Mahorreos ekuchamhembe kweSpain haasi matura ekare chete, akakwirira ari munzvimbo dzekumaruwa. zviratidzo zvechokwadi zvehunhu, kurangarira pamwe chete uye kudada kwese munzvimbo dzakadai seGalicia, Asturias, León, Cantabria, Navarre, neBasque Country. Pasi pechitarisiko chayo chakareruka chekuvaka kwetsika kune nyika ine zvazvinoreva, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, manzwiro, uye mararamiro achiripo nanhasi.
Mumakore achangopfuura, nhaka iyi yatora danho guru: Hurumende yeSpain yakabvuma zviri pamutemo "Matura ekuchamhembe kweIberian Peninsula senzira dzekutaura zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa uye manzwiro ekuve wemhuri" seMumiriri weNhaka yeTsika Isingabatike. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kwete chete huni, matombo, kana denga zvinodzivirirwa, asi zvese zvinomiririrwa nematura emunharaunda dzakagadzira, dzakashandisa, uye dzakazvidudzira patsva chizvarwa nechizvarwa.
Chii chinonzi hórreo uye nei ichikosha kudaro?
Matura acho zvivakwa zvemuno zvakagadzirwa pakutanga kuchengetedza nekurima zvirimwa nechikafukudzivirira kubva kuhunyoro nemhuka. Chinhu chadzo chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti dzinokura pamatanda kana kuti dzakamira dzakadzika dzinodziparadzanisa nevhu, zvichisiya nzvimbo ine mhepo yakanaka, yakakwirira iyo inonetsa kusvika kumakonzo nezvipembenene; nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, dzinowanzonzi matura emudenga, akakwirira, kana kuti akaomeswa.
MuSpain, rudzi urwu rwekuvaka runonyanya kugadzirwa mu Atlantic-Cantabrian stripKureva kuti, munzvimbo dzanhasi dzeGalicia, Asturias, León, Cantabria, Navarre, neBasque Country. Kunyange zvazvo maumbirwo, zvinhu, uye saizi zvakasiyana-siyana, zvese zvinopa pfungwa huru yekamuri rakasimudzwa pazvitsigiro, rinowanzo shongedzwa nezvidimbu zvinodzivirira mhuka kukwira, uye matenga akajairwa nemamiriro ekunze emuno.
Kupfuura chimiro chavo chemuviri, mahórreos ave zviratidzo zvetsika zvekutanga uye zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa Kune nharaunda dzekuchamhembe kwePeninsula, inzvimbo dzekurangarira, zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvenzvimbo, uye zvinhu zvine zvazvinoreva zvinoreva mararamiro evarimi, nyaya dzemhuri, mitambo, basa rakagovaniswa, uye nzira chaiyo yekunzwisisa nharaunda.
Nhasi, matura mazhinji achiri kushandiswa senzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu, asi zviri kuwedzera kushandiswawo senzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu. "Matura ekufananidzira" uko manzwiro ekuve werudzi, manzwiro erudzi nendangariro zvinochengetwaVanowanikwa muzviratidzo, zviyeuchidzo, nzvimbo dzekududzira, nzira dzetsika uye kunyange mukutama, izvo zvinoratidza kuti, kunyangwe hupenyu hwekumaruwa hwachinja, kubatana nezvivakwa izvi kuchiripo zvikuru.
Zvisinei, kukosha uku kusingabatike kunowirirana nezvinotyisa chaizvo: kurasikirwa nekushandiswa kwechinyakare, kusiiwa, kushaikwa kwenzvimbo mumabasa ehunyanzvi uye kuparara kwekutapurirana kwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana ruzivo nezvazvinoreva. Nokudaro kukosha kwematanho ekuchengetedza ari kuitwa padanho rehurumende, redunhu, uye remunharaunda.
Kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo senhaka yetsika isingabatike
Kuchinja kukuru kwakauya neMutemo 10/2015, waChivabvu 26, wekuchengetedzwa kweNhaka yeTsika Isingabatike. Mutemo uyu unopa Hurumende yeHurumende, kuburikidza neBazi reTsika, basa rekuchengetedza nhaka yetsika isingabatike. uye pamwe chete nenharaunda dzinozvitonga, kugona kuchengetedza nhaka isingabatike kuburikidza nemufananidzo we "Kuratidzwa Kwemumiriri weNhaka Yetsika Isina Kubatika".
Chinyorwa 12 chemutemo uyu chinotaura kuti Kuzivisa uku kunotanga nebazi rezvemitemoMaitiro aya akateverwa panyaya yematura ekuchamhembe kweSpain, nerutsigiro rwakakura rwehunyanzvi nemasangano. Maitiro aya anogona kutangwa nehurumende pachayo, nechikumbiro chine chikonzero kubva kune imwe kana kupfuura nharaunda dzinozvitonga, kana nechikumbiro chine humbowo kubva kuvanhu kana masangano epamutemo.
