Masitepisi, pamusoro pekuve akakosha pakubatanidza nzvimbo dzine hurefu hwakasiyana, Vanga vari zvinhu zvekuvaka zvakaremerwa nezvazvinoreva, kushanda uye kusika kwemireniyamu. Kubva pane zvechinyakare zvivakwa zvemapuranga zveprehistory kusvika kune yazvino dhizaini minimalist dhizaini, masitepisi akave neshanduko inonakidza mumidziyo, masitayipi, uye zvinangwa. Nhasi tinotarisa mhando huru dzemasitepisi uye kuti akachinja sei kwemazana emakore, tichiongorora maumbirwo awo, kufananidzira, uye kukosha kune dhizaini yemazuva ano.
Kunzwisisa nhoroondo uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana emasitepisi kunotibvumira kukoshesa basa ravo mukuvaka zvakanyanya kupfuura chinhu chiri nyore chinoshanda. Ingave sechinhu chepakati mukugadzirwa kwemba kana sechiratidzo muzvivakwa zvechitendero uye zvevagari, masitepisi anoratidza kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi, zvido zvitsva zvevanhu, uye kutsvaga runako uye ergonomics. Ruzivo urwu runobatsira kuongorora kukosha kwarwo mumamiriro akasiyana enhoroondo netsika.
Masitepisi ekutanga: mavambo uye chiratidzo
Mabviro emasitepisi akadzokera kunguva dzekare, apo vanhu vakavandudza mhinduro dzekukunda nzvimbo dzisina kuenzana kana kuwana nzvimbo dzakachengeteka. Mienzaniso yekutanga, kure nemagadzirirwo akacheneswa anhasi, aive nyore kuvharirana hunde kana zvimiro zvakaumbwa nemapazi nemizambiringa, zvichipindura kudiwa kwedziviriro kana kufambisa kufamba pamberi penzvimbo.
Nekufamba kwenguva, manera akave zvishandiso zvekuti vasvike kunzvimbo dzakakwirira, angave mapako akachinjirwa senzvimbo dzekugara kana nzvimbo dzakarongwa dzekuti vatarise uye vazvidzivirire. Iri basa rinoshanda rakakurumidza kuwana chimiro chekufananidzira, sezvinoratidzwa nezvinosara zvekuchera matongo uye nyaya dzemadzitateguru. Semuenzaniso, muChina yekare, imwe yemasitepisi ekutanga egranite yakawanikwa ichienda kumusoro kwegomo rinoera reTai Shan, raishandiswa mumitambo yechitendero. Iyo yakakurumbira yebhaibheri Ladder yaJakobho neShongwe yeBhabheri, ine chimiro chayo chehelical, inosimbisawo pfungwa yemanera sechiratidzo chekubatana pakati pevepanyika nevehumwari, kana yekukwira kuzivo nekupfuura.
Tsika dzechinyakare dzakapa basa repakati kune masitepisi sehukama hwemweya, hwesainzi uye hwemagariro. Kupfuura kukosha kwavo kwekushanda, vaionekwa senzira dzekukwira dzakananga kuchiedza kana vamwari, sezvinoratidzwa mumapiramidhi eEjipita, masitepisi emuchadenga emuIndia, uye zvivakwa zvakawanda zvengano. Ichi chimiro chekufananidzira chinoperekedza masitepisi nanhasi, apo achiri kuoneka mufungidziro yemubatanidzwa sedimikira rekufambira mberi kana kubudirira.
Etymologically, zita rokuti 'manera' rinobva muchiLatin Scala, inotorwa kubva scan (kukwira), kusimbisa kushamwaridzana kwayo nekufamba kwepamusoro uye kukunda kwemazinga akakwirira.
Inovaka shanduko: zvinhu uye kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi
Iko kushanduka kwemasitepisi kwakabatana nehunyanzvi hwekufambira mberi uye zvinhu zvitsva zvinowanikwa panguva yega yega. Pakutanga, huni hwainyanya kutungamirwa, zvese mune zvakagadziriswa uye zvinotakurika zvimiro. Gare gare, kuvandudzwa kwematombo ekugadzira matombo uye nzira dzekugadzira dzakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuvaka masitepisi mumatombo kana simbi, zvinhu zvinopa kusimba kwakanyanya uye mukana wekutaura.
