Mayunivhesiti eAmerica: nhoroondo, mavambo uye shanduko

  • Mayunivhesiti ekutanga ekuAmerica akatanga muzana remakore rechi16 pasi pehutongi hwakasimba hwechechi nehumambo, achitevera muenzaniso weSalamanca.
  • Muzana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, yunivhesiti yakatanga kusatevedzera dzidziso dzechitendero, hunyanzvi, uye, neCórdoba Reform, yakagadzira nzira yekuzvitonga uye kutora chikamu kwevadzidzi.
  • Muzana remakore rechi20, kuwedzera kukuru uye mitemo ye neoliberal yakakurudzira kubatanidzwa kwemakambani, kuongorora kwakarongeka, uye kufunga kwebhizinesi mudzidzo yepamusoro.
  • Nhasi uno, mayunivhesiti ekare anoshandiswa pamwe chete nemapurojekiti akasiyana neevanhu veko, pakati pekusawirirana pakati pemusika, kubatanidzwa kwevanhu munharaunda uye kushandira veruzhinji.
Postposmo

24 maminitsi

Mayunivhesiti eAmerica

ari mayunivhesiti eAmerica Kwemakore anoda kusvika mazana mashanu emakore, vakaumba tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro evanhu, uye zvesainzi zvekondinendi. Kubva kumayunivhesiti ekutanga ekoloni, akabatana nemirairo yechitendero neCrown, kusvika kumasangano makuru aripo iye zvino akazadzwa nemusika wepasi rose, dzidzo yepamusoro yave iri yechokwadi. thermometer yenhoroondo yeLatin AmericaKunzwisisa kuti vakazvarwa sei, kuti vakachinja sei, uye basa ravanoita nhasi ndizvo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa kukura kweLatin America neCaribbean.

Nekufamba kwenguva, masangano aya akashanduka kubva pakuva dzimba dzepamusoro dzevapfumi uko vanhu vepamusoro vekoloni vakadzidziswa, masangano aya ave nzvimbo dzekukurudzira demokrasi, gakava rezvematongerwo enyika, kugadzirwa kwesainzi, uye kusawirirana nemapurojekiti e-neoliberal uye kutengeserana nemakambani. Nekudaro, mayunivhesiti mazhinji ekuAmerica ikozvino ari pakati peanotungamira. international rankingsukuwo vachisangana nematambudziko makuru ekusaenzana, kupatsanurwa uye kutengeswa kwedzidzo yepamusoro.

Kuzvarwa kwemayunivhesiti muAmerica: kubva kudzimba dzemakonsati kusvika kudzimba dzehumambo

Kutanga kwedzidzo yeyunivhesiti muLatin America kwakaitika nguva pfupi mushure mekusvika kwe Christopher Columbus muna 1492Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo dzedzidzo yepamusoro dzaivapo mutsika dzepakutanga—dzakadai sedze Aztec Calmécacuko vakadzidza vanhu vepamusoro veMexico, muenzaniso weyunivhesiti wakaitwa ndiwo wakaunzwa nevakundi, wakafuridzirwa kupfuura zvese ne Universidad de Salamanca uye mutsika dzechiHispanic.

Nzvimbo yekutanga yeyunivhesiti padanho repamusoro mukondinendi yaive Yunivhesiti yeRoyal nePontifical yeSaint Thomas Aquinas, muSanto Domingo, pachitsuwa cheHispaniola (zvino yava Dominican Republic). Yakavakwa pa 28 1538 October muchechi yeSanto Domingo, yakagadzirwa nenzombe In apostolatus culminamineYakapihwa naPapa Pauro wechitatu. Yunivhesiti iyi, yerudzi rwemachechi uye inotongwa neOrder of Preachers (Dominicans), yakaratidza kutanga kwenzvimbo refu dzezvidzidzo zvevoruzhinji mukondinendi.

Muna 1551, mayunivhesiti maviri akakosha akavambwa, ayo achiri kushanda uye ari kushanda sezviyero zvemazuva ano. Kune rumwe rutivi, Yunivhesiti yeRoyal and Pontifical yeGuta reMadzimambo eLimaYakagadzwa nemutemo wehumambo wemusi wa12 Chivabvu, 1551, wakabudiswa muValladolid. Dzimba dzayo dzekudzidzisa dzakavhurwa musi wa2 Ndira, 1553, pasi pehutongi hweDominican. Muna 1571, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo akaiparadzanisa neimba yemachechi ndokuipa zita rekuti San MarcosNhasi ndiyo National University yeSan Marcos, anoonekwa se "Dean weAmerica".

Gore iroro Yunivhesiti yeRoyal nePontifical yeMexicoYakavambwa nemutemo wehumambo wakapihwa muToro ndokusainwa naCharles I nemwanakomana wake Philip II. Zvidzidzo zvayo zvakatanga musi wa3 Chikumi 1553, zvikavhurwa nemutauro wechiLatin waFrancisco Cervantes de Salazar. Nekufamba kwenguva, sangano iroro rakashanduka kuita iro riripo iye zvino. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), imwe yemayunivhesiti ane simba guru munyika inotaura chiSpanish.

