna September 1951, yorick - rhesus monkey - yakakwanisa kudzokera kuPasi iri mupenyu mushure mekufamba makiromita makumi manomwe neshanu nendege, achiperekedzwa ne11 mbeva.
Kubudirira chaiko kwakauya muna 1961 nebasa re Hamu, the astrochimpanziHamu ndiye aive hominid wekutanga muchadenga uye airatidza kugona kuita mabasa ari nyore panguva yekubhururuka, senge kudhonza matinji, izvo zvakaratidza kukosha mukusimbisa kugona kwemabasa emangwana. Ham yakatangwa muMercury-Redstone 2 capsule uye, zvisinei nekukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwehunyanzvi, akakwanisa kupedzisa basa rake uye akapora zvakachengeteka, achiva gamba repasi rese.
Pose, Tsoko makumi matatu nembiri dzafamba muchadenga, pakati pema rhesus macaques, tsoko dzetsindi, tsoko dzecynomolgus, uye macaque ane muswe wenguruve. Misheni yavo yakapa ruzivo nezve physiology uye maitiro pasi pe microgravity, kuramba kushushikana kwakanyanya uye mhedzisiro yeradiation.
Imwe chimpanzi, Enosi, yakava tsoko yekutanga mukutenderera mukupera kwa1961, yakakwira Mercury-Atlas 5, ichipedzisa kutenderera kwakawanda kwePasi isati yadzoka iri mupenyu. Zvakaitika kwaari nemaprimate zvakagadzirira nzira Alan Shepard, yakatangwa mwedzi mitatu chete mushure mekutiza kwaHam.
Kuedza nembeva, makonzo nemhuka duku dzinoyamwisa
Mukufanana nekuyedza netsoko, bvunzo dzakawanda dzakaitwa mbeva nemakonzo. United States yakatanga muna 1958, iri mubhokisi reV-2, mbeva dzekutanga muchadenga, vachidzidza zvinokonzerwa nekumhanyisa uye nemwaranzi pamiviri yavo. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga ndege zhinji dzaisasvika pakakwirira chaidiwa kuti chinzi chibhururuka chemuchadenga, mishoni dzakawedzera kuoma nekufamba kwenguva.
Mbeva dzakaratidza kuva dzakanakira tsvakurudzo Iyo microgravity uye radiation inokanganisa budiriro, kubereka, uye hutano hwenguva refu mumhuka dzinoyamwisa. Pamusoro pezvo, kugona kwavo kubata nhamba huru yezvienzaniso uye kufanana kwavo kwemajini kuvanhu kwakaita kuti zvive zvidzidzo zvakakosha pakudzidza, zvese zveNASA neSoviet space agency.
Mumakore makumi matanhatu nemakumi manomwe. France yakapinda mumujaho wemuchadenga uye yakatanga makonzo akati wandei muchadenga, mapiyona eEurope mundima iyi, mumakapisi anodzoreka. Argentina yakamirawo pakuedza kwayo nemakonzo uye chiratidzo Tsoko John, mhuka yekutanga yeLatin America kufamba kuenda muchadenga.
Nokufamba kwenguva, zvidzidzo akawedzerwa kune dzimwe mhuka diki, senge guinea pigs, inosanganisirwa muSoviet orbital ndege nechirongwa cheVostok, uye kuedza kubereka mhuka mune zero giravhiti mamiriro.
Imbwa uye epic yeSoviet: Laika, Belka uye Strelka
Kana tsoko dzakanyanya muUnited States, mu Soviet Union Yainyanya kubheja pa imbwaSarudzo iyi yaive nekuda kwehunyoro hwavo, kutsungirira, uye kugona kutsungirira kwemaawa akawanda munzvimbo dzakavharirwa. VaSoviet vakasarudza imbwa dzakasanganiswa dzakatorwa kubva mumugwagwa, dzakajaira mamiriro okunze akaoma uye kushomeka, izvo zvakawedzera mikana yavo yekurarama.
Musi waAugust 15, 1951, Dezik uye Tsygan Dzakava imbwa dzekutanga dzakapinzwa muchadenga paR-1 roketi. Vakasvika pakakwirira kwemakiromita 110 uye vakadzoka vari vapenyu, vachiratidza chiitiko chinokosha chepurogiramu yeSoviet. Zvisinei, mishoni dzakazotevera hadzina rombo rakanaka, uye mhuka dzakawanda dzakaparara.
