Nhoroondo yemafirimu ekuAmerica haina kunyatsojeka uye zvinonakidza kupfuura zvinowanzotsanangurwa mumabhuku ekudzidzisaSeri kweHollywood, makapeti matsvuku nemastudio makuru, kune mavambo anoratidzwa nematare edzimhosva, kutyisidzira, matikitivha epachivande uye kutiza chaiko kubva kune rimwe divi reUnited States kuenda kune rimwe kutiza murume mumwe chete: Thomas Alva Edison.
Edison mumwe chete uyo anoonekwa mumabhuku enhoroondo senyanzvi yebharubhu remwenje negiramufomu ndiye zvakare akatungamira sisitimu yepamutemo yepatenti yakachinja indasitiri yemafirimu yakanga ichiri kubuda kuita bhizinesi rakavanda kune chero ani zvake aisada kumubhadhara. Nekusaziva, kuda kwake kutonga kwakaguma kwasundidzira vagadziri vazhinji vanopandukira kunzvimbo diki muLos Angeles inonzi Hollywood, uko, kure nemumvuri wake, Vakavaka fekitari huru pane dzose dzezvavairota muzana remakore rechi20.
Kubva pakinetoscope kusvika kutrust: kuti Edison akatora sei cinema
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, hafu yepasi rose ichiri kushamiswa nechiedza chemagetsi, Edison nechikwata chake vaishanda vasinganeti muMenlo Park, New Jersey. Ikoko, nerubatsiro rwakakosha rwemubatsiri wake William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, akagadzira kinetograph uye kinetoscope, sisitimu yekamera uye mudziyo wekuona wega waibvumira munhu kuona mifananidzo inofamba nekutarisa nepaburi riri mubhokisi.
Boka rekutanga remafirimu, akadai seakakurumbira Tsoko #1, #2 uye #3Zvaive bvunzo dziri nyore dzemurabhoritari: masekondi mashoma evashandi vachigadzira zviso. Asi Edison akakurumidza kuona kuti izvi zvainhuwirira semari, akavaka studio yeBlack Maria, ndokutanga kutora mafirimu mapfupi emaminitsi mashoma, kazhinji kacho mafirimu epantomime kana zviitiko zviri nyore zvinongobvumidzwa nhasi nekuti zvipfupi.
Muna 1894, imba yekutanga yeruzhinji yakatsaurirwa kinetoscope yakavhurwa pa1155 Broadway, New York. Nemasendi mashanu, vateereri vazhinji vaisanganisira vashandi nevatorwa Ndakakwanisa kuona mafirimu mapfupi akati wandei. Mumakore mashoma chete, varaidzo iyoyo yemunhandare yemutambo yakava bhizinesi rinopa purofiti huru, uye vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vakatanga kugadzira nekuratidza mafirimu.
Dambudziko ravo vese nderekuti Edison haana kungogadzira chete: kupfuura zvese, akapa patent. Akanyoresa makamera, masisitimu ekuboora mafirimu, mafomati efirimu asina chinhu e35mm ane maburi eparutivi ekufambisa firimu… Pakazosvika 1891 akanga atove ne patent ye kinetoscope, uye gare gare akawana patent dzakakosha dzakadai sekamera. US589168 kana firimu rakaboorwa US772647, kuti Kamera chero ipi zvayo yaitora mifananidzo muUnited States yaingove pasi pekodzero dzayo.
Pakasvika Lumière cinematograph muUnited States, kambani yeFrance yakapinda munetwork iyi yemapatent uye chishuwo chaEdison chekuda kutonga. Makwikwi pakati peVitascope (mumwe muchina wakatengeswa naEdison, wakagadzirwa naThomas Armat) necinematograph aive akakomba, asi chinhu chakakosha chaive chisiri chehunyanzvi asi chepamutemo: mitemo yekudzivirira ya1897 Uye mutemo wepatent wakazopedzisira wadzinga vamiriri veLumière kubva kumusika wekuNorth America.
