Kuongorora tsika dzeWankarani muBolivia kunotidzosera kumashure kwekwakabva budiriro mumakomo eAndean. Kunyangwe isiri pakati peinonyanya kuzivikanwa tsika dzeSouth America, kusarudzika kwayo uye hupfumi hunoita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha mukunzwisisa shanduko yenharaunda, tekinoroji, uye zvechitendero. Kuburikidza nerwendo rwakakwana uye rwakadzama, tichadzidza nezve mipiro, maitiro, uye zvimwe zvinosiyanisa iyo, kubatanidza ruzivo rwakavakirwa pakutsvaga kwekuchera matongo, zvinyorwa zvesainzi, uye nhoroondo dzetsika.
Nhaka yetsika yeWankarani inoramba iri chikamu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kweBolivia, ichikurudzira sangano rezvemagariro, maitiro ekurima, uye zvinotendwa nevanhu vanhasi. Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora zvese zvakaunganidzwa kubva kunzvimbo dzakanakisa, kubva kunzvimbo yayo, hupfumi, uye mavakirwo kusvika kuratidziro yehunyanzvi, tekinoroji, uye chitendero, ichigadzirisa kunyangwe zvinonyanya kushamisa zvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo uye kukanganisa kwekunyangarika kwayo.
Geographical uye nhoroondo mamiriro eWankarani tsika
Tsika dzeWankarani dzakatanga pakati pemakore angangosvika 2500 BC uye 200-400 AD, ichitambanuka nechepakati penzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeBolivia, kunyanya dzakapoteredza Oruro, La Paz, uye kuchamhembe kweLake Poopó. Iyi nharaunda, ine kutonhora kwayo, yakaoma mamiriro ekunze uye iri pamusoro pe3.800 metres pamusoro pegungwa, yakaunza dambudziko rakakura kune vagari varo, vakakwanisa kumisa nharaunda dzakagadzikana, dzinozviraramisa.
Kuwanikwa uye kudzidza kwesainzi kwetsika yeWankarani kwakatanga muma1950s., apo nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yokuBolivia Carlos Ponce Sanginés akaziva ndokurondedzera zvisaririra zvokutanga zvemisha, midziyo yevhu, mavakirwo, uye simbi dzine chokuita nebudiriro iyi. Kwemakore, zvingangoita 17 nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzine chekuita netsika iyi dzakanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzidzo dzichiratidza kuvapo kwezvimwe zvakawanda zvinogona kunge zvichiri kuvigwa pasi peguruva renguva.
Nzvimbo uye territorial kuwedzera
Ndima yeWankarani yaifukidza chikamu chikuru chebani reBolivia, kubva pedyo neLake Titicaca kusvika kumapani eOruro., kuyambuka nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nekushaikwa kwemvura uye tembiricha yakanyanyisa. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, vaWankarani vakakwanisa kuvaka misha pamirwi yezvitunha uye pedyo nenzvimbo dzemvura, izvo zvakaita kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti vararame nezvipfuwo zvavo.
Misha iyi inowanzoratidzwa dzimba dzakatenderera dzakavakwa panheyo dzematombo uye madziro evhu, yakaungana zvakatenderedza mirwi. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo yeWankarani ine murwi une dhayamita 75 pawakavakwa dzimba dzakawanda. Dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai saKella-Kollu, dzinoratidza humbowo hwematombo enheyo dzakatenderedza misha, pamwe nekuda kwekudzivirira uye kuganhura magariro.
Economy uye mararamiro: kurima uye zvipfuyo semabhesi
Hupfumi hwetsika yeWankarani hwakatenderera zvakanyanya Kurima uye kufudza kweAndean camelids, zvakadai se<em>llamas, alpacas, uye, pamwero muduku, vicuñas. Mhuka idzi dzaive dzakakosha, dzichipa nyama, makushe, uye dehwe, uye kutamba chiitiko chakakosha uye chekufananidzira.
Kana zvakadaro zvirimwa, maWankarani akabudirira kupfuya marudzi akaita sembatatisi, quinoa necañawa, kuenderana nezvinodiwa nemamiriro ekunze uye ivhu remubani rakakwirira. Kune zvakare humbowo hwekugadzirwa kwechibage uye mamwe machubhu, kunyangwe zvishoma nekuda kwekuoma kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kutengeserana pakati penzanga kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa asi kwaikosha, kutanga hukama hwokutsinhana navamwe vanhu vomunzvimbo dzakakwirira uye avo vaibva mumipata yakavakidzana nayo. VaWankarani nokudaro vakawana mukana wezvicherwa, obsidian, nesimbi, zvakakosha mukusimudzira kwavo tekinoroji.
