Gore negore mamwe marudzi emhuka anotsakatika zvachose, kunyange zvazvo pakutanga ichi chiri chiitiko chemusikirwo, nhasi mhuka idzi dziri kutyisidzirwa kunyanya nekupindira kwevanhu muzvisikwa zvose, dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pe Mhando dzakatsakatika pano chete.
Mhando dzakatsakatika
Kutsakatika kwezvipenyu chiitiko chakajairika, chinoitika kunyange nguva refu munhu asati auya munyika uye tinotaura zvakananga apo mufananidzo wekupedzisira wemhuri yemhuka unoparara. Kunyangwe zvaigonawo kutariswa kana pachine dzimwe mhuka dzemhuri iyi, asi nezvikonzero zvakasiyana, hadzina kukwanisa kubereka vana uye kuchengetedza mhando.
Kutsakatika kwakaitika kwemamiriyoni emakore kusvika kumamiriyoni emarudzi akasiyana emhuka uye izvi zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, semuenzaniso; Pane dzidziso yekuti madhinosaurs akatsakatika nekuda kwekudhumhana kweasteroid nenyika, kwakauraya vanhu vese ava. Zvisinei, chikonzero chikuru chinonzi chiri kutsakatika kwemarudzi mumazana emakore achangopfuura isimba revanhu.
Vakawanda vanotenda kuti izvi mhuka dzisisipo yakanyangarika makore mazhinji apfuura uye kuti chiitiko ichi hachichaitike nhasi, asi chokwadi chakasiyana, nekuti kunyangwe paine mienzaniso yakawanda iyo yakaparara hupenyu hwaive mamiriyoni emakore apfuura uye kutsakatika kwavo kwakakonzerwa nezvikonzero zvechisikigo, chokwadi ndechekuti nhasi nhasi izvi zvinoitika. kakawanda kupfuura zvinotendwa.
Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti zviuru zvemhuka dzakasiyana dzinofa zuva rega rega, izvo zvinovhura nzira yekuwedzera kwechikamu che Mhando dzakatsakatika gore negore. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nhasi kune marudzi akawanda emhuka ari mungozi yokutsakatika.
Chakanyanya kutyisa pane zvese izvi ndechekuti hazvisi zvese izvi zvidhori zvinove zverimwe boka retaxonomic kana yeimwe dunhu, asi kuti mhuka dziri munjodzi dzine hunhu hwakasiyana uye dzakapararira pasirese, zvichipa kupera. Megadiversity zvezvipenyu munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi.
Zvinokonzera Kutsakatika
Pakutanga, kuderera kwezvipenyu kunokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakasikwa, zvingave nechimwe chiitiko kana chiitiko chine chekuita nemasimba anopesvedzera zvinhu zvese zvepasi.
Muchikamu izvi zvakare zvakashanda kudzora huwandu hwemhando dziripo uye sekusarudzwa kwechisikigo, uko zvienzaniso zvakanga zvisina hunhu hunodiwa kuti urarame zvakaonekwa, zvichipa nzira kukuchengetedzwa kwemarudzi ane hunhu hunodiwa kuti urarame nemamiriro ekunze.
Zvisinei, tinofanira kuziva kuti nhamba Mhando dzakatsakatika yakawedzera zvakanyanya mumazana emakore apfuura uye izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa neruremekedzo rwemunhu pasi pano, sezvo mhedzisiro Kuora kwezvakatipoteredza vane simba guru kwazvo panyika uye marudzi ose ezvisikwa zvipenyu, kunyanya mhuka.
Kuwanda kwe mhuka dzakatsakatika nomunhu yakakura kwazvo uye zvikonzero zvakonzera izvi zvakawanda, munhu ane mhosva zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga, sezvo kuvhima nekutengesa kwemhuka (kungave kuwana matehwe adzo kana kuvabata kuti vazvichengete semhuka dzinovaraidza), chinhu chikuru kwazvo. chiitiko chinozivikanwa nhasi uye chinogona kuitika chero kupi zvako munyika nemhando dzakawanda dzemhuka.