Munguva yehutongi hwekoloni, pakati pa1538 na1812, misha yakatangwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Mayunivhesiti makumi matatu nemaviri munzvimbo dzeSpain muAmericaChechi, mapoka echitendero (vaDominicans, maJesuit, maAugustinian) neCrown vakaita basa guru mukusika kwavo, kuwana mari uye kutonga, kazhinji vachivaisa mu machechi echivanhu, makoreji eyunivhesiti kana maseminari.

Main colonial universities: mazuva, maodha uye shanduko

Nzvimbo yemayunivhesiti ekoloni yakavakwa zvishoma nezvishoma, ichibatanidza hwaro hwemadzimambo, mapapa, mabhishopi, uye chitendero. Mazhinji emayunivhesiti aya akachinja zita rawo, chinzvimbo, uye maitiro awo, asi achiri kushanda semasangano emazuva ano.

Pakati pezvinhu zvekutanga uye zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvizvi:

  • Royal uye Pontifical University yeSantiago de la Paz y Gorjón (Santo Domingo, 1558). Yakavambwa nemidziyo yakapihwa naHernando de Gorjón uye chirevo chamambo chakabva kuna Philip II. Gare gare, maJesuit akaimutsazve kuburikidza nechirevo chakabva kuna Ferdinand VI (1747) uye nzombe yakabva kuna Benedict XIV (1748). Yakanyangarika muna 1767 nekudzingwa kweSosaiti yaJesu.
  • Yunivhesiti yeDominican Studies yaMai Vedu veRozari (Santa Fe de Bogotá, New Granada -zvino yava Colombia-, 1580). Gregory XIII, nenzombe Romanus PontifexYakavambwa seYunivhesiti yeGeneral Studies muDominican convent yeEl Rosario. Philip IV akasimbisa kuvapo kwayo muna 1630 nemurairo wamambo. Ndiyo yakatangira yunivhesiti yeThomistic muColombia.
  • Koreji yeSaint Thomas Aquinas (Guadalajara, Nueva Galicia, 1586). Yakatanga sekoreji yevaJesuit nekuda kwezvipo zvakabva kuna Canon Simón Ruiz Conejero. Yakawana mapurofesa muFilosofi, Theology, uye gare gare Rhetoric. Kubva muna 1699 kusvika 1767, yakapa madhigirii eyunivhesiti, kusvika vaJesuit vadzingwa.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Fulgencio (Quito, 1586), yakabatana neOrder of Saint Augustine. Yakavakwa nenzombe yaPaul V, kubva muna 1603, mukoreji yeAugustinian yeguta.
  • Yunivhesiti yePontifical yeSaint Thomas Aquinas (Santiago, Chile, 1619). Chirevo chaPapa chaPaul V chakabvumira maDominican kuti vape madhigirii eyunivhesiti kumakoreji avo ekuAmerica, chero bedzi ari kure nemakiromita anopfuura 200 kubva kuLima neMexico City. Koreji yeDominican muSantiago yakava yunivhesiti muna 1622 uye yakapihwa madhigirii kusvika muna 1747.
  • University of Córdoba (Córdoba, 1621, Argentina). Yakavambwa yakabatana neSociety of Jesus uye yakavakirwa pagwaro rapapa raGregory XV. Philip IV akasimbisa simba revaJesuit rekupa madhigirii muna 1622. Mushure mekudzingwa kwechirongwa muna 1767, chakange chave chechihedheni uye nhasi ndicho Yunivhesiti yeNyika yeCórdoba, chikamu chakakosha chekuvandudzwa kweyunivhesiti muna 1918.
  • Yunivhesiti yeRoyal nePontifical yeSt. Gregory the Great (Quito, 1622). Aivimba neseminari yeSan Luis diocesan uye mvumo yaPhilip IV. Akatanga kudzidzisa zviri pamutemo muna 1651 uye muna 1767 akabatana neYunivhesiti yeSanto Tomás de Aquino yeSan Francisco de Quito, iyo yakatangira iyo iripo iye zvino. Universidad Central del Ecuador (1826).
  • Yunivhesiti yePontifical yeSaint Francis Xavier (Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1623). Yakavambwa netsamba yaGregory XV muna 1621, yaive yunivhesiti yevaJesuit yakatsakatikawo muna 1767.
  • Pontifical University yeMérida (Mérida, Yucatán, 1624). Yakabva kukoreji yevaJesuit yakatenderwa naPhilip III (1611), yakava yunivhesiti nekuda kwemutemo wegore ra1621. Yakavharwa muna 1767.
  • Yunivhesiti yeRoyal and Pontifical yeSaint Francis Xavier yeChuquisaca (Charcas, yava kunzi Sucre, Bolivia, 1624). Yakavambwa neSociety of Jesus mushure menguva pfupi ya1621, yakazopedzisira yava yechitendero mushure me1767 uye ichiri kushanda nanhasi se Yunivhesiti yeSan Francisco Xavier yeChuquisaca.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Miguel (Santiago de Chile, c. 1624), zvakare Jesuit, iyo yakadziviswa muna 1738.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Francisco Javier (Guatemala, 1640), imwe sangano reSociety of Jesus, yakabviswa nekuraswa kwehurongwa.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Bernardo (Cuzco, 1648), zvakare Jesuit uye yakavharwa muna 1767.

