ari MaJapan castles of feudal Japan Izvo zvakanyanya kupfuura kungoita madziro uye shongwe dzinotaridzika zvakanaka mumifananidzo. Kuseri kwedombo rega rega uye denga rega rega kune mazana emakore ehondo, zvibvumirano, kutengesa, uye samurai simba. Nhare idzi dzaiva mbiri muzinda wemauto, nzvimbo yekugara inoremekedzwa uye nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyikauye yakaratidza kuzvarwa kweakawanda emaguta eJapan anhasi.
Ndichifamba mavari nhasi, munhu ane manzwiro ekufamba kuburikidza nehombe yenhoroondo yefirimu seti, asi muchokwadi urikutsika. nhanho chaiyo iyo hondo, mibatanidzwa uye shanduko dzenguva dzakasarudzwaKubva pamakomo anenge asingasvikiki kusvika kunhare dzakashongedzwa dzemapani dzakakomberedzwa nemigero, imwe neimwe inotaura chikamu chenyaya yenyika nevagari vayo vengano. samurai y daimyo aivatonga.
Mavambo uye nhoroondo yemauto eJapan
Kare kusati kwaitika kunoshamisa kwedenga reHimeji kana Osaka kuripo muJapan zvimiro zvakazvininipisa zvekudziviriraMunguva yeYayoi neKofun nguva (inenge 300 BC - 710 AD) misha yakavakwa yakachengetedzwa ne maparisa emapuranga nemigero yevhuDzakanga dzisiri nhare mupfungwa dzakasimba, asi dzakanga dziri madzitateguru akananga enhare huru dzakatevera.
Nekuumbwa kwenyika yeYamato panguva yeNara neHeian (8th-12th century), zvematongerwo enyika zvakawedzera kuoma uye kudiwa kwakamuka dzivirira miganhu uye nzira dzakarongwaMamwe masvingo akarongeka akazovakwa, nguva dzose akavakirwa pamatanda nevhu, kutarisana nevavengi vakadai emishi kubva kuchamhembe kana zvinokwanisika kupinda kubva kuKorea, kunyangwe isu takanga tichiri kure nematombo ematombo atinoshamwaridzana neyechinyakare feudal Japan.
Kusvetuka kukuru kwakauya ne Nguva yeKamakura (1185-1333)Kana samurai kirasi yakava iyo yechokwadi musana wesimba, wekutanga YamashiroDzimba dzemakomo, dzakagadzirirwa kunyanya kudzivirira, dzakanyatsoiswa mumakomo nepamusoro pemakomo. nhare dzakasimba, dzakagadzirirwa kurwisa kukombwa kupfuura kushamisira.
Munguva yeMuromachi nguva (1333-1568), uye kunyanya mumhirizhonga sengoku periodJapan yakazadzwa nenhare. Mumwe nemumwe mutongi wedare (daimyoVaida nhare dzokudzora migwagwa, minda yemupunga, uye maguta. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nechokwadi basa rekugadzira mautoIzvo zviri nani nhare, iyo yakanyanya kuoma nzira dzekukomba dzakava, izvo zvakamanikidza kumwe kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvekudzivirira.
Muchikamu chekupedzisira chehondo dzevagari vemo, nguva yeAzuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600), nhare dzakaita shanduko yepfungwa: pasina kurasikirwa nebasa ravo rehondo, vakave. zviratidzo zvechokwadi zvemukurumbira uye propagandaOda Nobunaga akavaka Azuchi Castle, iyo inoonekwa semuenzaniso kune dzakawanda dzakazotevera nhare, uye Toyotomi Hideyoshi akaita zvimwe chete neFushimi-Momoyama Castle. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, chifananidzo cheimba huru ine shongwe huru inoshamisa yakagara yakadzikwa mundangariro dzakabatana dzeJapan.
Nekukunda kwaTokugawa Ieyasu paSekigahara (1600) the Nguva yeEdo (1600-1868)nguva yorugare rwomukati rwakareba. Dzimba dzakawanda dzakarega kuva dzimba dzehondo uye dzakanyanya kuva manejimendi makuru uye dzimba dzekugaraShogunate akapasisa mutemo wakakurumbira muna 1615 ikkoku ichijō reiiyo inogumira kune imwe castle papurovhinzi, zvichimanikidza kuputswa kwenhare dzakawanda kudzivirira kuwanda kwesimba kwengozi.
