Kutaura nezveLatin America zvinoreva kutaura nezvenzvimbo yakakura, yakasiyana-siyana yakazara nekusiyana. Kubva pamakomo eAndes ane chando kusvika kumasango emvura eAmazon, ichipfuura nemumaguta makuru nemapani ekurima asingaperi, nzvimbo iyi ye American continent inosangana nhoroondo inotora zviuru zvemakore, tsika ine simba, uye huremu hukuru hwevanhu nehupfumi munyika yanhasi.
Kunyangwe "Latin America" ​​ichiwanzobatanidzwa pamwe chete, chokwadi chakanyanya kuoma. Pasi pezita iroro, nyika dzine hukuru hwakasiyana, nhanho dzebudiriro, masisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika, uye mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu anogara pamwe chete. Chavanogovana inguva yekare yekoloni yakabatana nemasimba eEurope uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemitauro yakabva muchiLatin, izvo zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwe kuzivikanwa kwakasiyana kweLatin America, kune zvinhu zvakafanana asiwo kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana.
Chii chinonzi Latin America uye nei ichinzi kudaro?
Kana tichitaura nezveLatin America, tiri kureva nzvimbo yakakura yekondinendi yeAmerica uko mitauro yepamutemo inobva muchiLatin. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, inyika dzinotaurwa chiLatin. kunyanya Spanish, Portuguese kana French semitauro yekurevaTsanangudzo iyi itsika nemitauro, pamwe nenzvimbo.
Kondinendi yeAmerica ndiyo yechipiri pakukura pasi rose, uye mukati mayo, dunhu reLatin America rine nyika dzinopfuura makumi maviri dzinozivikanwa saizvozvo. Mupfungwa chaiyo, zvinowanzotaurwa kuti Latin America inoumbwa ne Nyika makumi maviri dzinozvitonga dzine mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa uri Spanish kana Portuguese, uye zvishoma FrenchPamusoro pezvo, kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine chinzvimbo chakakosha, dzakadai sePuerto Rico kana tichienzanisa neUnited States.
Muchokwadi, ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuLatin America vanotaura chiSpanish. Nyika imwe chete ndiyo ine chiPutukezi semutauro wayo wepamutemo uye unonyanya kushandiswa (Brazil), uye imwe yenyika dzinowanzobatanidzwa munharaunda iyi, Haiti, inosanganisira chiFrench semutauro wepamutemo pamwe chete neHaitian Creole. Saka, kana vanhu vachitaura nezve "Latinos," kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akaita seUnited States, vanowanzoreva nezve vanhu vane dzinza reHispanic kana reLatin America, kungave nekuzvarwa kana madzitateguru.
Zvichienderana nefungidziro dzechangobva kuitwa, vanhu vanosvika [nhamba] vanogara munzvimbo iyi yakakura. Vagari vemo vanosvika mamiriyoni 650, vanova vanhu vanosvika 8% vevanhu pasi rose.Huwandu hwevanhu ava hwakapararira munzvimbo dzisina kuenzana: dzimwe nyika dzine nzvimbo dzakakura uye vanhu vashoma, nepo dzimwe dziri diki asi dzine vanhu vakawanda zvisina tsarukano.
Kwakatangira nhoroondo: kubva patsika dzevasati vasvika kuColumbian kusvika pakuzvitonga
Nhoroondo yeLatin America inotanga kare kare vanhu vekuEurope vasati vasvika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mapoka ekutanga evanhu akasvika mukondinendi iyi kupfuura Makore 13.000, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwevanhu netsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzine mitauro, tsika nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ehurongwa., yatinoziva nhasi se pre-Columbian tsika.
Pakati pemadzimambo makuru asati asvika Columbian, Umambo hweInca hwakasiyana munzvimbo yeAndean, hune hurongwa hwakaoma hwezvematongerwo enyika nemigwagwa hwaibatanidza nzvimbo zhinji dzePeru yanhasi, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, neArgentina. MuMesoamerica, tsika dzinotevera dzaive dzakakurumbira: Vanhu veMayan uye maAztec (kana kuti Mexica), avo vakapararira munzvimbo dziri Mexico, Guatemala neHonduras nhasi, pakati pedzimwe nzvimbo dziri pedyo.