Nechisarudzo chaGunyana 4, 2025, Dare Guru reNhaka yeMagariro neUnyanzvi Hwakanaka rakabvumirana tanga faira rekuzivisa matura ekuchamhembe kweIberian Peninsula semotokari uye zviratidzo zvekufananidzira kwehunhu uye manzwiro ekuva werudzi. Chisarudzo ichi chakaburitswa muOfficial State Gazette (BOE) musi wa15 Gunyana uye chakavhura nguva yeruzivo rweveruzhinji kuitira kuti chero munhu anofarira agone kutumira pfungwa dzake.
Zvikumbiro zvisati zvaitika, zvakapiwa mishumo inosungirwa kuDare reNhaka dzeNhoroondo Masangano ekupa mazano akadai sePublic University of Navarre, University of Oviedo, neRoyal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando akatotanga kubvunzwa. Panguva imwe chete, pfungwa dzevanhu vemunharaunda nemaguta ane Statutes of Autonomy dzakatsvagwa, uye mushure mezvo, maitiro ekunzwa nyaya akataurwa muMutemo 10/2015 neMutemo 39/2015 weCommon Administrative Procedure akapihwa.
Mushure mekunge matanho apera, Bazi reTsika—rinopa basa renhaka yenhoroondo yeSpain zvichienderana nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yehumambo pamusoro pehurongwa hwemakurukota—rakaendesa chikumbiro ichi kuDare reMakurukota. Musi wa7 Kubvumbi, 2026, mushure mekufungisisa, Hurumende yakabvumidza Mutemo wehumambo waishandiswa matura ekuchamhembe kweIberian Peninsula anoziviswa seZviratidzo Zvinomiririra Nhaka Yetsika Isina KuonekwaChiziviso ichi chinotanga kushanda kubva pakuburitswa kwechirevo chehumambo muOfficial State Gazette.
Zvinorevei kuti hórreo ive Nhaka Yetsika Isingabatike?
Chirevo chepamutemo hachingobvumiri runako rwezvivakwa izvi chete, asi chinotarisa pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha: kukosha kusingabatike kwakabatana nematura, kunonzwisiswa sewebhusaiti yakaoma yeruzivo, tsika dzemagariro evanhu, ndangariro dzakagovaniswa uye zviratidzo kuti nharaunda dzave dzichivaka dzakavapoteredza.
Zvichienderana ne2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, matura ekuchamhembe kweSpain ari munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatsanangurwa nehurongwa uhu hwepasi rose. Zvinokosha zvikuru ndeizvi... tsika dzevanhu, tsika nemitambo yemitambo zvakarongwa zvakaripoteredza; ruzivo uye mashandisirwo ane chekuita nezvisikwa (kurongeka, kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo, kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze, nezvimwewo); uye matekiniki echinyakare ehunyanzvi inobatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwayo nekugadzirisa.
Mushumo wacho unosimbisa kuti matura aya akakwirira anoshanda se nzvimbo dzekurangarira uye zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvine zvazvinorevaTsika idzi dzakabatana nekurima, mhemberero, nyaya dzinotaurwa nemuromo, tsika dzechivanhu, uye fungidziro yakapfuma yeboka revanhu. Izvi zviri mukati mechiratidzo zviripo nekuti zvinogara zvichigadzirwazve, zvichigadziriswa kuti zvienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva, uye zvinopfuudzwa pakati pezvizvarwa.
Panguva imwe chete, njodzi dzakajeka kune nhaka iyi isingabatike dzinoonekwa: Kubviswa kwematura kubva kuhupenyu hwemunharaunda, kusanganiswa kwetsika, kusawirirana pakati pezvizvarwa, kufambira mberi zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwevashanyi, uye kurasikirwa nenzvimbo dzekumaruwa. Zvinhu izvi zvose zvinogona kubvisa zvinhu zvavo zvemagariro evanhu, zvichiita kuti zvive zvinhu zvekushongedza chete.
Saka, chiziviso ichi seMumiriri weKuratidzwa kweChinhu chine chinangwa chekuvimbisa dziviriro dzinopfuura kudzorerwa kwemuviri. kuisa pachena divi risingaonekwe mumabasa ekuzivikanwa, magwaro, kudzidza uye kuparadzira, kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu uye kuona kuti ruzivo, tsika, uye zvazvinoreva zviri kuparadzirwa pakati pezvizvarwa.
