Mhando dzemamiriro ekunze anogona kuwanikwa papasi redu akasiyana zvakanyanya uye chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine hunhu hwayo, pamwe nekusiyana kwenzvimbo nekupisa kwavo. Imwe yedzakanyanya kunaka ndeye inonzi Kunopisa, uye tinoda kukuratidza zvimwe pamusoro pazvo.
Chii chinonzi tropical climate?
Sezvinoreva zita rayo, imamiriro ekunze enzvimbo dziri munzvimbo dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzinopisa. Izvi zvinosimbisa a Musiyano pakati peTop neNguva. Zvisinei, mamiriro ekunze ekupisa ane zvimwe zvakawanda zvinoita kuti ive imwe yeinoyevedza zvikuru inogona kuwanikwa pamusoro penyika yedu yose.
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa anowanikwa kupi?
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa ari Mamiriro ekunze ePasi iyo iri munzvimbo dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzinopisa, sezvatakambotaura, kubva kwayakagamuchira, uyewo munzvimbo dziri pedyo neEquator yePasi. Asi kana tichida kuva chaiwoiwo, tingatofanira kuirondedzera senzvimbo yemamiriro ekunze iri pakati peequator yapasi uye latitude yemadhigirii 23, mumativi ose ari maviri, kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba.
Sezvinogona kuonekwa, ndiyo mamiriro ekunze anogara, sebhanhire, upamhi hwose hwepasi redu. Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kweSouth America uye chikamu cheCentral America, nzvimbo yepakati peAfrica, uye zvitsuwa zvinoparadzanisa Asia neAustralia, pamwe nenzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzeIndia subcontinent, nharaunda yeSoutheast Asia nenzvimbo diki dzinoverengeka. kuchamhembe kubva kuAustralia.
Ndeapi maitiro ayo?
Chinhu chikuru chinotaridza mamiriro ekunze anopisa itembiricha. Vanyori vazhinji vanoratidza kuti chinonyanya kukosha cherudzi urwu rwemamiriro ekunze ndechekuti inzvimbo umo tembiricha haimbodonha pasi pe18º C.
Humwe hunhu hwainahwo uye hunokonzerwa kunyanya nekupisa kwakanyanya, ndeyekuti idzi inzvimbo umo chando chisingabvire, kunze kwenzvimbo idzo dzinowanikwa makomo marefu, ayo, kunyangwe ari munzvimbo yenzvimbo. yenzvimbo dzinopisa, inzvimbo diki dzine dzadzo High Mountain Climate, asi zvakatemwa neurefu uye kwete nelatitude mavari.
Chikonzero chinoita kuti tembiricha irambe yakakwira mugore rose ndechekuti, sezvo nzvimbo idzi dziri dzakananga kuequator nenzvimbo dzinopisa, chiedza chezuva chinosvika kwadziri zvakananga kana kuti chakananga gore rose. Nenzira iyi, vanokwanisa kusvika kune tembiricha yakanyanya, asi musiyano wetembiricha pakati pemasikati neusiku wakakurawo.
Kuve nekupisa kwakanyanya kunokonzeresa kuti vange vaine mwero wepamusoro wekunyungudika kwemvura, zvichiburitsa makore akawanda, ndosaka vachiwana mvura zhinji, isingaperi uye yakawanda gore rese.
Pamusoro pezvo, kune izvi mhedzisiro yekuwanda kwemvura nekuda kwekupisa, isu tinofanirwa kuwedzera chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti kuvepo kwegore munzvimbo idzi kuwanda uye ndiko kuti dziri munzvimbo yekusangana kwechisikigo pakati pezviviri izvi. matanda.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kana mhepo inotonhora yehemisphere iyo iri nguva yechando, yasangana nemhepo inodziya yenzvimbo yakatarisana nehemisphere, umo iri zhizha, kuumbwa kwegore kunowedzera, kuchiita kunaya kwakanyanya kudarika kunowanzotarisirwa. huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuputira. Nenzira iyi, kunaya kwakanyanya uye kunoramba kuchinaya ndeimwe yemhando yemamiriro ekunze emhando iyi.
Hunhu hwehuwandu hukuru hwekubuda kwemvura hunoita basa rakanyanya mukusimudzirwa kwehuwandu hunofadza hwezvinomera munzvimbo idzi, musango nemusango.