Kuchinja kukuru kwakatevera kwakauya neiyo Meiji Kudzorerwa kwe1868Hurumende itsva, yakatsunga kuita kuti nyika ive yazvino uye kusiya zviratidzo zvehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika, yakaraira kuti nhare dzakawanda dziputswe, nepo dzimwe dzichitengeswa, dzakasiiwa, kana kuti dzakadzokororwa. Muzana remakore rechi20, izvi zvakagadziridzwazve. Kubhomba kweHondo Yenyika II, iyo yakapaza nhare dzemifananidzo sedziya dziri muHiroshima.
Mushure mehondo, ruzivo rutsva rwenhaka rwakabuda uye rwakatanga mishandirapamwe yekudzorera nekuvaka patsvaPakutanga, nzira iyi yaive yekudzorera shongwe huru nekongiri yakasimbiswa, kutarisira kunze asi kupira kutendeka kwemukati, sezvinoonekwa munyaya ye. osaka castleMunguva pfupi yapfuura, kufambira mberi kwakaitwa kune kwakavimbika kuvakwazve kwenhoroondo, zvichibva pazvirongwa zvekare uye hunyanzvi hwekuveza, semu Ōzu Castle (Shikoku).
Mhando dzenhare zvichienderana nenzvimbo yadzo
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza kune mufambi kuona kuti maJapan aiziva sei kuti utore zvakanyanya kunaka kwenzvimboNzvimbo yacho yairaira zvese: kubva pachimiro chemadziro kusvika kuhupenyu hwezuva nezuva munhare. Mukutaura, tinogona kusiyanisa akati wandei emhando dzemhando.
ari Yamashirokana nhare dzemakomoDzakamira pamusoro penhongonya nepamusoro pemichinjiziri. Aive misimboti isingaite kurwisa, yakadzivirirwa nemateru uye nzira dzinomonereka dzakapedza muvengi. The drawback yakanga yakajeka: goverai zvekushandisa nezvombo Kuvaka nhare panzvimbo yakakwirira kudaro raiva basa rakaoma. Bitchū Matsuyama castle, imwe yedzimba gumi nembiri dzekutanga, muenzaniso unoshamisa uye zvakare inodada nekuve pakati penhare dzepamusoro-soro munyika.
Pakati pevhu pane hirayamajironhare pamusoro pezvikomo pamusoro pemapaniIwo akavakirwa pazvikwiriso zvidiki zvairaira nzvimbo yakatenderedza, kubatanidza imwe yedziviriro mukana nehukama hwakanyanya kugadzikana nemhoteredzo. Vakabvumira kudzora nzira dzekutengeserana nenzvimbo dzekurima uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, kuisa pakati pekutonga kwenzvimbo. Himeji Castle kana Hikone Castle inonyatso ratidza iyi modhi.
Kwaivawo ne hirajiroplain castlesAya nhare, akajairwa nenguva yeEdo, anoratidza kusimuka kubva pakuramba kukomba kuenda kukutonga matunhu uye kuisa pakati pehurumende. Yakavakirwa panzvimbo yakati sandara, dziviriro yavo yaive yakavakirwa pa... zvindori zvemigero, madziro akaoma, uye kurongeka kwakanaka kwezvivanze nemasuwoNijō Castle muKyoto muenzaniso wakanaka werudzi urwu.
Mukati menzvimbo dzemapani tinowana chikamu chidiki chakakosha: the mizujirokana nhare dzemvuraIwo akavakwa achitora mukana wegungwa kana nzizi huru sechikamu chinoshanda chegadziriro yekudzivirira uye, sezvineiwo, segwara rekushandisa. Vakashanda chikamu se chiteshi chengarava nenhareKune mienzaniso mitatu chete yakajeka: Takamatsu, Nakatsu, uye Imabari.
Iyo nhare yeJapan yakarongeka sei: zvivanze uye dziviriro
Kuti unyatsonzwisisa nhare yeJapan, zvinobatsira kuifungidzira sehanyanisi, ine concentric kana chain kudzivirira zvindoriIyo yakazara dhizaini, iyo nawabariYakasimbisa nzvimbo yezvivanze, madziro, moat, uye zvivakwa zvikuru. Mumwe nomumwe kukanganisa muhurongwa Zvinogona kureva utera hunouraya kana ukakomba.