Musi waNovember 3, 1957, nyika yakaona chimwe chezviitiko zvisingakanganwiki: Laika, imbwa yakarasika kubva kuMoscow, yakava chisikwa chekutanga chipenyu kutenderera Pasi Sputnik 2Mugumo wake wakanga une ngwavaira; akafa maawa mashoma mushure mekutanga kubva mukupisa uye kunetseka. Zvisinei, chibairo chake chakagovera mashoko anokosha pamusoro pokupukunyuka kwemhuka mumigariro yokutenderera ndokuisa Soviet Union nhano imwe mberi mumujaho womuchadenga.
Laika akazoremekedzwa nezviyeuchidzo uye nekuzivikanwa nekuda kwekubatsira kwake mukufambira mberi kwesainzi, kunyange zvazvo nharo dzetsika pamusoro pezvaizoitika dzakakonzera kukakavara. Makumi emakore gare gare, mumwe wemasayendisiti aitarisira basa racho, Oleg Gazenko, akareurura kuti akazvidemba nokurasikirwa nembwa uye aifunga kuti zvishoma zvakanga zvadzidzwa zvichienzaniswa nemutengo wetsika.
Belka uye Strelkca, maviri emuchadenga mifananidzo
Makore gare gare, muna Nyamavhuvhu 1960, kukunda kwekutanga nekuguma kunofadza kwakauya: Belka uye Strelka -imbwa mbiri dzakanhongwawo kubva mumugwagwa - dzakaenda muchadenga dziri muchikepe Sputnik 5. Pamwe chete netsuro, 42 mbeva, makonzo maviri nenhunzi dzemichero dzinoverengeka; kupedza 18 orbits uye kudzokera kuNyika zvakachengeteka. Vaive zvisikwa zvipenyu zvekutanga kuita mhepo inotenderera uye vakararama, vachibatanidza kubudirira kweinjiniya yeSoviet uye nekuvhura musuwo kune manned spaceflight.
Belka naStrelka vakava mifananidzo yenyika, uye imwe yevana vembwa yeStrelka, Pushinka, yakapiwa kumhuri yekwaKennedy sechiratidzo cheushamwari pakati pemasimba makuru. Idzi nzendo dzakaratidza kutanga kwerunyorwa rurefu rwe suborbital uye orbital mishoni nembwa, dzimwe dzakatyora zvinyorwa zvenguva mudenga, senge. Veterok uye Ugolyok, iyo muna 1966 yakaramba ichitenderera kwemazuva 22.
Katsi uye French Odyssey: Nyaya yeFélicette
ari katsi Ivo havawanzo pakati pemhuka dzakapusa kana nyore kudzidzisa, izvo zvakaita kuti vatore chikamu nhangemutange yemuchadenga yaive shoma uye yakakodzera kutaurwa nezvayo. France, iyo yakambotangisa makonzo, yakafunga kuenda nhanho mberi uye kudzidzisa katsi kune suborbital ndege.
Saka, pana October 18, 1963, Félicette, katsi yokuParis ine mvere nhema nechena uye ine hunhu hwakapfava, yakasarudzwa mushure mekugadzirira kwakanyanya mu centrifugal capsules uye compression chambers. Akakwira paVéronique AGI 47 roketi, Félicette akasvika pakakwirira 160 km uye akapedza maminitsi anopfuura mashanu ari mumicrogravity. Capsule yake yakamhara zvakachengeteka, uye akadzorerwa ari mupenyu, kunyange zvazvo akazobudiswa simba kuti aongorore migumisiro yekubhururuka kuuropi hwake uye tsinga.
Basa raFélicette rakaratidza kukosha pakudzidza nezvekuita kwetsinga munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa, nekuda kwekuvhiyiwa maelectrodes akarekodha mafungiro ake. Pasinei nekuguma kwake kunosuruvarisa, nhaka yake yakaremekedzwa musainzi, kunyangwe nezvivakwa zvakavakwa mukukudzwa kwake.
Kupfuura imbwa, tsoko uye katsi: mamwe mapiyona marudzi
Nhoroondo yemhuka dzemuchadenga haingogumiri kumhuka dzinoyamwisa. Mamisheni emuchadenga anosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshamisa zvemarudzi:
- TurtlesMuna 1968, Soviet Union yakaparura kamba dzeHorsfield pachitundumuseremusere cheZond 5, ichiita rwendo rwekutanga rwekutenderera nemhuka mhenyu, pamwe nehonye nenhunzi dzemichero. Mhuka dzakararama vhiki dziri muchadenga.