Pamwe chete nemadzimambo makuru aya, paivawo nevamwe vanhu vakawanda vekondinendi vakapararira mukondinendi yese. Vanhu vakaita seAymara muBolivia, Quechua muPeru, uye Wayuu muzvikamu zveVenezuela neColombia yanhasi, kungodudza mienzaniso mishoma, vanoramba vachienderera mberi, pamwe nedzimwe tsika dzakadai se Mapuches kumaodzanyemba, mitauro yavo, zvitendero zvavo uye magariro avo kunyangwe vachitarisana nekufambira mberi kwehutongi hwechikoloni.
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi15 kwakatanga nguva yaizochinja zvikuru dunhu iri: kusvika kwevagari vekuEurope. Kutanga kwakauya maSpanish nemaPutukezi, akazobatana nemaFrench mune zvimwe zvitsuwa zveCaribbean. Kwemakore anopfuura mazana matatu, nzvimbo zhinji dzeLatin America dzakaramba dziri pasi pavo. hurumende dzekoloni dzakashandisa zvakanyanya zviwanikwa zvechisikigo nevashandi vemunharaunda.
Kukundwa kwacho kwaive kwakaipisisa. Vanhu vemuno vakatambura nezvirwere, hondo, kumanikidzwa kushanda, uye kudzingwa kwevanhu vazhinji. Uyezve, kutengeswa kwevaranda mhiri kweAtlantic kwakaita kuti mamiriyoni evanhu vanobva kuAfrica, avo vakamanikidzwa kushanda muminda, migodhi, nemapurazi. Kubva mukusanganiswa uku kwakasimba kwevaEurope, vanhu vemuno, uye vaAfrica kwakabuda. Kuzivikanwa kwemadzinza netsika itsva, senge mestizaje ne mulatto, izvo zviri chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kweLatin America nhasi..
Kuparadzana kwechokwadi nemaguta makuru ekuEurope kwakatanga pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 uye kwakawedzera munguva yezana remakore rechi19. Zvakafuridzirwa neAmerican neFrench Revolutions uye nepfungwa dzeEnlightenment, mafambiro akasiyana-siyana ekuzvitonga akatanga kupikisa kutonga kwekoloni. Vanhu vakaita se Simón BolÃvar, José de San MartÃn, Miguel Hidalgo kana José MatÃas Delgado Vakaita mabasa makuru mukuita izvozvo.
Haiti yakava nyika yekutanga yakazvimirira: muna 1804 yakava nyika yekutanga yakazvimirira pasi rose yevatema, mushure mekurwira France zvine simba. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, mumakore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi19, dzimwe nzvimbo dzaitongwa neSpain nePortugal mukondinendi dzakazivisa rusununguko rwadzo, zvichibatanidza Nyika dziri kuLatin America dziripo pari zvino mushure memakumi emakore ehondo, kugadziriswa kwemiganhu uye kusawirirana kwemukati.
Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo uye huwandu hwevanhu muLatin America
Kana tikabatanidza nzvimbo yepamusoro yenyika dzese dzinoonekwa sechikamu cheLatin America, tinosvika Nzvimbo yemakiromita 19,5 miriyoniIzvi zvinomiririra inenge 13,2% yenyika yose yepasi, izvo zvinopa pfungwa yehukuru hwenzvimbo iyi.
Huwandu hwevanhu vose huri pedyo Vagari vemo mamiriyoni 650, vane huwandu hwevanhu vanodarika 33 pa square kilometre imwe neimweZvisinei, kuwanda uku kunosiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nenzvimbo: maguta makuru eLatin America anounganidza mamiriyoni evanhu munzvimbo diki, nepo kune nzvimbo dzinenge dzisina vanhu.