Nzvimbo dzekudzivirira dzakarongwa mukati kuruwa o maruKureva, zvivanze kana zvindori zvekudzivirira. Pakati paiva honmaru, musimboti wakaoma wenhare, paive neshongwe huru (tenshu) uye kazhinji imba yamambo wefeudal. Kwakabva kwatevera ni-no-maru (denderedzwa rechipiri) uye san-no-maru (denderedzwa rechitatu), iyo yakawedzera zvidziviriro zvakaturikidzana uye nzvimbo yevabatsiri vanotsamira uye nepamusoro pekugara.
Munzvimbo dzakapfuma, nhare dzinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya nenzvimbo dzekunze dzinonzi sotoguruwa, kwaigara vatengesi nemhizha. Idzi nharaunda, kunyangwe dzairatidzika sedzakajairika, dzaive chikamu che nzira yekudzivirira pasi rosesezvo uto ripi neripi romuvengi raizofanira kuyambuka kana kuti kuapoteredza, achizviratidzira amene mukurwiswa namasvingo.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekudzivirira kweJapan yaive migero, kana horiVanogona kugadzirwa nemvura (mizubori) kana yakaoma (karaboriuye rakapoteredzwa nemhete dzinoverengeka dzemadziro. Dzimwe nguva nzizi kana mapinda aishandiswa semigero yechisikigo, iyo yakasimbisa hunhu hweiyo enclave. Upamhi hwemugero wakanyatsochengetedzwa kuti upfuure kure kure inoshanda mhando yemiseve uye arquebuseskuita kurwisa kwakasiyana kwakaoma sezvinobvira.
ari masvingo ematombo, ishigakiIzvi ndizvo zvimwe zvinozivikanwa. Kusiyana neEurope, muJapan zvakanga zvakajairika kuvaka madziro ematombo akanyatsovezwa uye akaiswa. pasina kushandisa dhakaIzvi zvakapa mwero wakati wokudzikama, unobatsira zvikuru munyika isingatani kudengenyeka, uye zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei madziro mazhinji achiri akamira. Kwemazana emakore, nzira dzakasiyana dzekuisa matombo dzakagadzirwa, dzakadai se ranzumi (zvinoita kunge chaotic, ine mabhuroko ehukuru hwakasiyana) kana iyo nunozumi (zvakanyanya kurongeka, neinenge mitsetse yenguva dzose).
Nezve kuveza kwematombo, mhando nhatu huru dzinogona kusiyaniswa: nozurazumi, ine matombo asina kunyatsogadzirwa uye madziro asina kusimba; uchikomihagi, umo makona uye mapeji akachekwa kuti aenderane zviri nani, achizadza zvimedu nezvidimbu zviduku; uye kirikomihagiIro basa rechokwadi reinjiniya, uko bhuroka rega rega rakatemerwa nemamirimita chaiwo kuti rikwane mupuzzle yakakwana uye kutsungirira zvose kukwira nokudengenyeka kwenyikaMamwe masters, akadai saTōdō Takatora, akaunzawo nzira dzekusimbisa makona, senge sangizumikuchinjanisa matombo marefu uye mapfupi kugadzira vertices inenge isingaparare.
Pazvigadziko zvematombo izvi zvakatambanudzirwa white plaster madziro, kana dobeiZvivako izvi zvaiva nezvivanze, madziro ane korona, uye migero ine mitsetse. Mukati mavo maivanza mapuranga akaoma akafukidzwa nematanda evhu, ivhu, uye plaster, akagadzirirwa kutsungirira projectiles, moto uye, gare gare, bullet kukanganisaMadhuri aya anowanzo kuvharwa nematiles uye kuboorwa nemakomba akawanda. zvakafanana, mambundira emhando dzakasiyana-siyana ayo vadziviriri vaigona kupfura vari pachivande.