- RanaMuna 1970, matatya maviri akafamba akakwira Frog Otolith satellite kuti adzidze mhedzisiro yekusarema pane vestibular system.
- HoveAmerican Skylab 3 yakatakura hove dzekutanga (mbizi danio uye mummichog) nemadandemutande akaita seArabella neAnita, ayo airuka dandemutande mumicrogravity.
- Zvipembenene uye microorganismsNhunzi dzemichero, zvipembenene, nematodes, mabhakitiriya, uye fungi zvese zvave chikamu chebhayoroji payloads yeRussia neAmerica mishoni, uye zvakakosha pakudzidza cellular adaptation uye genetic kuramba mudenga.
Nekufamba kwenguva, rondedzero yakawedzera kuti ibatanidze chicken embryosmajuru, nyuchi, dandemutande regoridhe, nyuchi, mazai ezvipembenene anonamira, uye kunyange makustaceans kunge brine shrimp. Tsvagiridzo ine tupukanana tudiki diki yaita kuti zvikwanise kuita ongororo dzakakura uku ichideredza kutambura kwemhuka.
Innovation, tsika uye shanduko yeparadigm mukutsvagisa
Pakutanga, tsika mukuedza mhuka hadzina kutakura huremu hwakawanda sezvahunoita nhasi. Zvirongwa zvemuchadenga zvakatsunga kufambira mberi chero zvodini, vachishandisa mbeva, tsoko, imbwa, uye katsi pasina hanya zvikuru nokugara kwavo zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kutanga muma70 uye, kunyanya, mushure mokunge munhu asvika pamwedzi, shanduko mbiri dzakakosha dzakaitika:
- Tekinoroji kufambira mberi: Hupenyu hutsigiro masisitimu, kudzvanywa modules, uye telemetry yepamusoro yakatanga kugadzirwa, iyo yakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka uye kuunganidzwa kwe data yakakosha yesainzi.
- Kuchinja kwetsikaKushandiswa kwemhuka huru kwakapa nzira yekushandiswa kwemarudzi maduku, asina kuoma kunzwisisa ane upenyu hupfupi (nhunzi, nematodes, tardigrades).
Zvinetso zvetsika uye kumanikidzana kwevanhu kwakakonzera masangano emuchadenga kuti yakatora maprotocol akasimba, ane makomiti ebioethics uye kubuda pachena kukuru mumagadzirirwo ekuedza. Mhuka dzakanga dzisisiri mapiyona anozvidira, asi zvidzidzo zvekudzidza zvine kodzero dzinozivikanwa.
Parizvino, zviedzo zvakatariswa zvipenyu zvemuenzaniso, senhunzi Drosophila, nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, kana mbeva, uye kushandiswa kwemhuka huru kunodziviswa kunze kwekunge zvakakodzera. Muchokwadi, kubva kuma80, ndege shoma dzakaitwa dzine mahombe ane vertebrates.
Kutsvakurudza kwazvino uye mapiyona matsva: tardigrades
Kune zvisikwa zvinokwanisa kurarama pasina mhuka inoyamwisa yaizorarama. tardigrades, dzinozivikanwa se "water bear," dzakatumirwa muchadenga muna 2007 uye dzakaratidza kusimba kunoshamisa pakutsvaira, ultraviolet mwaranzi, uye tembiricha yakanyanyisa. Vakakwanisa kutsungirira nzvimbo isina kudzivirirwa yenzvimbo kwemazuva uye kurarama, ichikurudzira mitsetse mitsva yekutsvakurudza mukugadziriswa kwemajini uye mukana wehupenyu kune mamwe mapuraneti.
Saizvozvovo, muna 2014, mbeu yembeva yakaomeswa nechando yakatumirwa kuInternational Space Station, zvichiratidza kuti yaigona kumira nemwaranzi yecosmic uye kuisa maembryos pakudzokera kuPasi. Kufambira mberi uku kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kuberekana kwevanhu uye mukana wekugadza makoroni enguva refu muchadenga.