Mumaguta akaita seMexico Guta, São Paulo, Lima, Bogotá, kana Buenos Aires, kukwira kwemadhorobha kunowedzera, ne nzvimbo huru dzemaguta dzinobatanidza mabasa epamusoro ehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsikaKune rumwe rutivi, nzvimbo dzakadai seAmazon kana Andean Altiplano (munyika dzakadai seChile, Argentina kana Bolivia) dzine huwandu hushoma kwazvo hwevanhu kana tichienzanisa nehukuru hwavo nemamiriro ekunze.
Uyezve, Latin America inzvimbo ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda: ine zvinhu zvakawanda chikamu chimwe muzvishanu che masango enyika uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemvura yakachena yepasiInewo ivhu rinosvika 12% revhu rinorimwa pasi rose, zvichiita kuti dunhu iri rive nebasa guru mukugadzirwa kwechikafu nezvinhu zvekushandisa.
Kubva pamaonero evanhu, vanhu vekuLatin America vakasiyana zvikuru maererano nekwavakabva: vanogara pamwe chete vanhu veko, vazukuru vevaEurope, vazukuru veAfrica, maMestizo, maMulatto, nenharaunda dzevakabva kuAsia (kunyanya munyika dzakadai seBrazil, Peru kana Mexico), zvichikonzera nzanga dzinozivikanwa nekusangana kwetsika.
Kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika uye mapoka ematunhu
Latin America inoumbwa nenyika dzinenge makumi maviri dzinozvitonga pasi rose. Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yadziri mukondinendi, dzinogona kuiswa mumapoka anotevera: nyika imwe chete kuNorth America, dzinoverengeka kuCentral America neCaribbean, uye nhamba yakakura kuSouth America.
Kuchamhembe kure, mukati medunhu reNorth America, kune Mekisikoiyo inoshanda sebhiriji pakati penyika dzeLatin America neAnglo-Saxon. Dunhu reCentral America neCaribbean rinosanganisirawo Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua nePanamazvese nemitauro yepamutemo inobva muchiLatin uye hukama hwenhoroondo neSpain kana France.
MuSouth America tinowana Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay neVenezuelaNyika idzi dzine zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, dzakafanana nedzaimbova dzechiSpanish dzakagara dziri mukoloni (kunze kweBrazil, iyo ine nhaka yePortugal) uye hukama hwakabatana zvikuru munharaunda mune zvehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika.
Rondedzero iyi inowanzowedzerwa Pota Rikoinova nyaya yakakosha. ICommonwealth yeUnited States, isina kubatanidzwa senyika yemubatanidzwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vagari vayo vane hugari hweU.S., vanoshandisa dhora semari yavo yepamutemo, uye vanotevedzera mitemo yemubatanidzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, vane hurumende yayo inotungamirwa nagavhuna anosarudzwa nevhoti yevanhu vosenepo dziviriro, mutemo wekupinda kwevanhu munyika uye kutengeserana kwekunze zvichitsamira zvakananga paWashington.
Nyika dzese dzakazvimiririra mudunhu iri dzine vamiriri vakazara mu United Nations (UN)Uyezve, Latin America inozivikanwa nekuvapo kwemapoka akasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzekubatanidza dunhu dzinotsvaga kuronga hupfumi, kutengeserana uye, mune dzimwe nguva, marongero ekunze.
Pakati peanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya Mercosur (Southern Common Market), inoumbwa neArgentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, neVenezuela, iyo ine chinangwa chekufamba kwakasununguka kwezvinhu, masevhisi, uye zvinhu zvinogadzira pakati penhengo dzayo. MuCentral America, iyo Sisitimu yeKubatanidzwa kweCentral America (SICA) Inobatanidza nyika dzakadai seCosta Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua nePanama, ichironga mapurojekiti munzvimbo dzebudiriro, kuchengetedzeka nekushandira pamwe.