Kwakatangira nhoroondo nekushanduka kwematura
Kwakatangira matura ezviyo kubvira Masisitimu ekuchengetera zvinhu munzvimbo dzakakwirira ave aripo muAtlantic Europe kubvira kareChinangwa chikuru chaive chekudzivirira zviyo kubva kuunyoro nemhuka. Munharaunda yeCantabrian, kushandiswa kwezvivakwa zvematanda kwakanyorwa kubvira kuMiddle Ages, kunyange zvazvo kare, zvimwe zvisikwa zvenguva pfupi zvingave zvaivepo.
Nekufamba kwenguva, maitiro ekushanduka-shanduka kwetekinoroji akabatanidzwa umo zvinotevera zvakasanganiswa matanda nematombo muzvivakwaKutanga, nheyo dzematombo nedzepasi dzine makamuri ematanda zvakaonekwa; gare gare, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvematombo kwakapararira muzvitsigiro nemadziro, zvichikonzera mhando dzakasiyana dzemagadzirirwo akagadzirirwa mamiriro ekunze nezviwanikwa zviripo munzvimbo imwe neimwe.
Mumazana emakore, matura aigara achigadziriswa kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa pakurima uye mamiriro ekunze. Munzvimbo dzine makomo, matenga akasimbiswa kuti agone kumira sinou.Nzvimbo dziri mukati megungwa, nepo nzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe dzaida nzira dzakareruka uye dzisingapindi mvura yakawanda. Kugona kuchinjika uku kunotsanangura kusiyana kukuru kwemutemo kwatinowana nhasi muGalicia, Asturias, León, Cantabria, Navarre, neBasque Country.
Zvisinei, kubva muzana remakore rechi20 zvichienda mberi, kushandiswa kwemichina yekurima, kuumbwa kwenzira itsva dzekuchengetera zvinhu uye shanduko huru yenyika yekumaruwa zvakaunza shanduko mukutenderera kwenzvimbo. Mazhinji emamodeli echinyakare aka "omeswa" uye akaburitswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwetsika uye kukosha kwekuzivikanwa kupfuura nekuda kwezvinodiwa kuti zvibudirire.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakangorega kushandiswa uye zvakaora kana kuti zvakasiyiwa.
Nzira iyi yezvakaitika kare yakagadzira mosaic chaiyo yemhinduro dzinovaka uye dzemhando yepamusorokupfuma kwayo hakungonzwisiswi chete kubva pamaonero ehunyanzvi, asiwo sechiratidzo chekugadzira, maonero enyika uye maitiro etsika enharaunda dzakasiyana dzekuchamhembe kwePeninsula kukuchinja kwenguva.
Mashandisirwo echinyakare uye mashandisirwo matsva emazuva ano
Pakutanga, matura aifungidzirwa kuti ndiwo matura ane mabasa akawandaKamuri rakakwirira, raifefetera zvakanaka uye rava kusina makonzo, raishandiswa kuchengetera zviyo, nyemba, maapuro, machestnuts, walnuts, chizi, masoseji, ham, bhekoni, nezvimwe zvekudya zvinonzwa hunyoro. MuAsturias, mikoko yenyuchi nematanda madiki edovecots zvaitoiswa kunze kwekamuri.
Chikamu chepazasi, nzvimbo iyoyo "iri pasi" pasi pechivako, yakashandiswa pazvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana: dura remarara, pasi pevhu, danga rehuni, chivanze chenguruve, imba yehuku, shedhi rezvishandiso kana nzvimbo yebasa ine denga kwaigadzirwa matengu nemachira, kana kuti maturusi aigadziriswa. Zvaive zvakajairika kuti nzvimbo iyi ivharwe nemadziro kuti dzivirirwe zviri nani, zvakanyorwa kare kubvira muzana remakore rechi15 muAsturias uye, gare gare, muNavarre neBasque Country.
Kwemazana emakore, kugoverwa uku kwemabasa kwakaramba kwakadzikama, kusvika pakuchinja kukuru kwezvehupfumi hwehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 —kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvekurima, kubuda kwevanhu kumaruwa, kukwegura kwevanhu, kuwedzera hupfumi hwenyika— Zvakaderedza zvakanyanya kudiwa kwematura aya echinyakare. Matura mazhinji akazoshandiswa senzvimbo dzekuchengetera uswa, matanga, makamuri ekuchengetera zvinhu, kana kungosiyiwa asina chinhu, akagadziriswa chete kuti "aonekwe" uye asimudzire rudado rwemhuri kana guta.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, nekubuda kwemarudzi matsva ekugara kumaruwa—mhuri dzevarimi, vanhu vanogara kumaruwa matsva, vagari vanoshanda muguta asi vachigara mumusha, varidzi vedzimba dzechipiri—kwakamukawo mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana emazuva anoMatura ezvimbuzi akachinjwa kuita makamuri evaenzi, nzvimbo dzevashanyi, mahofisi kana nzvimbo dzeruzivo, maresitorendi madiki, macinema nenzvimbo dzemitambo, magallery eunyanzvi kana maworkshop.