Mhuka uye tekinoroji: mafambiro avaiita nekugara munzvimbo
Magadzirirwo enzvimbo dzinogara mhuka uye masisitimu ekutsigira upenyu zvakaunza matambudziko makuru. Mbeva nemhuka duku dzinoyamwisa dzaida matanga asina kugerwa huni —sezvo zvaizoyangarara mu<em>microgravity—, gadziriro dzemvura dzakatsikirirwa, uye zvokudya mumabhawa akamanikana. Vaifanira kujairana nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva mumaminitsi mashoma, vachiratidza kugona kunoshamisa kwekugadzirisa, sezvakataurwa neNASA mune akati wandei mishumo.
Imbwa dzeSoviet dzakapfeka sutu dzakakosha, nemahanesi nengowani zvaiita kuti vararame panguva yokusimuka uye kutiza, kunyange zvazvo kufamba kwavo kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Katsi dzeFrance dzakashongedzerwawo nemasensa uye macheya akakosha rekodha data yefiziological uye neurological Munguva yerwendo. Mhuka dzakawanda, kunyanya tsoko nembwa, dzakadzidziswa kwemavhiki kuti dzikwanise kukurira ruzha rwakanyanya, simba repakati, uye kugara mujeri kwenguva refu.
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru raive kupora kwe capsulesKunyangwe mumakore ekutanga izvi zvaisanganisira njodzi dzakakura uye nhengo dzechikwata hadzina kugara dzakanunurwa dziri vapenyu, kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi kwakabvumira mhuka dzakawanda kuti dzidzoke zvakachengeteka, zvichipa data risingadzoreki rekusimudzira kuongorora nzvimbo yevanhu.
Curiosities, anecdotes uye nhaka yemapiyona
Misheni yemhuka yakatambudzwa curiosities uye anecdotes izvo zvinobatsira kunzwisisa rutivi rwemunhu (nemhuka) rwekukunda kwenzvimbo:
- Hamu's Chair, the astrochimpanzee, yakashandiswa nemuchadenga Alan Shepard parwendo rwenhoroondo yeMercury nguva pfupi Ham atiza.
- Strelka, imwe yeimbwa dzeSoviet dzakasara, dzaiva nemarara embwa, imwe yacho yakapiwa sechipo chezvematongerwo enyika kumhuri yeKennedy panguva yeCold War.
- Laika Ane crater paMars uye zviyeuchidzo zvakawanda muRussia mukukudzwa kwake, zvisinei nemhedzisiro inosiririsa yebasa rake.
- Félicette, katsi yokuFrance, nhasi inoyeukwa nechiyeuchidzo paInternational Space University muStrasbourg.
- Arabella naAnita, madandemutande ekuAmerica, akaruka dandemutande rawo ari muSkylab, zvichiratidza kuti maitiro akaoma kunzwisisa anogona kugadziridzwa kuva microgravity.
Basa remhuka idzi rakanga rakakosha kwete chete mukukura kwe hupenyu hwekutsigira matekinoroji kana mukudzivirira njodzi, asiwo mukumutsa kunetseka nezvetsika dzesainzi uye kugara zvakanaka kwezvisikwa zvipenyu zviri kuedzwa.
Zera renzvimbo yakavanzika uye remangwana remhuka dzemuchadenga
Kusimuka kwekutsvagisa nzvimbo yakavanzika kwakapa nzira kune zvitsva zvitsva, senge kutangwa kwe inflatable modules (Genesis I uye II kubva kuBigelow Aerospace). Zvaisanganisirawo ongororo diki dzezvipenyu, dzakadai semapete ekuMadagascar, mazai ezvipembenene, uye zvinyavada zvekuSouth Africa. Chinangwa chikuru apa ndechekuti tarisa kugadzirisa uye kurarama kwemhando dzakasiyana dzehupenyu, pamwe nekusimudzira kufarira kwevagari vemo uye nzanga yesainzi.
Parizvino, miedzo yakawanda yebhayoloji paInternational Space Station inotarisa pane zvipenyu zvisingaonekwe, zvakaita semazai ezvihuta, Japanese kilis, kana nematodes. Kugara uchitsvaga kuderedza kutambura kwemhuka uye ruzivo rwepamberi rwemakiyi ebhayoloji maitiro ehupenyu munzvimbo yakadzika.
Mune ramangwana, tsvakurudzo yemhuka mu nzvimbo icharamba ichishanduka. Zvisikwa zvidiki zvicharamba zvichienda kuve kiyi pakudzidza kuchinjika kune microgravity uye radiation. Asi biomedical innovations uye komputa simulation ichaita, muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuti zvikwanise kuita pasina zvipenyu uye kuenda nhanho mberi muruzivo rwedu.