Maitiro ekurima uye manejimendi ezvakatipoteredza
Dambudziko rekushaikwa kwemvura nekukukurwa kwevhu rakaita kuti veWankarani vatange hunyanzvi hwekurima.. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuvakwa kwemateru neminda yakasimudzwa, inozivikanwa munharaunda imomo sewaru waru, iyo yaibvumira kuchengetedza mvura, kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuchando cheusiku, uye kushandisa zvakanyanya kudya kwevhu kushomeka.
Kutarisira mvura kwaiva imwe budiriro inocherekedzwaVakaita masisitimu ekutora nekuchengetedza mvura inonaya, pamwe chete nemvura yechitubu, kuve nechokwadi chekuwanikwa panguva yekuoma. Aya magadzirirwo ezvekurima uye ezvekutarisira kwezvakatipoteredza akavimbisa kuzvigutsa kwechikafu uye akashanda semucherechedzo wetsika dzakazotevera senge Tiwanaku, uyo akakwenenzvera aya matekiniki.
Architectural uye madhorobha maitiro
Imwe yeakasarudzika maficha eWankarani tsika ndeye yayo hurongwa hwekugara pazvikomo zviduku zvekugadziraKusiyana nedzimwe tsika dzeAndean dzepanguva iyoyo, vaWankarani havana kugadzira nzvimbo huru dzemhemberero kana maguta makuru; misha yavo yakanga iri yavanhu vose, vane dzimba dzakarongwa zvakafanana.
Dzimba dzacho dzaiwanzoita denderedzwa kana kuti ovhari., yakavakwa nenheyo dzematombo, madziro evhu, uye matenga akagadzirwa nezvinomera. Humbowo hushoma hwezvivakwa zvechitendero kana zvehutongi hwawanikwa, zvichikurudzira nzanga isina kusaenzana kukuru kana kucherechedzwa kwezvimiro muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunyangwe vamwe vaongorori vakaona zviratidzo zvekugona kukonzeresa magariro stratification.
Dzimwe nguva misha yacho yakanga yakakomberedzwa nemadziro evhu kana kuti matombo., iyo yakazadzisa mabasa ekudzivirira uye kupatsanura nzvimbo, kusimbisa pfungwa yenharaunda uye yevamwe.
Kuratidzwa kwetsika uye maratidziro ehunyanzvi
Ceramics: nyore uye kushanda
Wankarani pottery inomira pachena nekuda kwekuita kwayo uye kusavapo kwekushongedza kwakaoma.Aive zvidimbu zvemonochromatic, kazhinji zvitsvuku kana rima, zvine nzvimbo dzakatsetseka dzakakwenenzverwa nespatula. Midziyo yacho yairatidza maumbirwo akareruka uye kushongedzwa kwakadzivirirwa kwakavakirwa pamitsetse yakachekwa kana kuti geometric reliefs.
Chimiro ichi chinopindura kune zvinodiwa zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, ichizvisiyanisa kubva kune yakasarudzika maceramics edzimwe tsika dzemazuva ano uye kuratidza nzanga yakatarisana nekushanda uye nekushandisa kunoshanda, pane kushamisira kana muumbozha.
Chivezwa chedombo: misoro yakarovererwa uye zoomorphic zvinomiririra
Chivezwa chematombo chaive chimwe chezvinhu zvakatanhamara zvetsika yeWankarani.Pakati pezvinoorora zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo pane zvinodaidzwa kuti misoro yembambo yematombo, inomiririra kunyanya maAndean camelids, asiwo dzimwe mhuka dzakadai sepumas, madzvinyu uye mhembwe yeAndean inozivikanwa setaruca, iyo ikozvino yanyangarika.
Camelid misoro yakavezwa mune red sandstone Ivo sezviri pachena vaishandiswa mumitambo yemhemberero kana tsika uye vakaiswa muvhu kuburikidza nespike. Maitiro ezvivezwa akasiyana kubva kune zvakasikwa kusvika kune geometric kune mamwe abstract mafomu, achiburitsa inonakidza hunyanzvi shanduko.