Kunyanya muAsturias, kushandiswa kwedzimba kwaitozivikanwa muzana remakore rechi18 kwadzorerwa, apo nhamba dzakadai seJovellanos dzinotaura nezvematura aishandiswa se dzimba dzechinguvana mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushomeka kwedzimba kana kudziviswaNhasi, dzimwe dzave kurendwa sedzimba dzevashanyi, izvo zvakatanga gakava guru pamusoro pekuti pamutemo uye pamutemo wekupindira muzvivakwa izvi (kuvhura mahwindo, kuisa dzimba dzekugezera, magetsi, nezvimwewo) ndezvipi.
MuCantabria (Liébana nePicos de EuropaMuLeón neGalicia, nzira dzakafanana dziri kutevedzwa, nemapurojekiti ekugadzirisa dzimba dzekumaruwa kana mamwe mashandisirwo emari. Mabasa matsva aya, kunyangwe achikonzera gakava, anoratidza kuti hórreo (dura rechinyakare reGalician) rine ramangwana. Hazvisi "zvakafa" zvenguva yakapfuura, asi nhaka mhenyu, inoshanduka-shanduka iri mukududzirwa patsva nguva dzose.uko zvinhu zvinobatsira, zvekufananidzira, zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro evanhu zviripo pamwe chete.
MuCantabria, León, neGalicia, nzira dzakafanana dziri kutevedzwa, nemapurojekiti ekugadzirisa dzimba dzekumaruwa kana mamwe mashandisirwo emari. Mabasa matsva aya, kunyangwe achikonzera gakava, anoratidza kuti hórreo (dura rechinyakare reGalician) rine ramangwana. Hazvisi "zvakafa" zvenguva yakapfuura, asi nhaka mhenyu, inoshanduka-shanduka iri mukududzirwa patsva nguva dzose.uko zvinhu zvinobatsira, zvekufananidzira, zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro evanhu zviripo pamwe chete.
Kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu, zvinhu uye zvishongo
Kusiyana kwematura ezvirimwa kuchamhembe kweIberian Peninsula kunokonzerwa nemaitiro marefu ekugadzirisa nharaunda dzechisikigo, zvinodiwa pakurima uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu munzvimbo imwe neimwe. Kazhinji, tinowana makamuri ane mapurani epasi akaenzana kana kuti akaenzana, matenga ane gable kana kuti akakomberedzwa, zvivakwa zvakagadzirwa nematanda chete kana musanganiswa wematombo nematanda, uye mimwe midziyo yakasanganiswa.
Zvitsigiro izvi zvinozivikanwa nemazita akasiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yacho, izvo zvinonyatsoratidza kusiyana kwemitauro netsika zvine chekuita nematura aya. MuCantabria, León, neAsturias, zvinonzi pegollos (zvakare peullos, pigollos, pigochos kana piales muAsturias); muGalicia anonzi pes, pes dereitos, cepas kana esteos; muNavarre mazwi akadai sepilar kana postie anoshandiswa, uye muBasque Country izwi rekuti abearria rinoonekwa. Izwi iri rinoshanda kune zvikamu zvese zvehórreo, nemanzwi chaiwo muGalician, Asturian, Leonese, Cantabrian neBasque.
Panyaya yezvinhu, mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakura: matanda emuouki kana chestnut, zvivakwa zve ashlar kana zvemasonry zvakagadzirwa ne limestone, sandstone, slate kana granite, kugadzira zvirimwa, zvidhinha, dope ne lime plaster, mataira, slab, mapuranga emapuranga kana matenga emiti yakagadzirwa nezviyo kana mutsvairo. Kunewo matura anosanganisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichikonzerwa nekuvandudzwa kwakatevedzana kana mhinduro dzehunyanzvi dzemuno.
Matenga ane denga rakatetepa—oholak kana kuti olak yeNavarrese Pyrenees yakakurumbira—muenzaniso wakanaka wekugadzirisa nharaunda yemasango eIrati Forest. Nhasi, dura reOrbaizeta chete ndiro rinochengeta rudzi urwu rwedenga, asi hunyanzvi hwekugadzira lath huchiripo muvanyanzvi vaviri vekuNavarrese avo, pamusoro pekushanda pazvivakwa zvechinyakare, Vanga vachipa makosi ekudzidzisa kubvira muna 2024 uye vari chikamu cheNetwork of Masters of Traditional Construction..