Muchikamu chekupedzisira chenguva yekoloni, mayunivhesiti akavambwa ainyanya kubatana nesimba rehumambo neremabhishopi:

  • Yunivhesiti yeRoyal nePontifical yeSan Carlos Borromeo (Guatemala, 1676), yakagadzwa nemurairo waCharles II. Muna 1687, Innocent XI akaipa zita rekuti Papa. Ndiro chigaro chemazuva ano Yunivhesiti yeSan Carlos yeGuatemala, ndiyo yekare kupfuura dzose muCentral America.
  • Royal uye Pontifical University yeSan Cristóbal de Huamanga (Huamanga, yava Ayacucho, Peru, 1677), yakatangwa naBhishopi Cristóbal de Zamora y Castilla uye yakasimbiswa naCharles II muna 1680. Nhasi ndiyo National University yeSan Cristóbal de Huamanga.
  • Yunivhesiti yeRoyal yeSaint Anthony Abbot yeCuzco (Cuzco, 1692), pakutanga yaiva Papa uye gare gare yaiva yehumambo, yakagadzirwa netsamba yaInnocent XII uye chirevo chaCharles II. Mugari wenhaka wayo ndiye Yunivhesiti yeNyika yeSan Antonio Abad yeCusco.
  • Yunivhesiti yeRoyal and Pontifical yeSaint Rose yeLima (Caracas, 1721). Yakatangira paCollege-Seminary yakavambwa muna 1673 naBishop Antonio González de Acuña. Philip V akaipa simba rekupa madhigirii muna 1721, uye muna 1722 Innocent XIII akaiita yunivhesiti yepapa. Kubva muna 1827 zvichienda mberi, yakashanduka kuita Universidad Central de Venezuela.
  • Royal uye Pontifical University yeSan Jerónimo yeHavana (Cuba, 1728). Yakavambwa muSan Juan de Letrán, iri ndiro rakatangira rimwe razvino. Universidad de La Habana.
  • Yunivhesiti yeUmambo yeSan Felipe (Santiago de Chile, 1728), yakatangwa nemurairo waPhilip V. Yakatanga hurukuro dzayo muna 1758 ndokuva sangano remazuva ano Universidad de Chile, yakagadzwa zviri pamutemo muna 1842 seyunivhesiti yeRepublican.
  • Yunivhesiti yeUmambo yeGuadalajara (Guadalajara, Nueva Galicia, 1791), inopihwa mari zvakanyanya naFriar Antonio Alcalde uye chirevo chehumambo kubva kuna Charles IV. Yakatangwa muna 1792 uye nhasi ndiyo Universidad de Guadalajara.
  • Royal University yeSan Buenaventura yeMérida de los Caballeros (Mérida, Venezuela, 1810), yakavakirwa paRoyal College of San Buenaventura (1789). Yakagamuchira mvumo yekupa madhigirii muna 1806 uye yakakwidziridzwa kusvika pachinzvimbo cheyunivhesiti neSuperior Board of Mérida. Ndiyo mavambo ezvino Universidad de Los Andes.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Ramón Nonato de León (León, Nicaragua, 1812), yunivhesiti yekupedzisira pasi pehutongi hweSpain muAmerica, yakagadzirwa nemutemo weCortes of Cádiz kubva kuSan Ramón Nonato Seminary College. Mutsivi wayo ndiye Yunivhesiti yeNational Autonomous yeNicaragua.

Nzvimbo iyi yemasangano inoratidza kuti yunivhesiti yekoloni, kusvika pamwero mukuru, yaive sei kuwedzerwa kwemidziyo yeumambo neyechechi, nedhipatimendi revanachiremba vaiva nemwero wakati wekuzvitonga, asi vaitungamirirwa zvakanyanya nevakuru vehurumende nevechitendero.

Muenzaniso weSpain uye kusavapo kwemayunivhesiti muBrazil yekoloni

Munzvimbo dzeHispanic, pfungwa yekuti yunivhesiti sebasa reveruzhinjiYakatsigirwa nemari kana kudzivirirwa neMambo, kunyange zvazvo yaidzorwa zvakanyanya neChechi. Muenzaniso mukuru waive weSalamanca, ine simba guru re Dzidziso yezvechitendero, Mutemo, Hunyanzvi uye Mishonga, vakadzidziswa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwehupurofesa, izvo zvakapa purofesa mukana wekuzvisarudzira, nokudaro zvichisimbisa kusazvibata kwetsika uye zvichikanganisa kubatanidzwa kwesainzi yemazuva ano.