Kune rumwe rutivi, pamhenderekedzo yePacific, Chibvumirano chePacificSangano iri, rine Chile, Colombia, Peru, neMexico, rinotarisa pakubatana kwakadzama kwehupfumi, kusununguka kwekutengeserana, uye kusvika pamwe chete kunzvimbo dzeAsia-Pacific, imwe yenzvimbo dzekutengeserana dzine simba pasi rose.
Hupfumi hweLatin America: Zviwanikwa, Maindasitiri uye Kushanya
Hupfumi hweLatin America hunozivikanwa nekuwanikwa kukuru kwezviwanikwa zvechisikigo. Kumabvazuva kweSouth America, mapani makuru nenzvimbo dzakati sandara zvinobvumira kurima kukuru uye kurima zvipfuyoNzvimbo idzi dzakagadzirirwa kushandiswa kwemuno nekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Panguva imwe chete, matunhu mazhinji ane huwandu hwakawanda hwemahydrocarbon, izvo zvakawedzera kuburitswa kwemafuta negasi.
Makomo, kunyanya Andes, anozivikanwa nekuda kwezvicherwa zvawo. Nyika dzakadai seChile, Peru, neBolivia dzine matura makuru ezvicherwa zvakaita semhangura, sirivha, lithium kana tinchinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yepasi rose. Kutaura zvazviri, Chile ndeimwe yemakambani makuru ekugadzira nekutengesa mhangura kunze kwenyika, nepo inonzi "lithium triangle" (Argentina, Bolivia, neChile) ichitamba basa guru mukuchinja kwesimba uye kugadzirwa kwemabhatiri.
Brazil neArgentina, kune rumwe rutivi, dziri pakati pevagadziri vakuru nevatengesi vekunze kwenyika. soyabhini nezvimwe zvirimwa zvakakuraVenezuela, kunyangwe yakasangana nematambudziko makuru ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, ichiri imwe yenyika dzine mafuta akawanda akasimbiswa pasi rose, izvo zvinotsanangura huremu hwayo hwechinyakare mumisika yepasi rose yesimba.
Muchikamu chemaindasitiri, chikamu chechipiri chakakosha zvikuru mune dzimwe nyika dzeLatin America. Mexico, Brazil, neArgentina dzinonyanya kukoshesa chikamu chikuru chechikamu chekugadzira chedunhu, nemapazi akakosha se... maindasitiri emotokari, machira, petrochemical uye chikafu nezvinwiwaKuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji uye chikamu chedhijitari, zvinotungamirwa ne mayunivhesiti eAmericaDzakawedzerawo zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kunyanya muBrazil nemamwe maguta makuru.
Bazi rezvebasa rabudirira, nekutengeserana, mari, mafambiro ezvekufambisa, uye kutaurirana senzvimbo dzaro. Mukati mechikamu ichi, Kushanya inzira inokosha yekuwana mari yekunze kune dzimwe nyika dzakawandaNzvimbo dzinoshanya zuva nemahombekombe dzakadai seMexico Caribbean, Dominican Republic, neCuba dzinogamuchira mamiriyoni evashanyi gore rega rega. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune nzvimbo dzinokosha dzekuchera matongo, dzakadai semaguta ekare eMayan muGuatemala neHonduras, kana zviratidzo zvinozivikanwa pasi rose seMachu Picchu muPeru.
Pamusoro pezvose izvi, kune mapaki echisikigo, nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvipenyu, nemaguta ekare anokwezva vafambi vanobva kumativi ese epasi. Kazhinji, hupfumi hweLatin America hunosanganisa mabasa makuru akasimba, kusimudzira maindasitiri uye kuwedzera kushanyaZvisinei, inewo matambudziko ekuvaka akadai sekusaenzana, mabasa asina kurongeka, uye kuvimba nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Uyezve, nzvimbo zhinji idzi dzinochengetedza nzvimbo dzisina kusimba uko kwakawanikwa zvinhu zvitsva zvesainzi, zvakaita sekuwanikwa kwemhando itsva yedatya regirazi munzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka, izvo zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzedu. mapaki echisikigo.