Panyaya yekushongedza, matura ekuAsturian anoshamisa zvikuru. Anga achivandudzwa kubvira kumagumo kwezana remakore rechi15. mapurogiramu akapfuma kwazvo emifananidzo ine zviitiko zverudo, zviitiko zvekuvhima, mifananidzo, masoja (kusanganisira evaya vanobva muHondo yeVanhu), vanhu nemhuka, zvisikwa zvengano, mifananidzo yechitendero, wachi, mifananidzo yemiti yakarongwa, uye magadzirirwo akaomarara ejometri. Nhasi, mifananidzo inoramba ichionekwa, kubva patriskeles, mipumburu, nemaruva ane mapeta matanhatu akazadzwa nezviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa kusvika kugraffiti yakagadzirwa nemifananidzo yevana, masiginecha, maakaundi, kana mameseji.
MuGalicia, León, Cantabria, Navarre neBasque Country, zvishongo izvi zvakabatana zvakanyanya nezvinozivikanwa se "unyanzvi hwevanhu": marosette, miganhu yesawtooth, nzeve dzegorosi, mapatani echeckerboard, mapatani etambo nemichinjiko Zvinhu izvi, izvo zvinodzokororwa zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva, dzimwe nguva zvinoperekedzwa nezvinyorwa zvechitendero, mazuva ekuvakwa, kana mazita evaridzi nevanoita mabasa emaoko. Mashoko aya, kunyange zvazvo akavanzika, akakosha zvakaenzana pakunzwisisa mafungiro evaya vakavaka nekuchengetedza matura.
Ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, mabasa emaoko uye tsika dzemuromo zvakabatana nedura
Zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavakwa zvakapoteredza matura. ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, mabasa ehunyanzvi, zvitendero uye matauriro akakurumbira izvo zvinoumba chikamu chakakosha chezviri mukati mayo zvisingabatike. Kuvaka nekuchengetedza hórreo kunoda ruzivo rwemasvomhu ekutanga, fizikisi, makanika, nyeredzi dzechivanhu (kurongeka), mamiriro ekunze, geology, botani, petrology uye hunyanzvi hwakanangana nekugadzira matombo, kuveza, kuveza, zviumbwa zvesimbi kana kugadzira makiyi.
MuNavarre, ruzivo urwu ruchiripo mukugadzirwa kwematanda emuti webeech edenga, nepo muAsturias neGalicia mabhizimisi akabatana nedura remvura. Vachiri vapenyu uye vari pakati pekuvandudzwaKusanganisa matekiniki echinyakare nemhinduro dzemazuva ano. MuGalicia, hunyanzvi hwakasiyana kubva mukuveza nekugadzira matombo hahuna kubuda, asi muAsturias, kuomarara kwemaumbirwo emahórreos (matura akasimudzwa) kwakaita kuti pave nemufananidzo we "maestro horrero" kana kuti "maestru horreru," izwi rakaumbwa nemasangano enhaka kuti vatumidze nyanzvi idzi.
MuAsturias zvinofungidzirwa kuti Vanyori vemabasa emaoko gumi nevaviri parizvino vakazvipira pakuvaka nekugadzirisa matura.Vazhinji vavo vachiri vadiki (vari pakati pemakore makumi matatu nemakumi mashanu), izvo zvinoita kuti basa iri rirambe richienderera mberi. Zvisinei, muCantabria neLeón, tsika dzehunyanzvi dzakanga dzarasika, saka mapurojekiti ekugadzirisa zvinhu anowanzo tendeukira kunyanzvi dzeAsturian, kunyangwe pakushanda nemarudzi akasiyana ezvivakwa, sezvakaitika kumatura eCotillo muCantabria.
Chimwe chinhu chinonetsa ndechekuti kuita mabasa aya sevarume kwakasimbaHapana kana kuvapo kwevakadzi mutsika iyi kana mukuparidzirwa kweruzivo rwehunyanzvi, dambudziko rinofanira kufungwa nezvaro pakugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira dzinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo munharaunda.
Munyika yetsika dzemuromo, matura anoonekwa mu nziyo, zvirevo, tsumo, nyaya, ngano, nemitemo yetsikaMazhinji emashoko aya anotanga maitiro, anopa mazano pamusoro pehupenyu hwekumaruwa, kana kuti anobatsira kudzidzisa tsika dzemunharaunda. Hórreo (dura rakasimudzwa) rine nzvimbo huru mukufungidzira uku kweboka nekuti rine chekuita zvakananga nekuwanikwa kwechikafu, kushanda pamwe chete, uye kuenderera mberi kwemhuri.