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, Spiral staircases akawedzera muEurope castles nekuda kwemauto uye zvikonzero zvehurongwa.. Aya matsva haana kungochengetedza nzvimbo uye kufambisa dziviriro, asi zvakare airatidza kugona kwevaki kugadzirisa mafomu kune izvo zvinodiwa zvechivako chimwe nechimwe. Kuiswa uye kusavapo kwekutuka muzviitiko zvakawanda zvakapindura kumaitiro ekurwisa: mudziviriri ari pachinzvimbo chepamusoro aive nemikana iri nani yekufambisa nekurwisa, nepo murwi ainyanya kunetseka.
Munguva yemazuva ano uye kusvika muzana remakore rechi19. Kuvakwa kwemasitepisi kwakaitika shanduko chaiyo nekuda kwebasa revamasvomhu nevagadziri vezvivakwa vakaronga zviyero zvaro. Peter Nicholson, semuenzaniso, akagadzira nzira dzemasvomhu dzekugadzira nemasitepisi nemarata, zvichiunza hunyanzvi padyo nemabasa ekuveza neupfu. Saizvozvo, shanduko yemaindasitiri uye kubuda kwezvinhu zvitsva zvakaita sesimbi nekongiri zvakagonesa dhizaini yakareruka uye inoshingirira, nepo muma1980, mugadziri Eva Jiricna akabatanidza girazi nesimbi isina simbi kuti ape masitepisi kutaridzika uye kusareruka.
Iye zvino, Zvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa zvinobva pahuni nesimbi kusvika kune girazi rinopisa uye kongiri yakasimbiswa., kubvumira kusikwa kwezvose zviri zviviri zvidimbu zvekare uye zvechokwadi zvemazuva ano zvivezwa. Kufambira mberi mukugadzira uye kupedzisa tekinoroji inobvumira mamwe magadzirirwo ehunyanzvi uye anoshanda.
Zvikamu uye zviyero: zvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzira staircase
Iyo tekinoroji dhizaini yemasitepisi inoda kutarisisa zviyero zvakakosha uye zvikamu zvinokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwayo uye nyore kushandisa. Zviyero izvi zvinodzorwa munyika dzakawanda nemirairo chaiyo, yakadai seTechnical Building Code muSpain.
Pakati pezvinhu zvakakosha zve staircase ndezvi:
- Nhanho kana rung: Chikwata chinoumba chikamu, chinoumbwa nechitsiko (chinofambika pamusoro) uye chinosimudzwa (chakamira chikamu chedanho).
- Fingerprint: Horizontal chikamu chedanho. Mudzimba, iyo yakakurudzirwa ishoma inotenderedza 22 cm, kunyangwe iyo yakanakira kuchengeteka kukuru uye nyaradzo iri 26-28 cm.
- Riser kana riser: Yakatwasuka chikamu chedanho. Kuyera 16 kusvika 18 cm inokurudzirwa, isingapfuuri 20 cm mukati mekugara.
- Kudzika: Flat nzvimbo inobatanidza zvikamu kana inopa zororo panzendo refu.
- Railing uye handrail: Chengetedzo uye zvinhu zvinotsigira, izvo zvinobvumirawo zvakakosha zvekushongedza uye zvepamutemo marapirwo.
- Kutanga uye kuburuka: Kutanga uye kupera kwe staircase, maererano.
Izvo zviyero zve staircase zvinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekugadzikana uye kwakachengeteka kutsetseka. Mutemo wechinyakare ndewekuti hwerengedzo yekupeta kaviri riser plus kutsika kunofanirwa kunge kuri pakati pe59 ne68 cm (hurefu hwenhanho) uye usapfuure nhanho gumi nematanhatu pakubhururuka. Iyo hupamhi hudiki hwekushandiswa kwega hunowanzo 16 cm, kunyangwe inogona kuwedzerwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwechivako.
Mhando huru dzemasitepisi zvichienderana nechimiro chavo
Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvemasitepisi zvinenge zvisingagumi, asi zvinogona kuiswa mumhando huru zvichienderana nechimiro chezvikamu zvavo uye chirongwa chavo chepasi. Imwe neimwe dhizaini inopindura kune nzvimbo, kushanda, uye aesthetic zvinodiwa, pamwe nehupfumi uye tekinoroji maitiro.