Tsika, mitauro nezvitendero muLatin America
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa muLatin America ipfuma yayo huru yetsika. Dunhu iri chibereko chekusangana—dzimwe nguva kune chisimba, dzimwe nguva zvishoma nezvishoma—pakati penyika. vanhu veko, vatorwa vekuEurope, uye vanhu vemuAfrica vakatapwaMunguva pfupi yapfuura, vatorwa vanobva kwakasiyana-siyana vakawedzerwawo.
Mundima yemitauro, mitauro inonyanya kutaurwa nezvayo ndeiyi ChiSpanish nechiPutukeziChiSpanish mutauro wepamutemo munyika zhinji dzeLatin America, nepo Chiputukezi chinotaurwa muBrazil chete. Zvisinei, tichifunga kuti Brazil ndiyo nyika ine vanhu vakawanda munharaunda iyi, huwandu hwevanhu vanotaura Chiputukezi hwakafanana zvikuru nehwevanhu vanotaura ChiSpanish.
MuHaiti, chiFrench ndeimwe yemitauro yepamutemo, ine chinzvimbo ichocho neHaitian Creole. Kunze kwemitauro yekuEurope, mimwe mitauro ichiripo. Mitauro yemuno inopfuura mazana matatu iri kushandiswa, inotaurwa nemamiriyoni evanhu munyika dzakasiyana. ChiQuechua, chiAymara, chiGuarani nemimwe mitauro yakawanda yemuno ichiripo, kunyanya kumaruwa nemunharaunda dzemuno.
Nezvechitendero, zviri pachena kuti chiKristu ndicho chitendero chikuru. Tsika dzechiKaturike dzine midzi yakadzika kwazvo yenhoroondo, yakagara nhaka kubva mukukoloniwa kweSpain nePortugal. Zvisinei, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kwave nekukura kwakasimba mu [zvisingajekeswi - pamwe "zvisiri zvechiKristu" kana "zvisiri zvechiKristu"] Machechi echiPurotesitendi neeevhangeri, kunyanya anoonekwa munyika dzakadai seBrazilGuatemala kana mamwe masevhisi eMexico neCentral America.
Kunewo nharaunda dzevaJudha nedzevaMuslim, kunyanya mumaguta makuru nenyika dzine huwandu hwakakwira hwevanhu vanopinda munyika. Uyezve, munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekondinendi, vanoramba Zvitendero zveAfrica America nezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyanaZvitendero izvi zvinosanganisa zvinhu zvechiKristu netsika dzemuAfrica netsika dzemuno. Mienzaniso inoonekwa inosanganisira Candomblé muBrazil neSanterÃa muCuba, zvose zvakazvarwa nekuda kwekusateerera tsika dzevanhu vemuAfrica vakaunzwa sevaranda.
Hupenyu hwetsika dzeLatin America hunoratidzwa mukugadzirwa kukuru kweunyanzvi nemabhuku uye mune Unyanzvi hwekuLatin AmericaKubva pakuita zvemashiripiti mumabhuku kusvika kumafirimu, mimhanzi yakakurumbira (samba, tango, salsa, reggaeton, son, cumbia, nezvimwewo) uye hunyanzvi hwekuona. Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuzivikanwa kuri mukuvaka nguva dzose, kune simba repasi rose asi midzi yakadzika midzi munhoroondo nekusiyana kwenzvimbo iyi.
Nyika huru dzeLatin America uye hunhu hwadzo
Kunyangwe nyika imwe neimwe iine hunyanzvi hwayo, zvakakosha kuti tiongorore muchidimbu zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha nezvenyika dzinoumba Latin America. Vazhinji vanotaura chiSpanish semutauro wavo wepamutemo uye rusununguko rutsva kubva kumasimba eEurope, kunze kweBrazil neHaiti, dzaive makoloni ePortugal neFrance, zvichiteerana.