Kusiyana neizvi, umambo hwePortugal hwakasarudza mutemo wepakati nepakati: dzidzo yepamusoro yakaramba iri mu Yunivhesiti yeCoimbra uye kuumbwa kwemayunivhesiti muBrazil kwakarambidzwa. Kwakamboedzwa zvikakundikana munguva yehutongi hwevakoloni, uye pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 zvakatotaurwa kuti kuvambwa kweyunivhesiti "hakuna kupindura chero chinodiwa chaicho" chenyika. Muna 1930 chete ndipo pakabatanidzwa yunivhesiti huru yekutanga yeBrazil mupfungwa yemazuva ano, iyo Universidade de São Paulo (USP)kubatanidza maticha nezvikoro zviripo.

Musiyano uyu unotsanangura chikonzero nei, munhoroondo, mayunivhesiti ekuLatin America aitevera maitiro asina kujeka zvakanyanya ChiSpanish neveruzhinjiPanguva iyi, kuNorth America, pasi pehutongi hweChirungu, mayunivhesiti akazvimirira akatanga kubva muzana remakore rechi17 zvichienda mberi.

Mayunivhesiti eHurumende Yekare: kutonga, elitism uye shanduko dzekutanga

Mukati mezana remakore rechi16 kusvika rechi18, mayunivhesiti munzvimbo dzeSpain nePortugal akanga avharirwa mu Iberian Ancien RégimeKucherwa kukuru kwesimbi nezviwanikwa kubva kuAmerica kwakasunungura vanhu vepamusoro pamutoro wekusimudzira shanduko dzehupfumi nedzidzo. Sezvinoratidzwa nenhoroondo, boka renhoroondo reSpain nePortugal rakanonotsa shanduko kuenda kumazuva ano kwemazana matatu emakore, uye yunivhesiti iyi yaive imwe yemasangano akatambura zvakanyanya.

Mayunivhesiti emukoloni, maererano nekugadzirwa, aishandiswa masangano akasiyana ane godo nekuda kwekutonga kwawoVanyori veyunivhesiti vakadzivirira kutonga kwavo kwepfungwa nebasa ravo guru senzira yekuenda kumabasa muhutongi hwekoloni. Izvi zvakabatsira pakudzivirira kuumbwa kwemamwe masangano akafanana uye kuparadzanisa mayunivhesiti kubva kune zvinodiwa zvevanhu.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kuedza kuunza zvinhu zvitsva kwakanga kwatonyorwa kare muzana remakore rechi17. Yunivhesiti yeSan Carlos yeGuatemala Uye muMexico makaitwa kuedza kukurukura pfungwa dzaRené Descartes, Isaac Newton, French Enlightenment, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seanatomy, hydraulics, uye masvomhu. Izvi zvaive kuedza kukurukura pfungwa dzaRené Descartes, Isaac Newton, French Enlightenment, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seanatomy, hydraulics, uye masvomhu. sainzi yemazuva ano munzvimbo ine dzidzo yakasimba, ichitariswa nesimba rechechi.

Panguva imwe chete, zvipingamupinyi zvakajeka zvekusabatanidzwa zvaive zvichibatanidzwa. Semuenzaniso, muna 1696, Yunivhesiti yeMexico yakarambidza kunyoresa kune vasiri veSpain, zvichisimbisa hunhu hwemasangano aya hwepamusoro uye hwerusaruraganda. Ruzhinji rwevagari vemuIndia, verudzi rwechivanhu, uye vedzinza reAfrica vakabviswa zvachose mukana wekuwana dzidzo yepamusoro.

Muzana remakore rechi18, minda yakaita se zvirimwa, migodhi, kuvhiya, uye masvomhuUye pfungwa dzemafambiro eEnlightenment nerusununguko dzakapinda zvisina kuenzana. Semuenzaniso, paCentral University yeVenezuela, Mambo weRoma akanyatsochenjerera kudzivirira kupararira kwepfungwa "dzinopandukira", asi nharaunda yeyunivhesiti yakazopedzisira yanyora maminetsi ekutsigira maitiro ekusunungurwa. Asi, kazhinji, mayunivhesiti ekoloni haana kutora chikamu chikuru mukurwira kuzvitonga, uye akatoratidza kusazvifarira.

Yunivhesiti yeRepublican yezana remakore rechi19: Kuenderera mberi, Vane Hunhu Hwakanaka, uye Kubudirira

Nerusununguko, vazhinji vevakasunungura vakaona Dzidzo senzira yekuchinja magariro evanhuAsi mukuita, shanduko huru dzeyunivhesiti dzakanonoka kuuya. Nhaka yekoloni yairema zvakanyanya: mayunivhesiti epapa, kutonga kwemabhishopi, simba guru revafundisi mukugadzwa kwemapurofesa, uye mapurogiramu akavakirwa pakudzidza.