Nzvimbo iri pasi pedura rezviyo yagara iri "horo yemagariro evanhu" munyika yekumaruwa. Ndipo paiitirwa misangano. esfoyazas kana foliadas yekugochera chibageNguruve yakaurayiwa uye kucheka kwayo kwakaiswa munyu, mabasa emaoko akaitwa, makirasi asina kurongeka aipiwa nevadzidzisi vaifamba-famba, mabiko emuchato, mitambo, misangano yemunharaunda yakavhurika, kana kuungana kwevanhu vasina kurongeka kwakarongwa. Kunyange nanhasi, matura mazhinji anoshandiswa semabhodhi ekuzivisa nezvezviziviso zvekanzuru, mitambo, zviziviso zverufu, uye mabasa.
Dura sechiratidzo chekuzivikanwa uye nharaunda inoritakura
Kana zvabatanidzwa, matura acho ave zviratidzo zvine simba zvetsika dzetsika yenzvimbo dzavo. Dzinobva munguva yakapfuura, dzinopa revo kune iripo zvino, uye dzinobatsira kuratidza chokwadi cheramangwana. Kutaura zvazviri, mutauro unoshandiswa kutaura nezvadzo unoburitsa pachena: dzinonzi mifananidzo, totems, temberi, mabhokisi, zvisaririra, pfuma, kana matombo anokosha; uye mitsara yakaita sekuti "chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa," "DNA yedu," "matura ekuzivikanwa," kana "aritari dzemhepo" zvakajairika.
Mitemo pamusoro penhaka isingabatike inotaura nezvayo "nharaunda dzevatakuri"Kureva kuti, mapoka ane pfuma, anochengetedza, uye anoshandisa zviri pamutemo. Panyaya yehórreos (matura echinyakare), pfungwa iyi inofanira kuwedzera kusvika pakubatanidza kwete varidzi vehórreo chete nevaya vanovaka kana kuigadzirisa, asiwo masangano etsika, masangano ehurumende neakazvimirira, vaongorori, vanyori vemifananidzo vanoburitsa mufananidzo wavo, makambani anovashandisa sechiratidzo, vanyori vemifananidzo vakafuridzirwa navo, uye vagari vemo, kunyangwe vasina hórreo, vanonzwa kuti inoumba hunhu hwavo.
Simba rekufananidzira rehórreo rakatanga kuoneka zvakanyanya kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 zvichienda mberi, nemaitiro makuru ekutama. Kune rumwe rutivi, kusvika kwevanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo vachienda kumaindasitiri eAsturiasKune rumwe rutivi, kwaive nekutama kwevanhu vazhinji vekuGalician nevekuAsturian vachienda kuAmerica. Mukufamba kwese uku, kunzwa kwakafanana kwekudzurwa, kurasikirwa nemidzi, uye kuda kusimbisa hunhu hwavo hwepakutanga kwakabuda. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, kuisa mahórreos (matura echinyakare ekuAsturian) munzvimbo dzeAsturian nedzeGalician dziri kunze kwenyika (Havana, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, ​​​​Mallorca, León, Barakaldo, nezvimwewo) kwakava nzira ine simba yekubatanidzazve zviratidzo.
Panguva imwe chete, mibairo yakaita se "Goridhe Granary" kubva kuzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kuwanda kwezviyeuchidzo zvinozadza zvitoro zvevashanyi zvekuyeuchidza muGalicia neAsturias: maT-shirts, makapu, makiyi, magineti, maminiature, mhete, mathimbles, mabhegi, nezvimwewo. Mufananidzo wehórreo unoonekwawo mumazita ezvitoro, mavara ezvigadzirwa, maposta uye zvishongo zvemaguta.
Mumakore achangopfuura, maitiro e miniaturization uye runako rwedura: mifananidzo midiki inovakwa semifananidzo yeminda yega, inodudzirwazve nezvinhu zvemazuva ano (zvidhinha, simende, simende yefiber, pine yakagadziriswa), mazano e-avant-garde akagadzirwa ayo dzimwe nguva anopesana nemitemo yetsika, uye kuvapo kwawo kunowanziridzwa mumwenje yeKisimusi, fenicha yemumugwagwa, magrill, mabhini emarara kana mabhokisi etsamba.
Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti matura adarika basa rawo rekutanga senzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu kumaruwa. kupararira muhupenyu hwetsika dzekuchamhembe kwePeninsulaKusimba kwechiitiko ichi kunosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwematura akachengetedzwa, asi pamwe chete zvinoumba chinhu chimwe chete chinobatsira kunzwisisa maitiro ekuvaka hunhu hwenzvimbo nenzvimbo.