Hondo yekupa mvumo uye kuberekwa kweMPPC
Mumakore iwayo, indasitiri yemafirimu yakava "hondo yepamutemo yepatenti." Kune rumwe rutivi, makambani makuru akaita seEdison Co., Biograph, naVitagraph akarwira kudare kuti asimbise kodzero dzavo. Kune rumwe rutivi, vagadziri vadiki nevaratidziri vakaedza kugadzira nzvimbo yavo nekushandisa zvakare zvinhu zvevamwe vanhu kana kukopa mafirimu ekuEurope vasina kunyara, ayo akazotorwazve achishandisa rimwe zita rakasiyana. kushandisa mukana wezvipingamupinyi zvemutemo yenguva pfupi
Pakati pa1897 na1906, mazana ematare ane chekuita nemafirimu akaendeswa kuUnited States chete. Edison, atova neruzivo rwemakakatanwa nevanhu vakaita se Nikola TeslaAinzwisisa kuti chombo chake chaisangova magirobhu emagetsi kana magiramufomu chete, asi zvombo zvepamutemo. Aitora mapoka emagweta uye akatyisidzira kumhan'ara nyaya refu uye dzakakura kune chero ani zvake aizoda kuratidza kana kutora mafirimu asina mvumo yake.
Pamusoro pezvose, muna 1908, mushure memakore ekumhan'arirana, makambani makuru akasarudza kurega kuparadzana uye batanidza masimba mutrustKambani yeMotion Picture Patents (MPPC), inozivikanwa zvikuru se "Edison Trust," yakazvarwa. Nhengo dzayo dzinosanganisira Edison Film Manufacturing Company, Biograph, Vitagraph, Essanay, Selig, Kalem, Lubin, Kleine, pamwe chete nekambani yeFrance inonzi Pathé Frères nekambani yaGeorges Méliès, pamusoro pekambani inogadzira mafirimu. Kodak.
Pasi peMPPC, paki yakakura yemapatenti yakabatanidzwa, ichifukidza makamera, mapurojekita, mafirimu asina kugadzirwa, uye maitiro emaindasitiri. Sangano iri rakarayira kuti vagadziri, vagoveri, nevaratidziri vaida kushanda zviri pamutemo. akawana rezinesi risati rasvika 1909Munhu wese asina kubhadhara ainzi "haasi pamutemo" uye anobva angova muvengi wehurongwa uhu.
Kuti kusimbiswe kwehutongi hwenyika, zvinotevera zvakagadzirwawo: Kambani Yemafirimu Akawanda, ine mutoro wekudzora kugoverwa kwemabhuku. Kambani iyi yakazvipira kutenga makatalogu ese, kurenda kana kutengesa makopi kumafirimu uye, pamusoro pezvose, kurambidza kuratidzwa kwemitambo isina mvumo, kutora mafirimu nemidziyo kubva kune chero ani zvake anotyora mitemo yetrust.
"Mutero waEdison", mbavha nemapurisa: hutongi hweSicilian
Kudzora kweMPPC kwaisava nyaya isina musoro yemagwaro epatent: yakashandurwa kuita mari yakavanzika. Masitudhiyo nenzvimbo dzaive chikamu chetrust dzaifanira kubhadhara "Mutero waEdison"Mari yekubhadharisa yaisungirwa pamita yega yega yefirimu rairatidzwa, pamwe nemari yekuratidzira vhiki nevhiki. Vagadziri vekunze vaifanirwa kuwana marezenisi akakura aizoita kuti vasashande zvakanaka.
Avo vakasarudza kushanda kunze kwemutemo vakateverwa nguva dzose. Edison nevamwe vake vakabhadhara mauto chaiwo emapurisa ne "vamiririri" vakatsvaga nyika yese. makamuri, marabhoritari nemastudio kuEast Coast —kunyanya muNew York, Boston, neNew Jersey—vachitsvaga makamera, mapurojekita, kana firimu zvisina mvumo. Kungoratidza kutyorwa kwemutemo kwakanga kwakakwana kutora michina, kudzima zvinhu, uye kuendesa nyaya kudare rinoparadza.
Mashoko epanguva iyoyo anotaura pachena nezvenzira dzakaita sedzemafia: kwaive nenyaya dzematsotsi aipinda mumafirimu kuti aparadze michina, avhare mafirimu, uye "akanyengetedza" vapanduki kuburikidza nekutyisidzira. Kambani yeGeneral Film Company yakatora michina uye yakabvisa makopi kumafirimu airatidza mafirimu akazvimirira. nokudaro zvichimanikidza kuti pave neuzhinji hwese pakuratidzira.