Argentina Argentina inyika inotaura chiSpanish iri kumaodzanyemba kweSouth America. Yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1816 uye ikozvino yakakamurwa kuita matunhu makumi maviri nematatu. Guta rayo guru iBuenos Aires, uye ine vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu. Nzvimbo yeArgentina inotangira munzvimbo dzinopisa kusvika kunzvimbo dzePatagonian, zvichipa mamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana uye kurima.
Borivhiya Iri pakati peSouth America, Bolivia yakakomberedzwa nedzimwe nyika. Ine vagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe uye ine tsika dzakapfuma dzemuno. Kunyange zvazvo chiSpanish chinotaurwa zvakanyanya, mitauro yakaita seQuechua neAymara inoitawo basa rakakosha. Guta guru rebumbiro remitemo ndiro Sucre, asi muzinda wehurumende uri muLa Paz, zvichiita kuti Bolivia ive yakasiyana nemaguta maviri makuru emabasa ehurumende.
Brasil Brazil ndiyo hofori yedunhu iri muhukuru nehuwandu hwevanhu. Iri kumabvazuva kweSouth America, ine nzvimbo inosvika mamiriyoni 8,5 emakiromita, zvichiita kuti ive nyika yakakura kwazvo mukondinendi. Guta rayo guru iBrasÃlia, uye mutauro wayo wepamutemo iPutukezi, chiratidzo chekare sekoloni yePortugal kusvika muna 1824. Iine vagari vanosvika mamiriyoni 210, ine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvisikwa uye chikamu chikuru chemasango eAmazon, chimwe chezvisikwa zvakakosha pasi rose.
ChileChile, nyika inotaura chiSpanish, yakatambanuka senzvimbo yakareba iri pedyo nemahombekombe ekumadokero eSouth America. Yaiva koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1818 uye ikozvino yakarongwa muzvikamu gumi nematanhatu. Guta rayo guru iSantiago, uye nyika iyi inozivikanwa nemahombekombe ayo marefu ePacific uye kuvapo kwemakomo eAndes nguva dzose, ayo anoshanda sechipingamupinyi chechisikigo neArgentina uye anopesvedzera mamiriro ekunze ayo nenzvimbo yayo.
Korombiya Iri kuchamhembe kweSouth America uye ine mahombekombe ari paPacific Ocean neCaribbean Sea. Guta rayo guru iBogotá, uye nyika iyi yakakamurwa kuita madhipatimendi makumi matatu nemaviri. Ine vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mashanu uye yakawana rusununguko kubva kuSpain muna 1819. Nyika iyi inozivikanwa nekusiyana kwayo kwechisikigo netsika, ine masango emvura, makomo, nemapani anotsigira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvakatipoteredza.
Kosita Rika Iri muCentral America, ine mukana wekupinda muPacific Ocean neCaribbean Sea. Yakarega kuva koloni yeSpain muna 1821 uye ikozvino yakakamurwa kuita matunhu manomwe, ine vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni mashanu. Guta guru rayo iSan José. Inozivikanwa nekuzvipira kwayo kurunyararo (haina mauto kubvira pakati pezana remakore rechi20) uye nekuchengetedza kwayo zvakatipoteredza, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yepamusoro yekushanya kwezvakatipoteredza.
KiyubaCuba, chitsuwa cheCaribbean chinozivikanwa, yakarongwa mumatunhu gumi nemashanu uye ine vagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe. Guta guru iHavana, uye mutauro wepamutemo iSpanish, nhaka yekare yekoloni yeSpain kusvika muna 1898. Nhoroondo yayo yazvino inozivikanwa nechimurenga cha1959, zvirambidzo zveUS, uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwechisosharisiti hwakagara huripo.
Ekwadho Iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth America. Guta guru rayo, Quito, rine mukurumbira neGuayaquil senzvimbo huru yezvehupfumi. Nyika iyi yakakamurwa kuita mapurovhinzi makumi maviri nemana uye ine vagari vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi nemanomwe. ChiSpanish ndiwo mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa, zvichiratidza chinzvimbo chayo sekoloni yeSpain kusvika muna 1820. Uyezve, Ecuador inozivikanwa nekupfuma kwezvitsuwa zveGalápagos, rimwe remarabhoritari ezvisikwa akakosha pasi rose.