Nekune rimwe divi, kusvibiswa, kuwandisa kwevanhu, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda (zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nemabasa evanhu), zvinogonawo kukanganisa zvakanyanya kutsakatika kwemarudzi, sezvo izvi zvichikonzera kuparara kwezvipenyu zvakawanda uye nekudaro, kufa kwemarudzi mazhinji ezvipenyu. zvisikwa.
Ndedzipi Mhuka Dzakatsakatika?
Parizvino zvinotendwa kuti kune marudzi mazhinji anotsakatika mugore, paavhareji inofungidzirwa kuti kune 5, zvisinei, nhamba iyi inogona kutopetwa kaviri nekuda kwekumhanya kunotyisa uko mhuka dzinofa zuva nezuva. Kune mafambiro emagariro anoita kuti vanhu vazive nezvekutsakatika kwemarudzi, zvisinei, pane imwe kana imwe inotarisa pane imwe mhando.
Semuenzaniso, kune "Chengetedza Matatya" kufamba, nekuti maererano nezvidzidzo, kana paine kuderera kukuru kwematatya kana mamwe amphibians, mamwe marudzi mazhinji emhuka anokanganisawo, zvese izvi zvinotungamira mukufa kwemhuka zhinji nezvimwe zvipenyu. .
Heino runyoro rwemhando gumi dze mhuka dzichangobva kutsakatika nevamwe vakawanda vakaparara mamiriyoni emakore apfuura.
- Irish elk: Nzvimbo chaiyo yekwakabva mhuka iyi haizivikanwe uye zita rinouya zvakanyanya nekuti iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yakawanikwa zvisaririra zvakawanda. Yakanga iri mhezi huru kwazvo yave ichizivikanwa uye chinhu chakasiyana kwazvo, kunze kwekureba kwayo, inogona kunge iri nyanga dzayo huru dzaigona kutopfuura kureba kwemuviri wayo.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti nyanga dzechirume dzaidonha munguva yekusangana, kuti dzikure zvakare mukati menguva ingangoita gore. Inofungidzirwa kuti maitiro emhando iyi akanga asina kunyanya kusiyana nemhembwe dzakafanana, dzakaramba dziri mumapoka uye dzichiteerera chero kuona kwemuvengi ari pedyo.
Pakati pezvidzidzo zvakaitwa pane akati wandei zvikonzero zvekutsakatika kwemhuka idzi, asi chinonyanya kuitika uye chinogamuchirwa nenyanzvi ndechekuti paigona kuve neshanduko muchimiro chezvirimwa zvakawanda zvakashanda sechikafu chemhashu idzi uye. kuti kutenda kune Izvi hazvina kuwana chikafu chinodiwa kuti urarame.
- bucardo: Kubva panguva yenguva (apo munhu weNeanderthal aitonga pasi), mhuka iyi yaikosheswa zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuti munhu aivhima zvikuru sezvo yaibatanidzwa muzvokudya zvake zvenguva dzose. Yaivawo mhuka yaitambudzwa zvikuru nekuda kwehukukutu hwayaiva nahwo uye kuti vavhimi vazhinji vaida kuva nayo pakuratidzwa kwavo.
Kunyangwe kutengeswa kwezvipenyu izvi kwaive nezvakawanda zvekuita nekutsakatika kwadzo, chimwe chikonzero chaive chakanyanya kukosha kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kutenderera pasirese uye izvi zvakakonzera kushomeka kwekudya kunovaka muviri, nekudaro kukakavara kunokodzera chikafu chidiki icho. kwakanga kune kwomuzvarirwo zvikuru uye ikoku kwakavamanikidzira kutarisana nemarudzi anoarova muhukuru nesimba, nokukurumidza achivatungamirira kurufu rwavo.