Kumanikidzwa kwemutemo kwakava kusingatsungiririki. Studio imwe chete, Universal Pictures, yakaungana nyaya dzinoda kusvika mazana matatu yemagwaro ekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Rimwe dare rakatotaura kuti Edison akashandisa mabhuku ake ekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu "sechombo chekubvisa vakwikwidzi kana kuvadzinga munhandare," chirevo icho makore akazotevera chaizove nesimba guru mumatare ekudzivirira kusavimbika.
Pamusoro pezvose izvi, sangano iri rakatsigira chiono chaicho chemafirimu: mafirimu mapfupi emaminitsi mashoma chete, asina nyeredzi dzinozivikanwa, nebhizinesi raichinja nekukurumidza. MPPC yaisema kuti zvinhu zvainge zvisina kunaka. firimu uye vakaramba chizvarwa chitsva hurongwa hwenyeredzi nekuti zvakawedzera mitengo uye zvakapa simba rakawandisa kune vatambi nevatambi. Vagadziri vakazvimiririra, kune rumwe rutivi, vakaona zvakajeka kuti ramangwana raive munyaya refu uye zviso zvinozivikanwa zvinogona kukwezva vateereri.
"Vakazvimiririra": makororo, vapanduki uye vatengesi vemangwana
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya akaomarara, boka revarimi, varatidziri, nevaridzi vemabhizinesi madiki vakasiyana-siyana, vachizviti "vakazvimiririra." Kune MPPC, vaingova pirates avo vakatyora kodzero dzepamutemo uye vakaramba kubhadhara mari yemubhadharo; kana tichitarisa nhoroondo yemafirimu, ndivo vakatanga Hollywood zvechokwadi.
Vagadziri vemafirimu ava vakazvimiririra vaigadzira makamera avo pachivande kana kuti vakaatenga pamusika mutema, vakaunza mafirimu asina kugadzirwa kubva kuEurope kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira, uye vakagadzira ma network ekuparadzira asingaonekwe. Pakati pavo paive nevanhu vakakurumbira vakaita se Carl Laemmle, William Fox, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer kana hama dzeWarnerVazhinji vavo vatorwa vasina zviwanikwa zvakawanda asi vane mabhizinesi akawanda.
Semuenzaniso, Laemmle akasvika muUnited States asina zvakawanda, akashanda mabasa akasiyana-siyana muChicago, uye akazopedzisira ava muchengeti wemabhuku muchitoro. Rimwe zuva muna 1906, akapinda muimba diki yemafirimu yemunharaunda, akabhadhara masendi ake mashanu, uye akasiya aine chokwadi chekuti ramangwana rake raivepo. Akatanga nekuvhura ma theatre, ndokuzogovera mafirimu, uye gare gare achigadzira ake. Kuti atarisire zvese izvi, akatanga IMP (Independent Moving Pictures Company), mbeu yezvaizozova Universal Pictures.
Laemmle haana kungogumbura Edison zviri pamutemo chete, asi akagadzirawo zvinhu zvitsva uye zvekushambadzira. Akasarudza nyaya dzakaoma, nguva refu dzekutamba, uye, pamusoro pezvose, akatanga chirongwa chekutanga chikuru chenyeredzi nekusaina mutambi uyu. Florence Lawrencekuti vazivise zvenhema nezverufu rwake mutsaona uye "kumumutsa" kuti vasimudzire firimu rinonzi The Broken Oath. Chiitiko chakashamisa vazhinji, asi chakaratidza simba rekutengeserana renyeredzi.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chakazvimirira chaive William FoxAkatanga kuratidza mafirimu, akarwisana zvakananga neGeneral Film Company pavakaedza kuisa mitemo isina kururama, uye akazopedzisira atungamira kurwisa MPPC pamutemo. Kurwa kwake kwakasvika kuDare Repamusorosoro, iro muna 1915 rakati sangano iri harisi pamutemo nekuda kwekutyora Sherman Antitrust Act.
Kubva kuNew York kuenda kuCalifornia: kutiza kuvimba nezuva
Kunyangwe hazvo mitongo yedare renyika yakazopedzisira yabvisa simba rekutonga, kune mabhizinesi mazhinji akazvimirira mutemo wacho wakasvika kunonoka. Pakati pematare edzimhosva, kutorwa kwemari, uye kutyisidzira, kushanda kuEast Coast kwaive sekunge kutamba Russian roulette. Mhinduro yavakawana yaive nyore uye yaive yakakomba: isa daro pakati uye enda kure neNew Jersey sezvinobvira.