E SavhadhoEl Salvador, iri kuCentral America, ine mahombekombe ePacific uye yakakamurwa kuita madhipatimendi gumi nemana. Guta rayo guru iSan Salvador, uye vanhu vayo vanodarika mamiriyoni matanhatu, vazhinji vavo vanotaura chiSpanish. Nyika iyi yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1821 uye, muzana remakore rechi20, yakarwa hondo yemugari yakasimba iyo migumisiro yayo ichiri kunzwika munharaunda yeSalvador.
Guatemala Iri kuchamhembe kweCentral America. Iine vagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni gumi nemanomwe, yakarongwa mumadhipatimendi makumi maviri nemaviri, uye guta guru rayo iGuatemala City. Nyika iyi yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1821, uye mutauro wayo wepamutemo iSpanish, kunyangwe mitauro yakawanda yeMayan nemimwe yemuno ichitaurwa munharaunda yayo, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwakasimba kwevanhu veko.
Haiti Haiti inogara muchikamu chechitsuwa cheHispaniola muCaribbean, icho inogovana neDominican Republic. Guta rayo guru iPort-au-Prince, uye huwandu hwevanhu vayo hunopfuura mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe, hwakapararira mumadhipatimendi gumi. Yaive koroni yeFrance kusvika muna 1804, gore rayo rekuzvitonga. Mitauro yayo yepamutemo iFrench neHaitian Creole, uye ndeimwe yenyika dzine urombo muWestern Hemisphere, ine nhoroondo refu yekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika nenjodzi dzechisikigo.
HondurasHonduras, iri muCentral America zvakare, yakakamurwa kuita madhipatimendi gumi nemasere uye ine vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni gumi. Guta rayo guru iTegucigalpa, uye mutauro wayo wepamutemo iSpanish, yakagara nhaka kubva mukutorwa kweSpain kwakatora nzvimbo kusvika muna 1821. Nyika iyi inosanganisa makomo, masango emvura, nemahombekombe eCaribbean, uye ine nhaka yakakosha yeMayan panzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeCopán.
Mekisiko Inogara kumaodzanyemba kweNorth America uye inoshanda senyika huru yedunhu. Guta guru rayo iMexico City, rimwe remaguta makuru pasi rose. Iine vagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni 127, ndeimwe yenyika dzine vanhu vakawanda muLatin America. Yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1821, uye chiSpanish ndiwo mutauro wayo wepamutemo, kunyangwe mitauro yakawanda yemuno inozivikanwa, yakadai seNahuatl, Maya, nemimwe yakati wandei.
Nikaraguwa Iri muCentral America, ine mahombekombe ari paPacific neCaribbean. Guta rayo guru iManagua, uye nyika iyi yakakamurwa kuita madhipatimendi gumi nemashanu. Ine vagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni matanhatu, vanonyanya kutaura chiSpanish, mutauro unoratidza kare kayo kekukoloni kusvika muna 1821. Nyika iyi inozivikanwa nemadziva ayo, makomo anoputika, uye nhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yazvino inozivikanwa nechimurenga cheSandinista pamwe nehondo dzakazotevera.
Panama Iri kumaodzanyemba kweCentral America, ichiumba hukama huripo pakati penyika iyi neSouth America. Inokwanisa kusvika kuPacific Ocean neCaribbean Sea, yakarongwa mumatunhu gumi, uye guta guru rayo iPanama City. Yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1821, uye Spanish ndiwo mutauro wepamutemo. Chinhu chayo chinonyanya kuzivikanwa iPanama Canal, chishamiso cheinjiniya chinobatanidza Atlantic nePacific Oceans uye chakakosha pakutengeserana kwegungwa pasi rose. Nyika iyi ine vagari vanosvika mamiriyoni mana.