Mamwe emhando dzakajairika ndeaya:
- Masitepisi endege imwe chete: Inomhanya mumutsara wakatwasuka, isina majana. Ndiyo yakapfava uye inoshanda zvakanyanya mhinduro, yakajairika mudzimba dzemhuri imwe chete nenzvimbo diki.
- Staircase kumusoro uye pasi: Yakagadzirwa nezvikamu zviviri zvakatwasuka zvakabatanidzwa nekumhara, mumativi akasiyana. Ndiyo imwe yeakanyanya kugadzikana magadzirirwo epakati madaro.
- U-shaped kana square staircase: Inoshandura madhigirii 180 kuburikidza nekumhara kumwe kana kupfuura, kazhinji ichigara munzvimbo ine rectangular kana sikweya.
- Masitepisi akaita L: Zvikamu zviviri zvakabatanidzwa nekumhara zvinoumba 90-degree angle.
- Masitepisi akakomberedzwa: Ivo vanopa arc, ellipse kana denderedzwa maumbirwo, ayo anopa fluidity uye kutaridzika kwakasimba. Zvinosanganisira magadzirirwo kubva semicircular kusvika oval kana helical.
- Spiral staircase: Inokura mudenderedzwa yakatenderedza axis yepakati, yakanakira nzvimbo dzine nzvimbo shoma. Rutsigiro rwunopihwa neakisi iyi, uye matanho anokura nekutenderera achitenderedza. Kunyangwe vangave vakakwira, Ivo vanomira kunze kwekunaka kwavo kukosha uye kushanda munzvimbo diki.
- Helical staircase: Kusiyana kweiyo yapfuura asi ine nzvimbo yakafara yepakati, iyo inofambisa kutenderera. Kushandiswa kwayo kwenzvimbo kwakakura asi maitiro ayo ekuona akakurawo.
- Yakabhadharwa staircase: Iyo inosanganisa zvakatwasuka uye yakakombama zvikamu, isina yepakati kumhara, ichigadzira yakawanda mvura uye yepakutanga nzira. Iyi dhizaini inoda kuuraya kwakaoma uye kazhinji inodhura.
Akakosha uye anoshanda madhizaini: hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi
Munhoroondo yese, staircase yakashandukawo mukupindura kune zvinodiwa chaizvo, ichigadzira ekugadzira uye inoshanda zvakanyanya mhinduro. Muchikamu ichi, zvinotevera zvinomira pachena:
- Staircase: Tora mukana wenzvimbo iri pasi pemasitepisi kuti ugare imwe inomhanya yakatarisana. Nokudaro, munzvimbo yemasitepisi echinyakare, nzira mbiri dzakasimudzwa dzinowanikwa.
- Ngarava yemhando yechikepe kana tsoka yenzou: Yakagadzirirwa nzvimbo shoma, inoshandisa matanho anochinja anokubvumira kukwira kana kudzika uchitora nzvimbo shoma.
- Ladder inodzoreka kana kupeta: Inoshandiswa pakupinda zvishoma nezvishoma, senge attics kana pasi, uye inogona kuunganidzwa kubva kusirin'i kana madziro uchishandisa hinge uye counterweight nzira. Ivo vanowanzo gadzirwa nealuminium kana simbi yakapfava, asi simba ravo remutoro rinogumira.
- Escalator: Chiratidzo chemazuva ano, chakakosha munhandare dzendege, zviteshi uye nzvimbo dzekutenga. Inoita otomatiki kutenderera kwakatwasuka uye yakashandura nzvimbo dzakaungana.
- Emergency stairs: Zvivako zvekubatsira, zvinowanzogadzirwa nesimbi, zvakabatanidzwa kune facades kuti zvive nechokwadi chekubuda nokukurumidza. Zvakanyanya kufanana nemaguta eAmerica.
Iyo staircase mune yemazuva ano architecture: kutaura uye minimalism
Kwezana ramakore rapfuura, masitepisi akashanduka kubva pakuva nyore kushanda mhinduro kusvika pakuva madhizaini echokwadi edhizaini uye yeaesthetic kutaura. Vagadziri vezvivakwa uye vagadziri vakaongorora zvese zvavanogona, vachivashandura kuita zvidimbu zvakakosha zvinotsanangura kuzivikanwa kwechivako kana nharaunda yemukati.