Yaionekwa semhando yakatsakatika zviri pamutemo muna 2000, apo mufananidzo wayo wekupedzisira wakafa muEurope.
- Caribbean monk seal: Sezvinoratidzwa nezita ravo, mhuka idzi dzakawanikwa zvakanyanya mukuwedzerwa kweGungwa reCaribbean, kunyanya pamhenderekedzo yezvitsuwa zvakadai seCuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica nePuerto Rico.
Pakutanga, vafambisi vezvikepe vakafunga kuti ishumba yegungwa (iyo iri kumahombekombe enyika dzeSouth America), zvisinei, mushure mechinguva yakaonekwa semhando yakasiyana. Mufambisi wezvikepe Christopher Columbus aiva mumwe wevakatanga kunyora mhuka iyi, akairondedzera semufananidzo wakaisvonaka, ane mafungiro akanyanya kuzvidzora uye ganda rakakwana remvere.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekutsakatika kwayo, sezvo kushambadza kwakapihwa kune veEuropean colonizers kwakakurumidza kutsvaga uye kutora kwayo kuita purofiti. Kunyange zvazvo yaivhimwawo semhuka inounganidzwa uye nekuti yaitenda kuti inotyisa kuchengetedza marudzi akasiyana ehove.
- Saber-toothed tiger: Yakanga iri imwe yemhuka dzakasimba uye dzakasimba zvikuru dzakanga dziriko, iyi yakanga iri betsero huru apo yakasvika pakuwana zvokudya zvayo, sezvo kudya kwayo kwakavakirwa pamhuka huru, dzakadai sebhiza, ngamera, nyati uye kunyange mammoth makuru, idzo dzavaidya. akanga ari marudzi aifanira kushandisa simba rawo rose kuawisira pasi kana kuti kwechinguvana kuashamisa, angove akareba zvakakwana kurwisa imwe nzvimbo inokosha.
Yakasiyana nekuve nemazino makuru ayo akareba kusvika masendimita gumi nemanomwe, asi ayo avaishandisa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akakosha kana kutanga kurwisa kunouraya pamhuka yavo, nekuti kana vakamanikidzwa zvakanyanya vaigona kubvisa kubva chingamu.
Chikonzero chikuru chekutsakatika kwayo ndeyekuda kuziva, izvo zvakaitika mushure memakore akati wandei umo mhuka yayo huru yakatsakatika kana kutamira kune imwe. Biomes, ipapo kudya kwayo kukuru kwakakanganisika zvikuru uye nokuda kwechisikwa chipenyu chiduku chayakaputira chakanga chisina kukwana, chichivatungamirira kukutsakatika kwavo chose chose.
- woolly mammoth: Inozivikanwa seimwe yemhuka hombe dzinoyamwisa dzakararama munguva yechando, yakanga ine makushe akawanda akatenderedza muviri wayo wese, ayo aiidzivirira kubva kune tembiricha yakaderera yaive munzvimbo iyi uye mazino ayo makuru aidzivirira kubva kune dzingango paradza. sezvo muchiitiko chekurova chibhakera, izvi zvinogona kuuraya muzviitiko zvakawanda.
Kunyangwe iwe uri Mhando dzakatsakatika Dzakanga dzine ngozi zvikuru pakutarisana nomuvengi, dzinozivikanwawo semhuka dzine rugare dzaidya zvinomera nemichero izvo zvaigona kusvika. Mapoka ainyanya kuumbwa nehadzi uye mamwe vana aiwanzoungana, hono dzichienda kana dzakura.
Kune dzidziso dzakawanda dzine chekuita nekutsakatika kwerudzi urwu, munhu anogona kunge ari kuvhima nevanhu kuti vachengete matehwe avo sejasi uye vadye mafuta avo, imwe ingave yekuti kana nguva yechando yasvika kumagumo, mhuka idzi hadzina kugona kujairana. mamiriro ekunze matsva.