Magedhi nemasuo: misungo yemuvengi
Kana munhu aifanira kusarudza mapoinzi akakosha mukudzivirira nhare yeJapan, pasina mubvunzo vaizove ivo mikova, kana refillPakati pechivanze nechimwe paiva nemasuo ematanda akasimba akanga akasimbiswa nesimbi, akatsigirwa nembiru huru. Rimwe nerimwe remagedhi aya rakagadzirirwa kuti nonoka, gwara, uye fumura muvengi kumoto unoparadza uchibva pamadziro.
A very character type ndiyo yaguramon, gedhi rakashongedzwa neshongwe duku (Yagura) iyo yakashanda panguva imwe chete seyekupfura uye yekutarisa positi. Aya aive ekutanga-kirasi, anooneka zvakanyanya nzvimbo dzekupinda, aiwanzo shandiswa panzvimbo dzakakosha padivi perimita kana segedhi remukati mune kaviri kudzivirira.
ari yakuimon Dzaiva nedenga guru rimwe chete raivhara mbiru dzemberi nembiru dzekumashure. Kunyange zvazvo zvaitaridzika zvakanaka, kubva pakuona kwechiuto zvaive zvakaoma: maeves aive akapamhama zvekuti akaganhurira nzvimbo yekuona Dzaishandiswa nevaya vaidzivirira gedhi uye dzaigona kutoshanda senzvimbo yokuvanda mauto anorwisa. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vakatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemamwe maitiro anoshanda.
ari koraimon Mhindumupindu iyi yaionekwa. Panzvimbo pedenga rimwe chete, guru, vaiva nedenga guru pamusoro pembiru dzepamberi uye maduku, maduku akazvimirira ezvitsigiso zvokumashure. Iyi dhizaini yakavandudza kuoneka uye kutonga kwenzvimbo yepedyo, ndosaka yakave iyo favourite sarudzo yemagonhi ekunze zvemasimba mazhinji.
Iyo yepamusoro yekudzivirira sophistication yaive system ye masugata-monChimiro chakaita saL chine magedhi maviri pamakona ekurudyi uye sikweya kana rectangular chivanze chemukati. Murwi akakwanisa kutyora gedhi rekutanga akamanikidzwa mira utendeuke Kuti vatarisane nekurwisa kechipiri, vakatsvikinyidzana munzvimbo diki uye vakakomberedzwa zvachose nezviteshi zvepfuti uye turets. Urongwa uhwu hwakashandura mukova kuita musungo chaiwo.
Pamusoro peaya mamodheru makuru, pakanga paine akareruka akasiyana, senge munamon (pasina mamwe mbiru dzinosimbisa), iyo yakasarudzika tonashimon vasina masuwo, kana madhiri kabukimonChaizvoizvo, lintel isina denga kana chero basa rekudzivirira chairo. Panyaya yekushongedza, vanopenya ... karamon, magonhi akashongedzwa zvakanaka ane matenga akakombama karahafu, senge musuwo unozivikanwa weNijō castle muKyoto.
Iyo huru shongwe kana tenshu: simba kumusoro
Chinhu chinonyanya kuzivikanwa cheimwe nhare yeJapan ndiyo chengeta, tenshu o tenshukakuYaionekwa kubva muguta rose, yakashanda sechiratidzo cheshe uye chiyeuchidzo chenguva dzose chekuti ndiani aitonga ipapo. Kunyangwe kazhinji yaifungidzirwa kuva yehondo mwoyo weguta, chaizvoizvo ayo Basa rekudzivirira chairo raive diki. kupfuura iyo yamasvingo, migero namasuo.
Shongwe dzekutanga dzerudzi urwu dzakadzokera kuhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 16, neAzuchi semuenzaniso wechiratidzo. Architecturally, yaive a mapuranga akaiswa pamadziro ematombo marefu, kubva panhurikidzwa nhatu kusvika kushanu (kana kupfuura, kana tikaverenga mazinga akavanzika emukati) akafukidzwa nepurasita chena uye akashongedzwa nekorona nekutevedzana kwakaoma kwematenga anopindirana.
Mukati me tenshu Iwo ekutanga anokatyamadza vashanyi vazhinji vemazuva ano: kure nemabhaisikopo, inzvimbo isina, inoshanda uye izere nemateru ematanda masitepisiKukwira nebhegi kana nevana kunogona kuve kunakidza, asi mubairo kazhinji unouya pauriri hwepamusoro, uine maonero anopa panoramic maonero enhare uye guta rakakurira patsoka dzaro.