Mhando dzenzvimbo dzinopisa
Imwe nyaya inofanira kurangarirwa ndeyokuti, kunyange zvazvo ichinzi mamiriro okunze anogara achipisa, chokwadi ndechokuti zvingava zvakarurama kutaura nezvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emamiriro okunze anopisa, sezvo, maererano nokusiyana kwawo, zvinokwanisika tora mhando dzakati wandei dzavanogadzirisa kuti dzienderane nedzakasiyana siyana dzejogirafi dzavanowanikwa uye dziri:
tropical monsoon mamiriro ekunze
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa emhando yemonsoon anomiririrwa nekumirirwa kwemamonsoon, inova mvura zhinji inonaya kamwe chete pagore uye inoumbwa nemhepo ine hunyoro hunobva munyanza uye iyo, kana yabata nyika, inokonzera kubuda kwemvura yakawanda inobereka njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yakaipa, zvose zvemunhu uye zvehupfumi, kana zviito zvakakodzera zvikasatorwa.
Mumwe muuyo weiyi mamiriro okunze enzvimbo dzinopisa zvikurusa ndeokuti nzvimbo dzainowanwa dzakazara mukuvapo kwezvinomera nemasango, sezvo miti nemiti inowanzokwezva mvura.
equatorial tropical climate
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa eEcuador anowanzo kuve neavhareji tembiricha inosvika 23ºC, nekuda kweiyo inoverengerwa semamiriro ekunze anodziya anowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa.
Pamusoro pezvo, vane mwaka wekunaya kwemvura usingagari kwenguva refu, unozoteverwa nemwaka wekunaya kwemvura uyo, kazhinji, unotora nguva yakareba kupfuura mwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye unoratidzwa nemiti ine mashizha nenzvimbo huru dzesango.
savannah tropical climate
Chekupedzisira, tinowana mamiriro ekunze ekupisa kwesavannah ekunze, ayo anoshamisira ndeekuti inzvimbo inotonhora zvishoma yenzvimbo nhatu dziripo dzetropical subclimates. Mumamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro ekunze aya, mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura unowanzotora nguva yakareba kudarika mwaka wekunaya kwemvura, ndokusaka nharaunda dzinowanikwa munzvimbo idzi dzisiri masango asi kuti savanna.
Uye zvakare, iyi subclimate inowanzo kupesvedzerwa nemhepo dzinobva munzvimbo dzemukati dzekondinendi uye kwete dziya dzinogona kubva kugungwa, semhedzisiro, dunhu rinowedzera kuoma kwedunhu, kunyangwe zvakadaro. kuti vari munzvimbo dzinopisa kubva pamaonero enzvimbo.
Kurongwa kwemamiriro ekunze anopisa maererano neKöppen
Pane chikamu chinozivikanwa naWladimir Peter Köppen chinotsanangura mamiriro ekunze emunzvimbo dzinopisa semamiriro ekunze asina kuoma, umo mwedzi gumi nembiri ine avhareji yetembiricha iri pamusoro pe18 °C. Kunyangwe, vamwe vanyori vanoifungidzira semhando yemamiriro ekunze anowanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi apo chando chisingamboitike, ndiko kuti, tembiricha haizombodonha pasi pe0 ° C, zvisinei nekuti inzvimbo yakanyorova kana yakaoma.
Zvisinei, tsananguro idzi hadzitarisi chokwadi chiri pachena chekuti kune makomo marefu kwazvo munzvimbo idzodzo, umo mamoor uye kunyange sinou isingaperi inogona kuwanikwa.
Maererano naKöppen, mamiriro ekunze anopisa akakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu: Equatorial Af, Monsoonal Am, neTropical Savannah Aw and As. Mamwe masayendisiti akaita sePapadakis anosanganisira tropical semi-arid or dry climate (BSh) uye tropical ad climate (BWh) .
Sezvatakambotaura, pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa dzekunze makirasi akawanda kana marudzi akasiyana-siyana anogona kupatsanurwa, zvichienderana nekuoma kwekushisa kwavo muzhizha kana mwaka wechando, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwavo hwekuputira evapotranspiration, tsika yavo yekutambudzika kubva kune monsoons, Mediterranean. , isohydric, maritime, humid, semi-aid, hyper-yakaoma, yakaoma, nezvimwe.
Dzimwe tsananguro dzesainzi
Köppen: Kuna Vladimir Köppen, mamiriro ekunze ekupisa anotsanangurwa seA, inzvimbo inonaya uye ine mwando. Muna 1918 akashandisa kufunga kwokuti mwedzi woga woga wegore tembiricha iri pamusoro peavhareji ye18 °C, iyo gare gare yaizoshandiswawo naMiller muna 1931. Mvura inonaya mwedzi nomwedzi yakawanda mukuwirirana nokupfupfudzika. Nhasi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, asi izvi zvinoreva kuti mamiriro ekunze anogara achipisa anofukidza inenge hafu yepasi.