Nyanzvi dzakaita saTomás Lander wekuVenezuela dzakatsoropodza chokwadi chekuti mayunivhesiti anoramba ari "echipapa" kwete "enyika," dzichiti mabhishopi aimanikidza zvinyorwa zve geographic kunyangwe kumapurofesa emutemo. Munyika dzakadai seColombia, Peru, neVenezuela pachayo, kwakaedzwa kufambira mberi kune dzidzo inosanganisira vese. zvenyika, zvakasununguka uye zvine chekuita nenyikaZvisinei, mazano aya haana kudzika midzi muzvirongwa zveyunivhesiti.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, maRepublican matsva akasarudza nzira dzehupfumi dzakanangana ne kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa kunze kwenyika (zvigadzirwa zvekurima, zvicherwa, saltpeter, guano). Zvichibatanidzwa nehupfumi hwenyika idzi, Hurumende hadzina kuona yunivhesiti sechishandiso chekusimudzira maindasitiri kana kurima kwesainzi, asi sechishandiso chekudzidzisa vashoma gore rega rega. magweta akawanda, vatungamiriri nemainjiniya zvinodiwa kumidziyo yehurumende nemabhizinesi evanhu vane hunyanzvi.

Vanhu vemadzinza akasiyana-siyana, verudzi rwechivanhu, uye vedzinza reAfrica vakaramba vachitambudzwa hukama hwevanhu hwekuzviisa pasi zvakanyanyaPasina chirongwa chakasimba chedzidzo yevanhu vose uye pasina kumanikidzwa kukuru kuti vapinde yunivhesiti, yakaramba iri nzvimbo yakasimba yevanhu vepamusoro. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19 Mexico, kubva pavanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni masere, mamiriyoni maviri chete ndivo vaiva veSpain kana kuti vemadzinza akasiyana-siyana, uye vashomanana chete ndivo vakapinda yunivhesiti.

Uyezve, muzana remakore rechi19, muenzaniso weGerman Humboldtian—wainyanya kutsvagurudza—hauna kugamuchirwa, asi waive pedyo ne Yunivhesiti yeImperial yeNapoleonicyakaumbwa nezvikoro zvehunyanzvi zvakasiyana. Yunivhesiti yakakamurwa kuita mafakitori nemaacademy ane hunyanzvi hwawo hwemakambani, zvichirasikirwa nepfungwa yekuti yunivhesiti senharaunda yakazara yeruzivo. Sainzi yakapotera mumasangano akasarudzika uye yakaramba iri parutivi pekudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi.

Munyika dzinoverengeka, yunivhesiti pachayo yakazoonekwa seisingakoshi. MuMexico, Mambo Maximilian akadzvinyirira yunivhesiti iyi muna 1865, uye yunivhesiti yenyika yaisazowanikwazve kusvika muna 1910, nekuvambwa kweYunivhesiti itsva yeMexico (yaitangira UNAM yemazuva ano).

Chinjo huru yezana remakore rechi20: shanduko mumayunivhesiti, kuwanda kwevanhu, uye kusawirirana

Zana remakore rechi20 rinova nguva yekuchinja kukuru munhoroondo ye mayunivhesiti eLatin AmericaKubva mumakumi emakore ekutanga, kunyanya muSouthern Cone nenzvimbo dzeAndean, uye gare gare muMexico nedzimwe nyika, masisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi akachinja, nekukura kwemaindasitiri, kukura kwemaguta, uye kubuda kwe vatambi vatsva vemagariro evanhu: vanhu vepakati nepakati, vashandi vemumaguta, varimi vakasunganidzwa pamwe nemasangano emuno.

Munyaya iyi, yunivhesiti inova nzvimbo yekukakavadzana. Muna 1918, mu Yunivhesiti yeCórdoba (Argentina)Kupandukira kwevadzidzi kuri kupikisa zvikuru hurongwa hwekare hweyunivhesiti, huchiri hwakavakirwa muhurongwa hwekoloni. Kuchinja kweYunivhesiti Akazivisa kudiwa kweyunivhesiti inozvimiririra, yedemokrasi, uye isina chekuita nechitendero yakazvipira kuhupenyu hwenyika nehweLatin America.

Pakati pezvaidiwa kubva kuCórdoba—izvo zvakazopararira munharaunda yacho yese—paiva nezvinotevera: kuzvitonga kweyunivhesiti zvematongerwo enyika, zvedzidzo, zvehutungamiriri, uye zvehupfumi; kusarudzwa kwezviremera nenharaunda pachayo (mapurofesa, vadzidzi, vakapedza kudzidza); makwikwi everuzhinji evadzidzisi uye nguva nenguva yehupurofesa; kudzidzisa mahara uye kupinda kusingamanikidzwi; mari yechikoro mahara; kurongeka patsva kwedzidzo uye kuvandudza nzira nezviri mukati; kusvika kuyunivhesiti kunharaunda; uye kuratidzwa kwakajeka kwe basa rekurwisa umambo hwenyika uye reLatin America.

Zvizhinji zvezvikumbiro izvi zvakangozadzikiswa zvishoma. Muna 1919, vadzidzi vepaYunivhesiti yeSan Marcos muLima vakatora chirongwa cheCordoba. MuMexico, kurwira kwevadzidzi kwakaita kuti pave nekutonga kwechikamu muna 1929 uye kuzvitonga kwakazara muna 1933 kuNational University. MuBrazil, National Union of Students yakarwira muma60 kuti pave nekumiririrwa muhutungamiriri hweyunivhesiti, uye mutemo wekuzvitonga wakapasiswa muna 1968.