Mukutaura kweaesthetics, matenga emhando iyi akawandisa. irimoyaine gables uye akawanda eaves, dormer windows chidori-hafu uye zvekushongedza zvinopera. Figures of shachihokozvisikwa zvengano zvine muviri wehove uye musoro wetiger, izvo zvainzi kugona kudaidza mvura, zvichivashandura kuita. mazango pamoto mune zvivakwa zvinogadzirwa nematanda.
Hadzisi nhare dzese dzaive kana kuchengetedza shongwe yadzo huru. Nhare dzakakosha senge Sendai haana kumbova neimwe. tenshu monumental, uye vamwe, vakadai seKanazawa, Nijō kana Edo Castle pachayo (ikozvino Imperial Palace yeTokyo), yakarasika nekuda kwemoto kana kudengenyeka kwenyika uye Havana kuzombovakazve, sezvo isingacharangarirwi sechinhu chinokosha kubva mumaonero anoshanda.
Tenshu akasiyana uye shongwe zvigadziriso
Nekufamba kwenguva, shongwe huru dzakashanduka kuita mhuri mbiri huru dzepamutemo. borogataDzakakura dzakamira pazvigadziko zvisina kutsarukana pamusoro pedenga remba rine magedhi irimoyaKamwe kamuviri kadiki kaive kakaiswa pamusoro pavhoriyamu iyoyo, zvichipa pfungwa yekuti yanga yawedzerwa. shongwe yekutarisa pamusoro pechivakwa chakapfuuraMienzaniso yemhando iyi inogona kuonekwa munhare dzakadai seAya kana Inuyama.
ari sotogata Ivo vanomiririra yakajairika uye "yemazuva ano" fomu. Iwo akavakirwa paanenge masikweya nheyo, uye imwe neimwe nhanho yakadzokorora hurongwa hweyo yapfuura, yakaderedzwa zvishoma. Mhedzisiro ishongwe dze yakatsika mbiri, inowirirana uye iri nyore kuvaka, pasina matenga makuru emhando irimoya zvepakati, kunyangwe paine kuwanda kwemadiki ekushongedza gables. Himeji kana Matsumoto vane mukurumbira prototypes yerudzi urwu.
Kana tikataura nezvekuti shongwe huru inodyidzana sei nezvimwe zvimiro, tinowana akati wandei magadzirirwo. Munhare dzemaitiro dokuritsushikila tenshu Inomira yakazvimiririra, kwete kubatanidzwa kune dzimwe shongwe. Hirosaki Castle, pamwe chete nenhare dzakaita seGifu kana Maruoka, zvinonyatsoratidza iyi volumetric rusununguko.
Mumuenzaniso fukugoshikiIyo shongwe huru inobatanidza zvakananga kune a Yagura diki, iyo inowanzoita semusuwo wepamusoro. Izvi zvinogadzira compact asi zvinooneka zvine simba ensembles, sezvinoonekwa muHikone, Matsue, kana Odawara.
Nokuda kwavo, nhare renketsushiki link the tenshu nedzimwe shongwe nenzira watari yagurasingle-level akafukidzwa magalari anobvumira fambisa mauto kuti avhare pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekudzivirira. Nagoya kana Kokura mienzaniso yakanaka. Uye pamagumo akaomarara tine zvigadziriso renritsushikiuko iyo shongwe huru inosanganiswa mumhete yeshongwe uye magarari ayo anovhara iyo honmaru, seHimeji kana Matsuyama, kugadzira musimboti wakasimbiswa zvine hutsinye.
Dzimwe nhare dzinobatanidza dzinoverengeka dzemhinduro idzi mune imwechete chimiro. Matsumoto, semuenzaniso, inowana hybrid mhedzisiro ine yakananga kubatanidza uye yakavharwa nzira kune ebetsero shongwe, ichiratidza kuti mhinduro idzi dzinogona kushandiswa sei. Feudal architects akatamba nemikana yenzvimbo.