- Mapani Mbizi: Nyaya yerudzi urwu rwakanyanya, sezvo iri imwe yemhuka shoma idzo sainzi yakakwanisa kudzosa kubva mukutsakatika. Izvi zvakamira sei? Iwe unogona kushamisika, muchidimbu, kune akati wandei mapurogiramu esainzi akaedza kudzoreredza mhuka zhinji dzakatsakatika zvichienderana neDNA yakawanikwa kubva kumhuka, kunyangwe zviri zvibodzwa zvakaoma, mune iyi nyaya tinogona kutaura kuti yakabudirira zvishoma.
Yakanga iri mhuka inozivikanwawo seQuagga, yakabva pakuvhiringika nembizi, kuzoonekwa semhuka yakaparadzana nerudzi urwu uye pakupedzisira yakatorwa semhuri yakananga yembizi. Yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru nokuda kwemavara ayo akasiyana-siyana uye nzira yakanyanyisa iyo mitsetse yayo yakanga yakamira, ichienda nepakati pehafu yepamusoro uye inenge ichinyangarika muhafu yepasi.
Mhuka iyi yakabva yatsakatika pamaoko emunhu, nekuda kwekuvhima kwakasiyana kwakakonzera kutsakatika kwave pedyo. Pavaivhimwa kwaiva kuwana nyama yavo sechikafu uye ganda ravo rekugadzira zvipfeko, sezvo ichi chakanga chakasimba kupfuura dehwe redzimwe mhuka. Kuwedzera pane izvozvo ndivo vainyanya kurwiswa mukuvhima kukuru kuti vabvise mhuka dzemubani uye kuti mombe dzive nenzvimbo.
- Dodo: Imwe yeshiri dzinonyanya kuwirirana nadzo Mhando dzakatsakatika, nguva yekuvapo kwavo uye kupararira munyika yose yakatora nguva shoma shoma, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva kune shiri idzi haruna zvakawanda. Vaibva kuzvitsuwa zviri muIndian Ocean, asi pashure pokunge vawana, vakatamisirwa kuEurope, kwavasina kugara kwenguva refu.
Dzakanga dziri mhuka dzakapfava uye dzinodzoreka, nokuti munzvimbo yadzo yepakutanga dzakanga dzisina zvikara uye ndokusaka dzakakura pasina shungu dzokuva vakangwarira nguva dzose, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi zvakanga zviri nyore kuti vanhu vadzibvise nokuzvifambisa, vachitora. mhuka ine urombo kusvika pakupera kwayo kwekupedzisira.
Pamuviri dzakanga dzakakura kudarika shiri dziri pakati nepakati uye dzaiva neunhu hunogona kuenzaniswa nedzimwe mhuka, dzakadai sechimiro chemuviri chakaita seyehuku, asi yakakura uye ichirema, nepo muromo wakaita sewe toucan, unosvika kupfuura kunyange 20 masendimita pakureba. Makumbo avo mapfupi aitoita kuti vafambe zvakapusa, asi vaive nesimba rakakwana rekuita kuti vamhanye.
- imperial auk: Inozivikanwa sepenguin hombe yati yamborarama, yaive nechitarisiko chakafanana neyeiyo penguin yakajairika (iyo yakapihwa zita iro mushure mekutsakatika kweAlca), ine mvere chena padumbu uye dema pamapapiro uye kumashure, ine chimiro chaigonawo kufanana neshavi nokuda kwenzira yaro yokutuhwina, yakarara nedumbu rayo, ichivanza mapapiro ayo uye ichizvifambisa mumvura nemakumbo ayo.
Mhuka iyi, semamwe akawanda, yakazoita rombo rakaipa zvikuru nekupona kwayo, ichizviona yave parumananzombe apo yakaonekwa nevanhu, vaishuvira kuwana ganda rayo nenyama kuti vabatsirike nayo.