Panguva imwe chete, nyika dzakatanga kuisa mari mumhando dze budiriro yenyika yehupfumiNguva iyi yakaratidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri ekutsiva zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, kupindira kwakasimba kwehurumende, uye kuwedzera kwemahofisi ehurumende. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekudiwa kuri kukura kwevapedza kudzidza kuyunivhesiti. Nhamba dzekunyoresa dzinoratidza kuwedzera uku: kubva kuvadzidzi vanosvika 279.000 muna 1950 (vashoma 2% yevechidiki vezera reyunivhesiti) kusvika pavanosvika 860.000 muna 1965, nekuwedzera kwakanyanya kuoneka muArgentina, Mexico, Brazil, neChile.

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, mukana wekuwana dzidzo wakanga wawedzera zvakanyanya, kusvika kumamiriyoni evadzidzi uye avhareji yehuwandu hwedzidzo dzakapararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. 30% muLatin AmericaKunyange zvazvo ichiri kure neEurope kana North America, iri pamberi peAsia neAfrica. Yunivhesiti iyi haichave nzvimbo yakavharwa uye yashanduka kuita nzvimbo yakakura, ine dambudziko rekuwedzera kwedzidzo uye miganhu yemari yeruzhinji.

Kutengeserana kwedzidzo yepamusoro nekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika

Kubva kuma80 zvichienda mberi, dambudziko rechikwereti chekunze Izvi zvakashamisa mayunivhesiti ekuLatin America zvikuru. Kudzikiswa kwemari yehurumende, kunyoreswa kwevanhu muzvikoro zvinotungamirwa nehurumende, uye kumanikidzwa nemasangano epasi rose kwakavhura mukana wekuchinja kukuru. kuwedzera kwebazi rakazvimirira.

Munyika dzakaita seBrazil, Ecuador, neMexico, dzidzo yeruzhinji yakatarisana nematambudziko emari, nepo mayunivhesiti nemasangano akazvimirira akabudirira, achiwanzoshanda kuti awane purofiti. Muma1970, chikamu chemakambani akazvimirira ndicho chaitora chikamu chinosvika 30% chevadzidzi vemudunhu; pakasvika gore ra2000, chakanga chapfuura chikamu chemayunivhesiti ehurumende. Semuenzaniso, muBolivia, mayunivhesiti makumi matatu nematatu pamakumi mana nemanomwe aive akazvimirira.

Chile yakasangana nedambudziko guru re neoliberalization yedzidzo Munguva yehudzvanyiriri hwemauto hwema80, kuwanda kwemasangano akazvimirira kwakaita kuti pave nekusawirirana kukuru kune madhigirii aipa mabasa nekukurumidza - Kutungamira, Kutaurirana, Psychology - nemari yechikoro yakasiyana-siyana uye kupatsanurwa kwenzira dzekuwana zvinhu nenzira dzechisimba zvose kudzidzo nekumusika wevashandi. Kukanganisa kwakafanana kwakaonekwa muBrazil, Mexico, nedzimwe nyika.

Mugumisiro wacho waive kukura kwehuwandu mudzidzo yepamusoro pasina kuvandudzika kwakafanana mumhando kana kuenzana. Vimbiso yeyunivhesiti senzira yekufambisa magariro evanhu yakaderedzwa muzviitiko zvakawanda nechiitiko che chikwereti chevadzidzi, madhigirii emhando yepamusoro, uye misika yevashandi yakazara.

Panyaya yesainzi, dzimwe nyika dzakadai seArgentina, Mexico, Venezuela kana Brazil Vakaisa mari yakawanda muzvivakwa zvekutsvagisaMarabhoritari nemapurogiramu epashure pekudzidza, kunyanya kubva kuma60 zvichienda mberi, akaona kuwedzera kwekutsvaga. Semuenzaniso, Brazil yakagovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda kusainzi netekinoroji muna 1984 kupfuura chero imwe nyika mudunhu iri. Zvisinei, zvese, Latin America yakaramba iri kumashure zvikuru neNorth America muhuwandu hwevaongorori pamiriyoni yevagari uye muhuwandu hweGDP hwakatsaurirwa kuR&D.

Kuongorora, chinzvimbo uye pfungwa dzebhizinesi muyunivhesiti

Mumakore ekuma90, hurongwa hwe neoliberal hwakatanga zvine simba hurukuro ye mhando, kushanda zvakanaka uye kukwikwidzana mudzidzo yepamusoro. Nzira dzekuongorora dzekunze dzakapararira, kusanganisira bvunzo dzekupinda nekubuda dzakajairwa, kurongeka kwemasangano nemapurogiramu, uye masangano—ehurumende kana epachivande—ane basa rekuyera nekuronga vadzidzi, mayunivhesiti, uye madhigirii.