Chirevo chemaitiro aya ndeyeCasa Malaparte muCapri, basa remugadziri Adalberto Libera, ane denga remasitepisi anotsanangurazve nzvimbo uye anopa imba imba. chimiro chemaonero, atari uye chinhu chekuveza. Tsika yekukwira nhanho dzayo, kutamba kwemaonero, uye kudyidzana nemhoteredzo yechisikigo inoisa masitepisi sechinhu chakashongedzwa nechiratidzo uye simba renzvimbo.
Evolution haina kuganhurirwa kuchimiro: Shanduko yesimbi, handrails uye kupera kunoratidzawo hutsva hwekunaka uye tekinoroji kukosha. Kubva pamatombo akavezwa kana njanji yehuni, takaenda kune zvigadziriso zvakareruka uye zvisinganzwisisike, tichishandisa girazi, simbi isina simbi, kana kutobvisa njanji mumasitepisi anoyangarara kuti tiwedzere kureruka kwekuona uye minimalism. Kushandiswa kweformwork kongiri kwakabvumira kubuda kweanoshamisa masitepisi ehelical muzana ramakore rechi20, zvino zvakajairika munzvimbo dzese dzeveruzhinji uye dzimba dzekugara.
Zvinhu zvemazuva ano uye zvinopera
Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvemazuva ano kwakasundira miganhu yekugadzira mukugadzira staircase. Girazi rakapfava, simbi isina tsvina, uye kongiri yakakandwa zvinobvumira zvimiro zvinoita sezvinopesana negiravhiti, semasitepisi anoyangarara apo nhanho imwe neimwe inomisikidzwa kumadziro chete, kubvisa chero chimiro chinooneka.
Uyewo, Iyo yekupedzisa kwepamusoro uye sarudzo yezvinhu zvinokanganisa kupenya, hunhu hwekuona uye kuona kwenzvimbo. Lacquered huni inogadzira inodziya uye inoyevedza nharaunda, nepo pendi yesimbi inoshandura masitepisi kuita zvidimbu zvine hunyanzvi hwekuzivikanwa. Titanium uye zvimwe zvekucheka-kumucheto zvinhu zvinovhura mikana mitsva yekusimba uye chimiro.
Adaptability uye kushanda: masitepisi enzvimbo diki uye kuwanikwa
Mhinduro dzazvino dzinotsvaga kukwirisa nzvimbo pasina kupa aesthetics kana kuwanikwa. Kupeta, kudzoreka, uye masitepisi anoyangarara anotendera iwe kutora mukana wekona yega yega, uku uchisimudzira mwenje wechisikigo uye pfungwa yekufara.
Mundima yekusvikika, kubatanidzwa kwema mechanical stairlifts uye dhizaini ine vashandisi vese mupfungwa inoratidza kuzvipira kune inosanganisirwa uye yakachengeteka yekuvaka. Iwo maitiro anosanganisa kushanda pamwe neaesthetics kuve nechokwadi chekufamba kwakanaka pamatanho akasiyana.
Ukuwo, munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, escalator uye ramps zvakakosha, Kubatanidza zvine hushamwari munzvimbo dzekutenga, zviteshi, uye zvivakwa zvinofamba-famba zvakanyanya, nokudaro zvichifambisa kuyerera kwevanhu uye nekuvandudza ruzivo rwemushandisi.
Masitepisi ekunze uye mifananidzo mikuru yemudhorobha
Masitepisi ekunze anoitawo basa rakakosha munzvimbo yemaguta uye zvivakwa zveveruzhinji. Iyo yekunze escalator paCentre Georges Pompidou muParis, semuenzaniso, chiratidzo chinosanganisa mashandiro uye aesthetics, inoshanda sechinhu chakasiyana chenzvimbo uye chiratidzo chekuvandudza.
Makuru masitepisi, akadai seaya etemberi, mamuseum uye mabasa eunyanzvi akadai se Vessel MuNew York, vanoratidza sei staircase inogona kuva chinhu chekuvapo, kusangana uye kufungisisa munzvimbo dzakashama. Dhizaini yaro haingogadzirise mabasa anobatsira, asiwo inowedzera kukosha kwekuona uye kwekufananidzira kumaguta.