Paraguay Iri pakati peSouth America uye yakakomberedzwa nedzimwe nyika. Guta guru rayo iAsunción, uye nyika iyi yakakamurwa kuita madhipatimendi gumi nemanomwe ane vagari vanosvika mamiriyoni manomwe. Mitauro yayo miviri yepamutemo iGuaranà neSpanish, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwakasimba kwetsika dzechiGuaranà dzemuno mukuzivikanwa kwenyika. Yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1811.
Peru Peru inotambanuka kumahombekombe ekumadokero eSouth America, kubva kuPacific Ocean kusvika kumakomo eAndes uye chikamu cherainforest yeAmazon. Ine madhipatimendi makumi maviri nemana, uye guta guru rayo iLima. Nevagari vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemaviri, mutauro wayo mukuru wepamutemo iSpanish (nyika iyi yakawana rusununguko kubva kuSpain muna 1821), asi Quechua neAymara zvinotaurwawo zvakanyanya, kunyanya munzvimbo dzeAndean. Peru inozivikanwa pasi rose nekuda kwenhaka yayo yeInca, ine Machu Picchu sechiratidzo chayo, uye nekuda kwechikafu chayo, chimwe chezvinonyanya kuremekedzwa pasi rose.
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic ine chitsuwa cheHispaniola neHaiti. Guta rayo guru iSanto Domingo, uye vagari vayo vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi. ChiSpanish ndiwo mutauro wepamutemo, sezvo yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1844. Nyika iyi yakazvisimbisa seimwe yenzvimbo huru dzevashanyi muCaribbean, nekuda kwemahombekombe ayo nenzvimbo dzekutandarira, uye ine nhaka yakawanda yenhoroondo yekoloni.
Uruguay Iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweSouth America, pakati peBrazil neArgentina. Guta rayo guru iMontevideo, uye ine vagari vanosvika mamiriyoni 3,5, vakapararira mumadhipatimendi gumi nemapfumbamwe. ChiSpanish ndiwo mutauro wepamutemo, uye yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1825. Inozivikanwa neHuman Development Index yayo yepamusoro munharaunda iyi, hurongwa hwayo hwedemokrasi hwakagadzikana, uye kuzvipira kwayo kuhurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hunofambira mberi.
Venezuela Iri kuchamhembe kweSouth America, ine mhenderekedzo yegungwa paGungwa reCaribbean. Guta rayo guru iCaracas, uye nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu makumi maviri nematatu. Vagari vemo vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, uye mutauro wepamutemo iSpanish, sezvo yaive koroni yeSpain kusvika muna 1842. Venezuela ine nzvimbo yakakura yemafuta uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira masango, mapani, makomo, nemahombekombe, kunyangwe mumakumi emakore achangopfuura yakasangana nedambudziko guru rezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi.
Kunze kwenyika idzi, Sangano reMarudzi (United Nations) rinoona kusvika Masangano makumi matatu nematatu anozivikanwa senyikaIzvi zvinosanganisira dunhu reCaribbean mupfungwa yaro yakakura. Nhamba idzi dzinoratidzawo, zvakasiyana, nzvimbo dzisingazvimiriri zvizere uye nzvimbo dzine hutongi hwakakosha, dzine rusununguko rwakasiyana rwezvematongerwo enyika kana hutungamiriri.
Kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu izvi zvose—nhoroondo, kusiyana kwetsika, masisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi hwakavakirwa pazviwanikwa zvechisikigo, uye zvikamu zviri kubuda—zvinoita kuti Latin America ive nzvimbo yayo. nzvimbo huru munhaurirano pamusoro pebudiriro, democracy, zvakatipoteredza, uye kudyidzana kwenyikaPasinei nematambudziko, dunhu iri richiri rimwe renzvimbo dzine simba uye dzinovimbisa pasi rose, zvese nekuda kwematambudziko aro. vechidiki huwandu, yako makoroji pamwe chete nepfuma yayo yechisikigo netsika.