Zvishandiso izvi, zvine chinangwa chekuvandudza mhando, zvakashandawo se zvishandiso zvekudzora uye zve homogenizationMayunivhesiti anomanikidzwa kugadzirisa zvidzidzo zvavo, mapurogiramu ekutsvagisa, uye maumbirwo ekudzidzisa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvekunze, kazhinji zviri kure nezvinodiwa zvemuno kana zvenyika. Kukwikwidzana kwezvinzvimbo muzvinzvimbo zvemunyika nepasi rose kunokanganisa kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa, mukurumbira, uye mikana yebasa kune vanopedza kudzidza.

Kuongororwa kwevanhu vazhinji kuburikidza bvunzo dzesarudzo dzakawanda Kuti vawane dzidzo yepamusoro, yavawo sefa inowanzo ranga avo vanobva kunzvimbo dzisina tsika dzakawanda, vane mari shoma, kana kuti vanobva kumadzinza mashoma. Mienzaniso yakaita se "bvunzo imwe chete" yenzvimbo yeguta reMexico City, iyo inosarudza gore rega rega remangwana remazana ezviuru zvevechidiki, inoratidza kuti kuongorora kunogona kushanda sei senzira yekubatsira vechidiki. chipingamupinyi chekudzivirira chakaoma.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, yunivhesiti inotanga kubatwa pachena se kambani yebasaMabasa evadzidzi anotsanangurwa patsva maererano nekubudirira, kukwikwidzana kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe, uye kuwana mari yekunze. Vadzidzi vava kuonekwa se "vatengi" kana "vashandisi" vanotenga basa redzidzo, kazhinji kuburikidza nekuwedzera mari yekubhadhara.

Pamwe chete neizvi, chimurenga che Tekinoroji yeruzivo uye kutaurirana Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nemayunivhesiti ari paindaneti, mapurogiramu epamhepo, uye masangano epasi rose anopa madhigirii ekunze, anowanzo tarisa zvakanyanya kubhizinesi pane kuomarara muzvidzidzo.

Yunivhesiti dzekare muLatin America dzichiri kushanda

Pakati pekushanduka-shanduka uku kwakaoma kwenhoroondo, mamwe mayunivhesiti ekuLatin America anoshamisa ese ari maviri nekuda kwe hupenyu hurefu pamwe nekugona kwavo kuchinjika. Ongororo yakaitwa nepuratifomu yeErudera yemayunivhesiti ekare achiri kuvhurwa munyika imwe neimwe inoratidza kuti, muLatin America, masangano akati wandei kubva muzana remakore rechi16 nerechi17 achiri kushanda uye, mune dzimwe nguva, ari pakati peakanakisa pasi rose.

Aya ndiwo mamwe ekare uye anozivikanwa zvikuru:

  • Yunivhesiti Yekuzvitonga yeSanto Domingo (1538)Dominican Republic, mugari wenhaka yeRoyal and Pontifical University yeSaint Thomas Aquinas, inoonekwa seyunivhesiti yekare kupfuura dzimwe dzose muAmerica. Yave iri chiyero mukudzidziswa kwenyanzvi muCaribbean uye inochengetedza kuzvipira kwakasimba mukudzidzisa veruzhinji.
  • Yunivhesiti yeNyika yeSan Marcos (1551)Peru. Inozivikanwa se "yunivhesiti yekare kupfuura dzose muAmerica," yakavambwa nemurairo waCharles V. Yave iri nzvimbo yevananyanje vakuru vekuPeru, masayendisiti, nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika; inoonekwa nekutsvagisa kwayo nebasa rayo mu hupenyu hwetsika hwePeru.
  • Yunivhesiti yeNyika Inozvitonga yeMexico (1551)Mexico. Yakavambwa seRoyal and Pontifical University of Mexico, UNAM nhasi ndeimwe yemayunivhesiti makuru uye ane mukurumbira pasi rose anotaura chiSpanish. Yunivhesiti City campus yayo yakaziviswa seWorld Heritage Site neUNESCO, uye nzvimbo iyi inobudirira mukutsvagisa, hunyanzvi, uye tsika.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSanto Tomás (1580)Colombia. Yunivhesiti yekutanga yakavambwa munharaunda yeColombia, yakagadzirwa nevaDominican muBogotá. Yakaramba iine hunhu hwakasimba uye tsika dzakavakirwa patsika, uye iripo mumaguta akati wandei munyika yese.
  • Yunivhesiti yeNyika yeCórdoba (1613)Yunivhesiti yeBuenos Aires, Argentina. Yakavambwa nevaJesuit, ndiyo yunivhesiti yekare kupfuura dzose munyika uye yakaita basa guru mukuvandudzwa kweYunivhesiti muna 1918, izvo zvakachinja nhoroondo yemayunivhesiti munharaunda iyi. Inoramba iri imwe yenzvimbo dzepamusoro dzedzidzo nezvematongerwo enyika muSouth America.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Francisco Xavier yeChuquisaca (1624)Bolivia. Iri muSucre, yave yakakosha mukuumbwa kwevapfumi vekuBolivia uye yakabatanidzwa muhungwaru mukufamba kwerusununguko.
  • Yunivhesiti yeSan Carlos yeGuatemala (1676)Iyi ndiyo yunivhesiti yekare kwazvo muCentral America, yakaita basa guru muhupenyu hwedzidzo, tsika nemagariro eGuatemala, ine tsika yakasimba yekushandira veruzhinji uye kuwedzera mayunivhesiti.
  • Yunivhesiti yeCentral yeVenezuela (1721)Venezuela. Iri muCaracas uye ine kambasi huru yakaziviswa seNhaka Yenyika, yave iri nzvimbo yekukurukurirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kugadzira hunyanzvi uye kugadzira sainzi munyika.
  • Yunivhesiti yeHavana (1728)Cuba. Ndiyo yekare munyika, yakabatana nemaitiro ekugadzirisa, chimurenga, uye shanduko munharaunda izvo zvakaratidza chitsuwa ichi. Tsika yayo yekufunga zvakadzama inoiisa pakati pemasangano ane simba guru muCaribbean.
  • Yunivhesiti yeChile (1842)Chile. Kunyangwe yakauya mushure memayunivhesiti ekoloni, yakazvisimbisa seyunivhesiti huru yeChile republican uye yave yakakosha mukudzidziswa kwevanyanzvi, vaimbi nevatungamiriri, pamwe nekusimudzira sainzi yenyika.