Chinhu chakange chakonzerawo kutsakatika kwayo ndechekuti kubereka kwacho kwakatora nguva yakareba, nekuti murume aingova nemudiwa mumwe chete uye aiisa zai rimwe chete, pamwe chete nenguva yakareba yekuzvitakura, mikana yekuti zai rirasikirwe. kana kubiwa, akanga akakwirira zvikuru.
- Gungwa Raven: Iyo inozivikanwawo oystercatcher canary, munguva yayo yaizivikanwa seshiri inoshamisa uye isingawanzoitiki pakati pezvimwe zvienzaniso, subspecies kubva kune black oystercatcher, nemusiyano wekuva neminhenga michena mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemuviri wayo.
Chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti kuve Mhando dzakatsakatika Kwakanga kuri nemhaka yokupinda kwemhoteredzo yadzo yemhoteredzo nokuchinjwa kwamaoko omunhu namamwe marudzi akauya naye, mukuwedzera kuidi rokuti kubatwa kwehove kwakasiya shiri idzi dzisina manyuko akanaka ezvokudya zvokuzviraramisa.
Zvose izvi zvikonzero zvakamanikidza mhuka iyi kuchinja nzvimbo yaro, inofungidzirwa kuti yakanga isingakwanisi kugadzirisa kune chero nzvimbo uye kuti izvi ndizvo zvakagumisa kuparara kwavo.
- Japanese Sea Shumba: Urwu rudzi rwemhuka, kunyange zvazvo kutsakatika kwarwo rwakaitwa zviri pamutemo kuma70, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinovimbisa kuti chaizvoizvo dzakangotama kwadzinogara uye kana zvakadaro hazvizivikanwi kuti dziri kupi kusvikira nhasi.
Nyanzvi dzakanga dzisina chokwadi zvachose padziritsanangura semhando yakasununguka, zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kuitwa mushure mokunge mamwe maitiro asina kufanana nemamwe marudzi ezvisimbiso neshumba dzegungwa. Zita rayo rakapiwa nekuda kwekuti vakafamba nemumakungwa nemahombekombe eJapan, uye dzimwe nyika dzeAsia.
Ndivo vaive vavariro yekuongorora kwakawanda kwezvinangwa zvekuredza, nekuti nyama yavo neganda zvaive nezvinhu zvakawanda zvaishandiswa kugadzira mafuta ekuzora, mugore rimwe chete zviuru zvemhuka dzerudzi urwu zvaigona kuwanikwa, izvo zvaigona kuzvitora nekukurumidza. kusvika pakutsakatika, izvi chete kana vakatsakatika zvachose.
Mhuka dziri pedyo nekuve Extinct Species
Pakutanga, zvipenyu zvese zvinoberekerwa mubiome yavanochinjirwa nekusarudzika, kana vachinja pekugara zvinowanzoitika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Semuyenzaniso; kune mhuka dzinoda kutamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo kutiza kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoitika munharaunda imwe neimwe, seshiri.
Kune rumwe rutivi, chokwadi chakajairika ndechekuti nzvimbo yekugara yemhuka idzi inoshandurwa neimwe nzira, nguva zhinji imhaka yezvimwe zviitiko zvechisikigo uye ecosystem inodzokera kumamiriro ayo echisikigo munguva isiri chaiyo yenguva, zvisinei. nguva pfupi yadarika chiitiko ichi chinoitika mumaoko emunhu nehunhu hwevanhu, nekuti kana munhu achienda kunzvimbo yechisikigo, anoishandura zvachose uye marudzi anogara imomo anokanganiswa zvakanyanya.
Kunyangwe mhuka dzinotevera dzisiri pane rondedzero ye Mhando dzakatsakatika, vari pedyo zvikuru nokuva mairi, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvinotungamirira mhuka kukutsakatika nhasi.
- Mhuka yekunechando
- Chimpanzi
- white rhino
- Panda
- Red tuna
- Gorilla
- Sumatra ingwe
- bornean orangutan