Yagura, matura uye nharire
Pamusoro peshongwe huru huru, nhare zhinji dzaive netambo ye Yagurashongwe diki dzenhurikidzwa dzakawanda iyo yakashanda panguva imwe chete sematura, nzvimbo dzekutarisa, uye mabhatiri ekupfurisa. Zita rekutanga rinoreva basa ravo se "imba yekuchengetera museve," asi nekufamba kwenguva vakachengeta pfuti, chikafu, nemhando dzese dzehungwaru.
Kumakona emadziro kwakaoneka the sumiyaguraAngle towers ine rombo rakanaka rekuona, inokwanisa kuyambuka mwoto nezvikamu zviviri zvemadziro uye nekudaro kudzivirira kwakaringana zvakanyanya njodzi nzvimbo dzeperimeter.
Yokutanga Yagura Dzakanga dzakapfava zvikuru, dzerudzi rwacho seiroyaguraChaizvoizvo, scaffolding yakakwirira yematanda. Gare gare, zvitayera zvimwe chetezvo zvakashandiswa. borogata y sotogata kuti mu tenshu, kunyange zvazvo chimiro chenharire borogata Dzakachengetwa dziri munhamba duku zvikuru.
Ruzhinji rwe Yagura dzakachengetedzwa nhasi dzinobva Matanho maviriKunyange zvazvo kunewo shongwe dzine nhurikidzwa nhatu, dzinonzi gosankai yaguraiyo mune dzimwe dzimba dzekumabvazuva kweJapan dzaishanda de facto seshongwe huru. Muchokwadi, iyo inonzi "chengetedza shongwe" yeHirosaki kana Marugame ndeyehunyanzvi Yagura uriri hutatu.
Hatifaniri kukanganwa hirayaguraSingle-story towers, yakaderera zvikuru kuti ishande seshongwe dzakakura asi dzinobatsira zvikuru semamodule ekudzivirira pamagumo emadziro kana sezvimedu zvekubatanidza. Ane hukama zvakanyanya ndiwo tamon yaguraMaBhaibheri marefu anotambanuka pamadziro, achipa mitsetse yakafara yemoto pamusoro pemigero nemasuo. Izvi zvinogona kusanganiswa ne watari yaguraayo anonyanya kufukidzwa nzira dzinobatanidza zvimiro, asi mu tamon yagura Kudzivirira kushanda kunotora pamberi peiyo yemumhanyi ari nyore.
Mizinda, matenga edzimba nekushongedza
Chimwe chezvinoshamisa zvikuru kune vashanyi vazhinji kuwana kuti iyo daimyo aisagara mushongwe huruasi mumizinda mikuru yenyaya imwe chete kana shoma inonzi gotenAya macomplexes, akanyanya kugadzikana uye akashongedzwa zvine mutsindo, ane dzimba dzekugamuchira, dzimba dzekugara, uye mahofisi ekutonga.
Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yazvo, dzimba dzehumambo idzi dzinogona kukamurwa kuva honmaru goten (munzvimbo yepakati, pedyo neshongwe), ni-no-maru goten (pamhete yechipiri) kana otoshi goten (dzimba dzemadzimambo madiki munzvimbo dziri kunze). The honmaru goten Nhare yeNagoya, yakavakwazve pachishandiswa hunyanzvi hwechinyakare, inzira inoshamisa yekuwana pfungwa kuti munhu wepamusoro-soro aigara uye achitonga seiZvekukosha kukuru iKawagoe Palace, iyo chete yasara chisara cheyaimbova nhare yayo.
Kana tikataura nezve dzimba dzemadzinda mukati medzimba dzeJapan, zvakakosha kutaura nezve Nijo Castle, muKyotoImba yake yamambo ninomaruIyo yepakutanga, ine mukurumbira kune yayo "nightingale" pasi, mapuranga anonamira nemaune kuratidza kuvepo kwevanopinda, uye nemifananidzo yayo yemural. Imba ya honmaru, akatamira ipapo kubva kuImperial Palace, anopedzisa seti inopfupisa, sevamwe vashoma, iyo hupenyu hwedare pakupera kwenguva yefeudal.