Kana ukatarisa mepu, nzvimbo iri kure zvikuru neMenlo Park muUnited States iCalifornia. Kumadokero kweGungwa kwaiwanikwa nzvimbo dzinosvika zana. Makiromita 4.000 Kureba kubva kumahofisi makuru aEdison uye rwendo rwemazuva akati wandei rwechitima kune chero gweta, mupurisa, kana mukuru wemapurisa aida kusimbisa murairo wedare kwakaita kuti kureba ikoko kuve dziviriro inoshanda kubva mukushungurudzwa nesangano.
Kare muna 1907, vamwe vatanga basa vakaita saFrancis Boggs vakatora mifananidzo yekunze kweLos Angeles vachitamba mitambo yakaita seThe Count of Monte Cristo uye vakasarudza kusadzokera kuChicago. Asi shanduko huru yakauya apo [zvisingazivikanwe - zvichida "Chicago" kana "Center for Cinema"] zvakatanga. kubuda kwebhizinesi kuenda kuMadokeroMakambani madiki ekuNew York, Chicago, kana New Jersey akarongedza zvinhu zvavo, akatenga matikiti echitima, ndokugara kunze kweLos Angeles, kunyanya mumusha mudiki wainzi Hollywood.
California yakapa mabhenefiti akawanda panguva imwe chete: kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe mamiriro ekunze anoyevedzaKune rumwe rutivi, kwaive nezuva rinopenya gore rose uye denga rakajeka; kune rumwe rutivi, kwaive nenzvimbo yakachipa uye yakakura yekuvaka mastudio uye maseti makuru. Uyezve, mukati memakiromita mashoma, munhu aigona kuwana chero nzvimbo iyo mutungamiriri aigona kufungidzira: magwenga, makomo, mahombekombe egungwa, mipata, mataundi ane guruva akakwana ekutorwa mafirimu ekumadokero kana madhirama emiganhu.
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chaive mumatare emuno. Vatongi veNinth Circuit, vane simba muCalifornia, vakanga vasina kuomesa zvakanyanya mukusimbisa kodzero dzematare edzimhosva. Nyaya dzaEdison, dzakatongwa nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya muNew York, dzaiwanzononoka kana kusangana nedambudziko. kududzira kwacho hakuna kunaka kune monopolyMutemo wenyika yemubatanidzwa wakanga uchiripo, asi mamiriro emutemo akanga akasununguka zvikuru.
Uye, senzira yekupedzisira, paive MekisikoMuganhu wacho waive makiromita anopfuura zana kubva kuLos Angeles; kana zvinhu zvikanyanya kuipa, paigara paine sarudzo yekurodha makamera nemafirimu muchitima kana mumotokari, kuyambuka kuchamhembe uye kunogara kune nzvimbo dzisina mvumo dzeAmerica.
Hollywood isati yasvika sinema: kubva kukoloni yechitendero kusvika kudunhu rekupfura mafirimu
Kare kare makamera asati asvika, Hollywood yaitovapo yakadaro. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, kuroorana kwa Harvey naDaeida Wilcox Akabva kuKansas, aneta nenzvimbo yaaiona seyakashata mutsika, ndokugara pamunda wemionde kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweLos Angeles. Ikoko, Daeida akatumidza nyika idzodzo nezita raizozivikanwa pasi rose: Hollywood.
Pfungwa yekutanga yekwaWilcoxes yaive yekugadzira rudzi rwemuenzaniso, nharaunda inenge yechitendero chePuritanian, kure nezvakaipa zveguta guru. Asi Harvey, uyo aive nepfungwa dzakanaka dzebhizinesi, akakurumidza kuona kuti kugovanisa ivhu nekutengesa mapurazi kwaive nepurofiti yakakura kupfuura kurima. Uye saka Hollywood yakatanga. purojekiti yezvivakwa inoremekedzwa, kure nemapati, kutanga kwemitambo uye zvinyadzi zvaizozobatanidzwa munharaunda.