Holdridge: MuHoldridge system yegore ra1947, nzvimbo dzinopisa ndidzo dzinodziya zvakanyanya, dzine anopfuura 24°C yeavhareji tembiricha pagore. Vatsvagiri vakati wandei vanobva kunzvimbo dzinopisa dzeAmerica vanobvumirana neparameter iyi, seEwel muna 1968, Goldbrunner muna 1977 naHuber muna 1997 akaidaidza kuti megathermal.
Trewartha: Muna 1894, Supan akafungidzira nzvimbo dzinopisa sedzine avhareji yetembiricha iri pamusoro pe20°C. Iyi yaive yeTrewartha weather classification parameter, yakagamuchirwa muna 1956. Kubva muna 1968, mamiriro ekunze emunzvimbo dzinopisa anotsanangurwa nekuwedzera tembiricha yemwedzi unotonhora zvikuru kusvika pa65°F, yakaenzana neinenge 18.3°C.
Flohn: zvinoenderana neiyo Flohn mamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo yekupisa inoratidzwa nemhepo dzekutengesa munguva yechando uye kunaya kwemvura muzhizha, izvo zvakaenzana nesavannah mamiriro ekunze (Aw). Nzvimbo inogaronaya mvura inodaidzwa kuti equatorial area.
Alisov: muAlisov mamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze, kunaya uye kunopisa mamiriro ekunze anonzi equatorial uye subequatorial, kuchengetedza zita rinopisa kune iwo mamiriro ekunze akaoma, sezvo aya ari munzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi dzeCapricorn neCancer.
Zvinokonzera uye mhedzisiro
Nzvimbo dzinopisa dzemamiriro ekunze dzinoyambutswa nemamiriro ekunze equator anodziratidza, senge thermal equator, bhandi remvura inonaya mvura inopisa, trough ye equatorial uye equatorial calm zone.
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa anokonzerwa nemabatirwo anoitwa nemwaranzi yezuva, inoitika munzvimbo idzi, inenge yakananga gore rose. Isu takatotaura kuti nekuda kweizvi, tembiricha yakakwira, asi kune zvakare misiyano mikuru pakati pemasikati neusiku tembiricha, uye mazinga emvura evaporation akakwira zvakare.
Kudziya, kunova hunhu hweiyo equator yekudziya kwepasi, kunoita kuti mhepo iwedzere uye ikwire yakananga kumhepo yekumusoro, ichigadzira nzvimbo yekugara yakaderera, inodaidzwa kuti equatorial kana monsoon trough, iyo inokwanisa kukwezva kune yakatenderedza. mhepo yakawanda, ichigadzira kuwirirana kwemhepo dzekutengeserana dzinowanikwa mumativi ose ehemispheres mune inonzi intertropical convergence zone.
Iyi convergence zone ndiyo inogadzira equatorial doldrums. Kana nzvimbo huru idzi dzemhepo yomunzvimbo dzinopisa dzichisangana, mwando unounganidzwa, zvichiita kuti mhepo itenderere uye kunaya kwemvura inoramba ichinaya mukati menguva zhinji yegore munzvimbo inonzi equatorial latitude, munzvimbo inonzi tropical rain belt. Pakupedzisira, zvakaonekwa kuti pa latitude yakakwirira, tichawana mwaka mukuru wezvose zviri zviviri mvura nekupisa.
Zvakakosha maficha
Nzvimbo inopisa yepasi yagara ichifungidzirwa seiyo iri pakati peTropics yeCapricorn neCancer, iyo inotambanukira kune iyo zone inokanganiswa neakanyanya subtropical pressure, iri pakati pe15 ne25º Maodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzakati kuti dzakapatsanura mamiriro ekunze eequatorial ari pakati pe3º kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kweequator, zvinowanzoitika kuzviisa semhando yemamiriro ekunze eequatorial.
Tembiricha
Mamiriro ekunze anopisa, pamusoro pekuve neavhareji tembiricha pamwedzi ingangoita 24 °C, hapana chando. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi mazwi ekuti chando kana chirimo haana chirevo chimwe chete munzvimbo dzine musiyano wekupisa kushoma, nokudaro anonzi haana chando.
Avhareji yegore negore kusawirirana kwekushisa idiki, uye yakafanana zuva nezuva thermal oscillation inogona kuva yakakura kupfuura yegore. Izvi zvinonyanya kuita kuti zvinzi nguva yeusiku ichando munzvimbo dzinopisa. Musiyano uchave mudiki kana tichiswedera pedyo nenzvimbo dzeequatorial. Munzvimbo dzakaoma dzinopisa mitemo iyi inoshanduka, saka inowanzoiswa munzvimbo dzerenje.