Architecturally, nhare dzeJapan dzinomirawo kune avo matenga emhando irimoyaZvivako izvi zvinosanganisa matenga akavharwa nemagebhura kumativi maviri akapesana. Iyi sisitimu, yakagarwa nhaka kubva kuChina, yakapa kugadzikana kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze uye yakabvumira kufefetedza kwemukati kunoshanda. Mataira akashongedzwa akawanda pamatenga. onigawara (kazhinji nevavariro dzemadhimoni kuti vadzinge zvakaipa) uye shibi, zvinobata zvekupedzisira izvo munhare zhinji zvinotora chimiro che shachihoko.
Izvi zvisikwa zvakasanganiswa, hafu yehove, hafu tiger, zvakava echokwadi anoona mifananidzoKupfuura basa ravo reapotropaic (kudzivirira kumoto), vanoratidza chimiro chenhare: iyo yakakura uye yakawedzera kurongeka ivo, iyo yakakura hupfumi uye chishuvo chaIshe uyo akavaraira kuti vaiswe, sezvinoonekwa mune yakakurumbira. shachihoko dzegoridhe dzeNagoya Castle.
Nhare dzekuona muJapan: yekutanga, yakavakwazve uye matongo
Parizvino zvinofungidzirwa kuti pane zvishoma kudarika zana zana rakavhurirwa vashanyiKunyange zvazvo zviuru zvakati zvakavakwa munguva yeSengoku, gumi nevaviri chete ndivo vanochengeta shongwe yavo huru yemapuranga; mamwe acho kuvakwazve kubva kune akasiyana eras kana kungongova matongo ane zvisaririra zvemadziro neshongwe.
Izvo zvinonzi "12 yepakutanga castles" Iwo chaiwo matombo anokosha kune chero munhu ari kutsvaga ruzivo rwechokwadi rwunogoneka: masitepisi akareba, pasi pemapuranga, matanda emazana emakore, uye maonero aizivikanwa naSamurai makore mazana mana apfuura. Pakati pavo, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukosha: himeji (iyo "White Heron", pamwe inoshamisa uye yakachengetedzwa zvakanyanya), matsumoto (iyo "Crow's Castle", ine madziro ayo matema uye maonero eJapan Alps), Hirosaki (inozivikanwa negungwa remaruva echerry anoripoteredza muchirimo), Hikone, Inuyama, Matsuyama, Marugame o Uwajima, pakati pevamwe.
Kupfuura aya gumi nemaviri, nhare zhinji dzave yakavakwazve mukongiri muzana rose remakore rechi20. Kunyangwe kubva pakuona kwemupurist vanogona kurasikirwa nerunako rwavo, vanowanzo gara mamiziyamu anodzidzisa zvikuru nezve nhoroondo yenzvimbo uye hondo dzemafeudal, nezvombo, minondo, modhi, uye zviwanikwa zvinodyidzana. Osaka Castle ndiyo muenzaniso mukuru: chimiro chemazuva ano chine lifti, asi kunze kwakatendeka uye paki inoshamisa kwaunogona kunakidzwa nemaruva nemaruva.
Zvimwe zviitiko, zvakadai se kumamoto, Hiroshima, odawara, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Okayama, Kokura o ShimabaraVanobatanidza zvikamu zvepakutanga (madziro, shongwe dzechipiri, moats) ne shongwe huru dzakavakwazve izvo zvinobvumira munhu kuwana fungidziro yechokwadi yekunaka kwayo kwekare. Shuri Castle, muOkinawa, chitsauko chakasiyana nekuda kwesimba rayo rakajeka kubva kuHumambo hwekare hweRyukyu uye nhoroondo yayo inotyisa yekuparadza nekuvakazve.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, maitiro akananga dzakaomarara nhoroondo reconstructionsZvichitevera zvirongwa zvekare uye hunyanzvi hwekuveza, sezvaiitwa paŌzu Castle kana mukudzoreredzwa kweshongwe dzakasiyana-siyana nedzimba dzekuchengetera zvinhu paKanazawa Castle neKakegawa castle, mapurojekiti aya anodzivirira kongiri yakafumurwa uye anovavarira kuve nehanya zvakanyanya muzvinhu uye kuvimbika kwepamutemo.