Nekufamba kwenguva, vashambadziri vakaita saHJ Whitley vakasimudzira kukura kwenzvimbo iyi, uye muna 1923 chikwangwani chakakurumbira chakamiswa pachikomo chiri pedyo. "HOLLYWOODLAND" senzira yekutengesa dzimba. Makore gare gare, mushure mekunge yagadziriswa uye zita rapfupikiswa, yakava "HOLLYWOOD" inozivikanwa nemunhu wese pasi rose nhasi.
Zvinoshamisa kuti, nharaunda iyoyo, yakazvarwa iine basa rehutsvene neruremekedzo rusingaperi rwetsika, yakazopedzisira yava chinhu chinoenderana nerunako, kunyanyisa, uye tsika dzevanhu vakawanda. Musiyano uripo pakati pezvinangwa zvepakutanga zveWilcoxes nezvakazove Hollywood ndeimwe yenyaya dzinoshamisa dzenyaya iyi, zvinoenderana nekuti sei Kuda kwaEdison zvakanyanya kwakaguma kwagadzira muvengi wake mukuru..
Kutorwa kwemafirimu kwakasimbisa Hollywood senzvimbo yekutamba mafirimu
Makambani ekugadzira "akazvimiririra" paakasvika muCalifornia, akatanga kuvaka nzvimbo dzekuridza mimhanzi, kugadzira matura, uye mahofisi madiki ekugadzira. Kutanga muna 1911, makambani akaita seNestor Film Company—yakabva kuNew Jersey—akavhura zvitoro muHollywood nekuda kwekuti Vakanga vasina kuwana rezinesi kubva kuna Edison uye vaifanira kupukunyuka kutenderera kwayo.
Pakazosvika gore ra1912, makambani akaita seNestor neIMP akanga atotora mafirimu akati wandei pasvondo pasi pezuva reCalifornia. Mafirimu acho akanga achiri mashoma, asi huwandu hwemafirimu hwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Pakazosvika gore ra1915, mafirimu aya akanga atove kutorwa. hafu yemitambo yekuAmerica Vairatidza mafirimu evagadziri ava vakazvimiririra, zvichiratidza kuti veruzhinji vakanga vagamuchira zvavaifarira kupfuura zvavaipiwa nesangano iri.
Chikamu chinowanzotaurwa nezvacho mukuchinja uku rwendo rwe Cecil B. DeMille, Jesse Lasky naSamuel Goldwyn mukutanga kwema1910. Chirongwa chavo chekutanga chaive chekutora firimu rekuMadokero rainzi The Squaw Man in Flagstaff, Arizona. Zvisinei, dutu remuBhaibheri pavakasvika muguta rakavamanikidza kuti vaenderere mberi nechitima kuenda kuLos Angeles, uko mumiriri wezvivakwa akavaudza nezvezvakanakira zveHollywood: mamiriro ekunze akanaka, rendi dzakachipa, uye nzvimbo iripo.
Ikoko vakarenda purazi ndokutora bhaisikopo ravo, rakaburitswa muna 1914, iro vazhinji vanoriona sefirimu rekutanga guru rakaitwa muHollywood chete. Edison haana kuuya kumagweta ake, uye timu yacho yakatura befu. Vakanga vazvionera vega izvozvo. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera vanhu vekuCalifornia yaishanda uye vaigona kuramba vachitevera mapurojekiti vasingatyi kugara vachitorwa.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, mutungamiriri D.W. Griffith, atova nemukurumbira nemafirimu ake mapfupi akawanda, akatanga chirongwa chikuru: Kuberekwa kweNyika (1915), chakatorwa muCalifornia uye chakareba maawa anoda kusvika matatu. Kupfuura meseji yaro yakajeka yerusaruraganda uye kudzivirira kwayo Ku Klux Klan, firimu iri raive danho rinoshamisa rehunyanzvi uye renyaya uye ikozvino rave kuonekwa serimwe remafirimu mapfupi. Classic mafirimukubatanidza Hollywood se moyo wekugadzira uye kubereka mafirimu yepasi rese
Panguva iyi, vapanduki vekare vakanga vachivaka humambo chaihwo: Zukor yaizoumba Paramount, Laemmle yaizowedzera Universal, Fox yaizogadzira studio yayo, uye Mayer nehama dzeWarner vaizogadzirira zvaizova MGM neWarner Bros. Zvakatanga senzira yekupukunyuka kubva pakuvimba kwaEdison zvakanga zvava kuva oligarchy yechipiri huru yemabhaisikopo.