Masangano aya haangomiriri chete kuenderera mberi kwenhoroondo yedzidzo yepamusoro muLatin America, asi zvinoratidzawo kugona kwemayunivhesiti kuzvishandura, kurarama shanduko dzehurumende, uye kujairana nezvinodiwa zvitsva zvemagariro evanhu nehupfumi.

Kuenda padanho idzva: kuramba, dzimwe nzira nematambudziko

Mukupindura kurwiswa kwe neoliberal uye kutengeserana, makumi emakore apfuura akaona kubuda kwe kuramba kwakakosha mukati nekunze kwemayunivhesiti ekuLatin America. Muenzaniso wakajeka waive wekuramwa mabasa kwevadzidzi kwenguva refu paUNAM muna 1999, vachipesana nekukwira kwemari yekubhadhara uye mukudzivirira dzidzo yemahara nekuzvitonga.

Panguva imwe chete, ruzivo rwakagadzirwa mu imwe dzidzo yepamusoro yemamwe marudzi, zvakabatana nemasangano evanhu uye vanhu veko. Zvikoro zveLandless Rural Workers Movement (MST) muBrazil, zvikoro zveZapatista zvinozvitonga muChiapas (Mexico), mamwe mayunivhesiti eko muBolivia neMexico, kana zvirongwa zvemunharaunda yemaguta, zviri kuyedza mamodheru ayo zviri mukati nesangano zvinotanga kupindura kune zvinodiwa munharaunda uye munharaunda uye kwete zvakanyanya kudiwa nemusika wepasi rose.

Mazano aya anosanganisira nzira dzekudzidzisa vanhu kuti vatore chikamu, kushandiswa kwakakosha kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano, uye kudyidzana kwakasimba nenharaunda. Mukuita izvi, vanogadzira nzira yeyunivhesiti inosanganisa kugona muzvidzidzo nekubatanidzwa kwevanhu munharaunda, kusiyana kwetsika uye kuzvipira kumapurojekiti ebudiriro ehurumende.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, masangano nemataundi evatungamiriri vemayunivhesiti ekuLatin America ari kutsvaga kubatanidza mhinduro kunyaya dzakadai sekudzora musika wemabasa edzidzo anopinda miganhu, miganhu yedzidzo yepamhepo yekutengeserana chete, uye kudzivirira hunhu hweyunivhesiti. Hurukuro dzinotenderera pakuona kuti tingavimbisa sei zviwanikwa zvakakwana, kuona kuti mitemo yedzidzo yakasimba, uye, panguva imwe chete, kuchengetedza yunivhesiti senzvimbo yakakosha. nzvimbo yekugadzira ruzivo rwakakosha uye kwete kungopa zvitupa zvebasa chete.

Mushure memakore angangoita mazana mashanu enhoroondo, mayunivhesiti ekuAmerica anozviwana ari panguva iyo nhaka yenhoroondo yekoloni nerepublicanZvakaitwa muzana remakore rechi20 (kuzvitonga, kuwanda kwevanhu, basa reveruzhinji) uye kumanikidzwa kwezana remakore rechi21 (neoliberalism, privatization, globalization, uye ruzivo) zvichasarudza kana zvichiramba zviri mbiru yechokwadi yekukura kwakarurama uye kwedemocracy kweLatin America neCaribbean. Kugona kwavo kutaura izvi—kudzoreredza zvakanakisa zvetsika dzavo dzakakomba uye kuzvisanganisa nemhando itsva dzekubatanidzwa, kuwanda kwevanhu, uye kubatanidzwa nenharaunda—zvichava zvakakosha.

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