Kune zvakare chitsauko chinonakidza chakatsaurirwa kune matongo enhare, kana josekiMuzviitiko zvakawanda, madziro chete, moats, uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvinosara. YaguraAsi nzvimbo yacho yakashandurwa kuita paki yevoruzhinji. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika nematongo e Azuchi, Takeda (iyo yakakurumbira "nhare mudenga", inoita seinoyangarara pamusoro pegungwa remakore), Naegi, Fukuoka, Hagi, paki yeAoba Castle yekare muSendai kana, mukati memwoyo weTokyo, zvakasara zve Edo Castle yakabatanidzwa mumapindu eImperial Palace yazvino.
Castles, maguta uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Dzinenge dzese dzimba dzemafeudal castle dzakaita kuti a jōkamachiCastle city, iyo yaisvika pedyo nemigero nemadziro ayo. Samurai wepamusoro-soro aigara munharaunda ye honmarunepo avo venzvimbo yepasi vaive vari kure kunze. Kunyangwe kure kure kwaive nenzvimbo dzevashambadziri nemhizha, uye kumucheto kwaive ... temberi, nzvimbo tsvene nematunhu ekuzorora.
Aya ndiwo marongerwo akaitwa maguta atinozivikanwa nhasi. Tokyo (Edo), Kanazawa, Nagoya o kumamotoNhare yakaita se zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi uye zvokufananidzira centre yenharaunda yakapoteredza: kubva ipapo mitero yaitungamirirwa, mabasa e hydraulic akadzorwa, hondo yakaziviswa kana zvibvumirano zverunyararo zvakasimbiswa.
Nzvimbo dzakashama nedzemumakomo dzakafambisa kufamba kwezvinhu zviri nyore, nekuda kwenzizi dzinofambika, zviteshi zvezviteshi zviri pedyo, kana migwagwa yakanaka. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vatenzi vakawanda vakaramba hurongwa huviri hwenhare: makomo emakomo sehutiziro hwakanyanyisa munguva dzehondo, uye nhare dzakajeka sechigaro chenguva dzose chehurumende nekutengeserana munguva dzakadzikama.
Kuunganidza castle uye kushanya muJapan
Nhasi, kushanyira nhare dzave a chitandadzo chakakurumbira pakati pevaJapanMutambo wenyika yose. Pane hurongwa hwese hwezvirongwa zvepamutemo se "100 dzepamusoro castles" kana "iyo itsva 100 castles," iyo inokurudzira vafambi kuti vatarise nhare kubva pamepu uye kuwana makona mashoma evashanyi enyika.
Nzira yakajairika yekuwana iyi hobby ndeye unganidza zvitambi zvenhareMunhare zhinji, unowana yakasarudzika chitambi cherabha chaunogona kushandisa mune yakakosha notebook. Kune mabhuku akagadzirirwa kuunganidza zvitambi kubva ku24, 100, kana 200 enhare dzine mukurumbira, uye vazhinji vanofarira vanodzokorora kushanya kuti vawane chitambi chavanenge vashaya.
Imwe nzira yekuunganidza ndeye gojōincastle calligraphy, kufambirana kwakananga ne goshuin izvo zvinounganidzwa mutemberi nenzvimbo tsvene. Mune dzimwe nhare, nemubhadharo mudiki, calligrapher inoteedzera mubhuku rako rekunyorera (gojōin-chō) zita renhare uye imwe yakabatana motif, kugadzira a ndangariro yakasarudzika uye yomunhu oga yekushanya.
Kune mufambi wekune imwe nyika, nhare dzakawanda zvakare dzakanakisa nzvimbo dzekuona dzekutarisa hupenyu hwemazuva ese: mhuri dzinofamba, vadzidzi panzendo, vakaroora vachinakidzwa. Hanami pasi pemiti yecherry kana ye kōyō mumatsutso. Uye nekuda kweJapan Rail Pass uye yakakura njanji network, zviri nyore kubatanidza. nhare dzakawanda munzira imwe chetekubatanidza nhoroondo, mamiriro uye gastronomy yemunharaunda.
Dzimba dzeJapan dzinopfuura mifananidzo yakanaka kwazvo: dzinobatanidza mazana emakore ehondo dzemafeudal, kunatsiridza, uye kusimba pakatarisana nenguva, uye kuongorora madziro avo, zvivanze, uye mahoro ndiyo imwe yedzakanyanya nzira dzekuona Japan. kubatana nezvakapfuura kubva kunyika yokubuda kwezuva.