Kudonha kwehutongi hwaEdison pamwe nekuchinja kwesimba
Kunyange zvazvo Hollywood yakabudirira, MPPC yakakundikana. Nyaya yaitungamirirwa naWilliam Fox nevamwe vakazvimirira, yakavakirwa paSherman Antitrust Act ya1890, yakazosvika kumatare epamusoro. Muna 1915, Dare Repamusorosoro reU.S. rakatonga kuti trust yakanga yadarika "zvaidiwa kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwepatents kana monopoly yaiperekedza."
Mutongo uyu wakaziviswa Kutonga kweMotion Picture Patents Company chete hakusi pamutemo uye zvakamanikidza kuputswa kwechikamu chikuru chechivakwa chayo. Kambani yeGeneral Film Company yakarasikirwa nebasa rayo rekugovera zvinhu, uye mapatenti aEdison akatanga kusvika pakupera kwawo. Pakazosvika 1917, kushandiswa kwakazara kwematanho ekurwisa kusavimbika kwakagumisa kutonga kwemugadziri weindasitiri iyi.
Chinhu chinoshamisa ichi chakakura: Kuedza kwaEdison kuwana chinzvimbo chake kuburikidza nematare edzimhosva uye zvibvumirano zvakavharirwa hakuna kungokundikana chete kumuvimbisa kutonga kwemafirimu, asiwo kwakapa vakwikwidzi vake nguva yakakwana nechinangwa chekuisa pfungwa huru. sisitimu yeimwe nzira ine simba risingaperi kune rimwe divi renyika. Panguva iyo vatungamiriri vemauto vaida kutora matanho ekurwisa mastudio eHollywood, marezenisi akanga atove kuda kupera.
Zvisinei, vakuru vakuru vatsva vakadzokorora zvimwe zvezvakaipa zvetrust yekare. Mumakore ekuma20 nekuma30, mastudio makuru eHollywood akagadzira zvibvumirano zvakasarudzika nemakambani emitambo, achidzora kugadzirwa, kugoverwa, uye kuratidzwa mumuenzaniso wakabatanidzwa. Saka, oligopoly itsva yakabuda, iyo, kunyangwe yakasiyana muchimiro, Zvakaderedzawo mukana wekuwana vagadziri vakazvimiririra. uye zvakasarudza kuti chii chaisvika kune veruzhinji kana kuti kwete.
Nekufamba kwenguva, hurongwa uhwu hwaizopikiswawo nehurongwa hwematare edzimhosva hwekuAmerica, kunyanya nenyaya yakakurumbira. Chikuru chegore ra1948izvo zvakamanikidza mastudio kusiya ma theatre avo mazhinji. Nhoroondo yaidzokorora: vapanduki vechizvarwa chimwe vakava nzvimbo iyo inotevera yaizofanira kupikisa.
Muzana remakore rechi21, chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinogona kuonekwa apo mastudio makuru eHollywood anosimudzira mitemo yakaita seSOPA kana PIPA kudzivirira macatalog avo kubva mukubiwa kwemari uye kushandiswa kutsva kwezvinhu zvinonzwika pa internet. Hazvina kuoma kufananidza mafungiro aEdison pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 neaya emamwe mapoka ekutsvaga mari aripo iye zvino. kuchengetedza mabhizinesi avo pasinei nekuchinja kwetekinoroji kunovhiringidza.
Tichitarisa kumashure pane zvese izvi, Hollywood inoonekwa semhedzisiro yezvisarudzo zvakaratidzwa nemakaro neushingi. Edison, aine chinangwa chekumisa madziro emapatent nematare, akarasikirwa nemukana wekuva mukuru wemafirimu; vapikisi vake, vachifunga nezvenjodzi huru dzemutemo nedzehupfumi, vakayambuka nyika kuti vavake indasitiri yakavakirwa pakugadzira, mafirimu, uye nyeredzi. Kusawirirana uku pakati pekutonga nenjodzi, pakati pekudzivirira kwakasimba nekubheja kwekurwisa, kunotsanangura chikonzero nei. Nzvimbo diki inonzi Hollywood yakazopedzisira yafukidza East Coast zvachose seguta guru renyika reunyanzvi hwechinomwe.