Kuwanda kwematura uye kufamba kwevanhu munharaunda imwe neimwe
Kubva pamaonero enzvimbo, mapoka maviri makuru anogona kusiyaniswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, Nyika yeBasque, Navarre, Cantabria neLeón dzine matura mashoma kwazvo.nenhamba dzinotangira pa0,001 kusvika ku0,02 sampuli pakiromita imwe neimwe. Kushomeka uku kunoita kuti zviomere kuva chikamu che "pfungwa" dzezuva nezuva dzevanhu, izvo zvakaderedza huremu hwavo hwekufananidzira kwechikamu chikuru chezana remakore rechi20.
Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura nzvimbo idzi dzakaona kudzoreredzwa kwezvido zvevanhu uye zvekuzivikanwa zvakatenderedza dura. Semuenzaniso, mumupata weNavarrese weAezkoa, 68% yematura eNavarre akaungana, izvo zvakavabvumira kushanda sechinhu chakakosha mukuumba hunhu hwenzvimbo iyi. MuCantabria, nematura makumi maviri nerimwe chete akapararira munharaunda yese, kuumbwa kweAssociation of Friends of the Cantabrian Granary muna 2021 kwave kuri chiratidzo chakajeka chekukurudzirana kwevanhu.
MuLeón, kuvambwa kwesangano reFriends of León's Granaries muna 2023 kwakasimbisa maitiro e Kuongororwazve kwedura senzira yekuratidza tsika dzemuno, kusimbisa zvirongwa zvekare, zvakangwarira zvaitoratidza kufarira uku kutsva muzvivakwa zvirefu izvi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Asturias neGalicia vanoumba boka renzvimbo dzine matura akawandaine huremu hunofungidzirwa hwe2,83 ne3,38 mienzaniso pa km², zvichiteerana. Muzviitiko izvi, hórreo chiratidzo chinoratidza mamiriro enzvimbo uye chiratidzo chakasimba chekuzivikanwa, izvo zvinotsanangura simba rekushandiswa kwayo kwekufananidzira uye huwandu hukuru hwehórreos itsva kana dzakadzorerwa dziri kuramba dzichionekwa.
Musiyano uyu mukuwanda kwezvinhu unokanganisa kusimba kwenzvimbo asi kwete hunhu hwechiitiko ichi: kunyangwe munzvimbo dzine matura mashoma, kana mapurojekiti etsika, ekubatana kana ezvekushanya achiitwa akavapoteredzaZvinokurumidza kuva nzira dzinoshanda dzekuratidza kuva verudzi rumwe chete uye kusimbisa kubatana munharaunda.
Chiyero chepasi rose chematura akakwirira
Kunyangwe tichitarisa pano kuchamhembe kweIberian Peninsula, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti Matura akasimudzwa haasi chinhu chinoitika munzvimbo iyi cheteKuMadokero kweEurope, munzvimbo dzeScandinavia, Germany, kana Netherlands, kune zvivakwa zvakafanana zvakagara zvakachengetedzwa nekuda kwekuiswa mumamiziyamu epanze uye mapurogiramu enhaka.
Dunhu reAsia-Pacific ringangodaro rine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakamera akakwirira, nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwe tembiricha dzakakwirira uye hunyoroIkoko, pfungwa yekusimudza imba kana imba yekuchengetera zvinhu pambiru yave ichikura nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, ine mhando dzakasiyana dzemaumbirwo, zvinhu zvekushongedza, zvichifarirwa zvikuru nezviri kuitika pachitsuwa uye kudiwa kwekuchinjana nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana zvikuru.
MuAfrica munewo nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuchengetera zvinhu, dzimwe nguva diki, izvo zvinoita kuti pinda mukati nekubvisa chifukidziroZvivakwa izvi, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva zvisingaonekwe, zvinopindura kune pfungwa imwecheteyo sematura ekuchamhembe kwePeninsula: kudzivirira zviyo kubva kuhunyoro, mhuka nekuora.
MuAmerica, zvinotevera zvinoonekwa pachena: macuexcomates kana kuti macoscomates ane mavambo ekuMexico asati asvika kuColumbiaKunyanya mudunhu reMorelos, uko kwakaramba kuchishandiswa kusvika muzana remakore rechi20 uye ikozvino kwashandurwa kuita mabasa emaoko nemabasa ekuratidzira. Mhinduro dzematura akakwirira dzakanyorwawo munyika dzakadai seBrazil, Argentina, neEcuador.