Mumhando iyi yemamiriro ekunze, zvipenyu zvinonyanya kutonhora kutonhora zvinogona kurimwa zvinopisa, sezvakaita chayote, pineapple, bhanana, kofi nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Miti
Mamiriro ekunze anogara achipisa anoita kuti miti iwedzere, isingagoni kuenzaniswa neiyo inogona kuwanikwa mune chero rudzi rupi zvarwo rwemamiriro ekunze. Miti inogara iri mu equatorial uye monsoon mhando yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo yakajairwa nemasango anopisa anopisa, nepo munzvimbo dzinopisa dzesavannah mamiriro ekunze tinogona kuona kuti zvinomera zvemasango ane miti uye sango rakaoma rinonyanya.
Atmospheric pressure nemhepo
Kuve ari munzvimbo dziri pedyo neequator, matunhu aya anowanikwa munzvimbo inogara yakaderera, izvo zvinoita kuti mhepo dzemahemispheres ese ari maviri achinjane, ayo anowanikwawo mumwaka wakatarisana, mune inonzi intertropical convergence zone. ., iyo inogonawo kugadzira nzvimbo dzesatellite.
Iri bhendi rine simba rekufamba kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba, zvichienderana nekona yekurerekera kwezuva uye zvichienderana nenguva yegore. Iyi nharaunda inoratidzwa nekuwanda kwemhepo inokwira, iyo inobereka kukwira kwakatwasuka kwemakore emvura.
Monsoons
Monsoons inobata nekudzoreredzwa kwemhepo dzemwaka inoitika munzvimbo dzinopisa, kunyangwe zita irori richibva kuIndia, inova nzvimbo yaanoitika zvakanyanya. Mamonsoon muIndia anokonzera nguva yekunaya kwemvura kana nguva yekusanaya kwemvura, zvichienderana negwara ravanotungamirwa, uye izvi zvinokonzerwa ne Kunopisa. Maitiro akafanana anoitikawo muSouth America neAfrica, izvo zvinoburitsa nguva yemafashamo.
French geographic nomenclature
Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa nekuda kwehutongi hweFrance hweAfrica, mamiriro ekunze anopisa akaiswa mumapoka zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekunaya kwemvura kunoitika, zvichitsanangura marudzi anotevera:
- Equatorial climate: kunaya zvakanyanya, nekuti vanonaya mvura inodarika 1100 mm pagore. Ndiyo mamiriro ekunze esango rinopisa.
- Mamiriro ekunze eSudan: ine nguva pfupi yekunaya kwemvura, asi ine madutu ane simba zvikuru, inonaya pakati pe600 ne1100 mm pagore. Iyo yakafanana neiyo inopisa savannah mamiriro ekunze uye yakafanana nedunhu reSudan. Miti yaro ine mwando uye ine savanna ine miti.
- Mamiriro ekunze eSudan-Sahelian: ayo anodaidzwa zvakare kuti mamiriro ekunze eSenegal, inzvimbo inopisa uye isina mvura, yakaenzana nekuoma kwemamiriro ekunze ekupisa, nemvura inonaya pakati pe400 ne600 mm pagore.
- Mamiriro ekunze eSahelian: Ndiyo ine tsika huru yekuoma, saka nzvimbo dzayo dzine mwaka wakareba wekusanaya kwemvura, uyo unobata zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvegore uye kunaya kwemvura kushoma, zvishoma pakati pe200 ne400 mm. Mumwaka wokusanaya kwemvura, harmattan, kana kuti mhepo yokumabvazuva yomukondinendi, inofamba inopfuurira, ichiomesa chinhu chiri chose.
Iko hakuna imwe nzvimbo pasi pano iyo rudzi urwu rwemamiriro ekunze runogara munzvimbo yakakura seAfrica, kunyanya pakati peSudan neSahara, yekuwedzera iyo ine tambo ye6000 km kureba, kubva kuSenegal kuenda kuGungwa reMedithera. Tsvuku, iyo nemaArabu inonzi Sahel, zvinoreva mhenderekedzo yegungwa, iyo munyaya iyi igwenga. Inzvimbo yekunze yakaoma yekupisa.
- Mamiriro ekunze eSaharo-Sahelian: inzvimbo yakaoma yekupisa, ine mvura shoma shoma, iri pakati pe100 ne200 mm.
- Mamiriro ekunze eSahara: imhando yemamiriro ekunze anopisa zvikuru, inova iyo inowanikwa mugwenga reSahara uye uko kunowanikwa tembiricha dzepamusoro-soro dzakarekodhwa panyika. Iine kunaya kwemvura shoma, iyo inotangira pakati pe0 ne100 mm, ndosaka zvinomera zvisipo.