Hunhu uhwu hwepasi rose hwakakurudzira zvirongwa zvakaita se Network yeHorrea yepasi rose, inosimudzirwa neAsturian Granary Association. Inosanganisira mapoka nevanhu vakabatana nenhaka yetsika dzeSpain, Portugal, neTurkey, nechinangwa chekuvaka mambure, kugovana ruzivo, kuona matambudziko akafanana, uye kuongorora kusiyana-siyana kwemafomu, ruzivo, uye zvinoreva zvakakomberedza matura akaunganidzwa pasi rose.
Maitiro enhaka uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza
Kuzivikanwa nesainzi uye kuiswa kwehórreos (matura echinyakare eAsturian) senzvimbo dzenhaka kwave kuchifambirana kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20. Nharaunda dzinoverengeka dzakazvimiririra dzakabvumidza mitemo chaiyo yekudzivirira izvo, kunyangwe zvine hungwaru, zvine chinangwa chekuchengetedza kukosha kwezvinhu zvekuvaka izvi, kuronga mienzaniso, kutonga kupindira uye kupa nzira dzakasiyana dzekudzivirira.
Zvisinei, kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, divi risingabatike redura—rinonzwisiswa senzvimbo yekufananidzira yekuzivikanwa, nhaka mhenyu, uye nzvimbo yetsika dzemagariro evanhu dziripo—rakanga risati ranyatsobatanidzwa mumirau iyi. Faira rehurumende reMumiriri weKuratidzira rinouya chaizvo kuti rizadze mukaha iwoyokubatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwematura nemirairo yeUNESCO uye nenzira yakafara yekureva kuti nhaka yetsika chii.
Muchirevo ichi, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukosha: Hurongwa hweHorru yeAsturias (2023), chishandiso chekuronga chinobatanidza matanho kwete ekuchengetedza zvinhu chete, asiwo ekuchengetedza zvirimo zvisingabatike: rutsigiro rwemabasa echinyakare, kukurudzira kutsvagisa, kuparadzira dzidzo, kusimudzirwa kwekushandiswa kunoenderana nekukosha kwenhaka yayo uye kusimbisa basa renharaunda mukuita sarudzo.
Kuwedzera kumitemo, hurumende dzakasimudzira zvirongwa zverubatsiro nerubatsiro rwekuchengetedza, kudzoreredza uye kugadzirisa yematura, pamwe chete nenzira dzetsika nenzvimbo dzekududzira dzakatarwa. Bhazi reEthnographic reJosé CardÃn Fernández Foundation muVillaviciosa, Nzira yeGranary yeCasomera, Nzira yeGranary yeAezkoa Valley, kana nzvimbo dzeSietes neBueño muAsturias mienzaniso yekushanda nesimba kuri kuitwa kugadzira dziviriro inosanganisa ruzivo, kushanya kwetsika uye kutora chikamu munharaunda.
Panguva imwe chete, zvirongwa zvekurekodha madzinza evanhu zvakatangwa, zvakaita se basa rakaitwa muNavarre pakushandisa piritsi remuti webeechwood Kubva muna 2006, izvi zvave zvichiperekedzwa nezvidzidzo zvemabasa zvisiri zvepamutemo kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti mabasa aya anovandudzwa muzvizvarwa zvevagari. Uye kubvira muna 2021, mibairo yeHorru Asturianu yakacherechedza basa revanhu nemapoka avo vakabatsira mukuziva nekuchengetedza ma hórreos (matura echinyakare eAsturian) padanho remunharaunda, renyika, nerepasi rose.
Mutemo uyu wese, zvirongwa, masangano, uye mapurojekiti zvinoratidza kuti ramangwana rematura kuchamhembe kweSpain harisi chete pakubatanidza matombo nematanda, asiwo zvakare chengetedza zvisungo zvemanzwiro, ruzivo, maitiro uye hunhu Kuchengetedza kwavo kuchava nemusoro chete kana vakaramba vari chikamu chehupenyu hwevanhu vanovatakura.
Kuzivikanwa kwematura ekuchamhembe kweIberia seMumiriri weKuratidzwa kweNhaka yeTsika Isingabatike kunoratidza chiitiko chakakosha chinosimudzira zvivakwa izvi kubva kuboka re "dura rekare" kuenda kune re zviratidzo zvipenyu zvinobatanidza zvakapfuura, zvazvino uye zveramangwanaKusanganiswa kwekusiyana kwemavara, hupfumi hwehunyanzvi, huwandu hwezvinoreva uye kubatanidzwa kwakasimba munharaunda kunoita kuti mahórreos ave nhaka yakasiyana, inokwanisa kuramba ichigadzira hunhu, kubatana uye hunyanzvi munharaunda dzekuchamhembe kwePeninsula uye kuita hurukuro, panguva imwe chete, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzepasi rose.