Metallurgy: kugona kwemhangura uye obsidian
Wankarani metallurgy chaive chiitiko chakakosha mubudiriro yetekinoroji yedunhu.Kunyungudutswa kwemhangura nekugadzirisa kwakanyorwa, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwemasanhu, mbezo, misoro yemiseve, uye mapfumo, vachishandisa hunyanzvi hwepamusoro sekukanda wakisi yakarasika. VaWankarani vakawana obsidian kubva kumatombo akadai seQuerimita, vachiishandisa kugadzira maturusi ekucheka nezvombo.
Izvi zvinhu zvesimbi nematombo zvaisangova nezvinangwa zvekushandisa chete asiwo zvekufananidzira, kubatanidza mutsika nemafungiro akaungana enzanga.
Micheka: zvigadzirwa uye zvishoma-zvinozivikanwa matekiniki
Kunyangwe kuve chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvakadzidzwa, machira aivewo chikamu chehupenyu hweWankarani.Iwo makushe e<em>llamas ne<em>alpaca ainyanya kushandiswa kugadzira machira nezvipfeko. Kunyangwe masamples mashoma asara, zvisaririra zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti vaiziva nzira dzekuruka nekuruka dzakaenderana nemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo yakakwirira.
Cranial deformities: kuzivikanwa uye chiratidzo
Vankarani vekare vaidzidzira kukanganisa nemaune cranial muhuduku, kushandisa simbi dzesimbi kana mhete kugadzirisa chimiro chedehenya. Mhando mbiri huru dzakanyorwa: tubular deformation (ine dehenya rakachinjika kumashure) uye annular deformation (yakananga kumusoro). Maitiro aya angangove aine vavariro dzeuzivi, dzevakuru, kana zvechitendero, zvichisimbisa mutsauko pakati pemapoka kana chinzvimbo mukati menharaunda.
Chitendero: zvitendero zvehupenyu uye kunamata zvisikwa
Iyo yechitendero chimiro cheWankarani tsika ichiri nyaya yekukakavadzana, kubvira Hapana temberi huru kana nzvimbo dzemhemberero dzawanikwaZvakadaro, zvivezwa zvakawanikwa, kunyanya misoro yemakamera akavezwa mumatombo, pamwe chete nematanho etsika, inoratidza kuvepo kwe chinamato chemweya, chakabatana nezvinhu zvechisikigo uye kuberekaIyo llama, nekuda kwebasa rayo rakakosha muhupfumi uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, yaive yakadzama tsika uye inomiririrwa mumitambo yemitambo.
Dzimwe fungidziro dzinonongedzera kuchitendero chemadzitateguru chinobvira, chinoitwa kupfurikidza nokuveza zviumbwa zvavanhu nemhuka. Kushaikwa kwezvivakwa zvechitendero zvakakura zvinogona kuratidza chitendero chakasarudzika kana chakatarisana nenzvimbo dzemumba uye dzenharaunda.
Sangano remagariro uye masimba enharaunda
Hupenyu hwemagariro evaWankarani hwaitenderera munharaunda dzekurima, dzine hunhu hwemusha uye hwemhuri.Hapana humbowo hwehukuru hwezvematongerwo enyika kana hwechitendero, kunyangwe kufanana kwedzimba uye mamwe maitiro emariro zvichiratidza kupatsanurwa kwemagariro, pamwe pakati pevatungamiriri, nyanzvi, nevamwe vanhu vese.
Hukama pakati pemisha hwakataurwa kuburikidza nekutsinhana kwezvigadzirwa, michato, uye zviitiko zvemhemberero. Iyi network yezvisungo yakagonesa kufambiswa kwezivo uye kurarama munzvimbo yakaoma kudaro.
Tekinoroji mitsva nemipiro
Tsika yeWankarani yakasiya nhaka yetekinoroji iyo yakatorwa uye yakakwenenzverwa nevanhu vakazotevera.. Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:
- Kutarisira kwekurima kuburikidza nemateru uye minda yakasimudzwa, iyo yakabvumira kuti kugadzirwa kugadziriswe muvhu rakashata uye kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kune zvakaipa zvakatipoteredza.
- Mvura yekuunganidza uye kuchengetedza masisitimu, izvo zvaikosha pakurarama munzvimbo dzakaoma dzemakomo.
- Copper metallurgy uye obsidian kushanda, izvo zvakaita kuti pave nematurusi uye zvombo zvakaoma zvikuru.
- Circular domestic architecture, iyo yakagadzirisa kushandiswa kwenzvimbo uye zvinhu zveko.
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uku hakuna kungovimbisa kupona, asi kwakafarirawo kuwedzera kwetsika yeWankarani uye pesvedzero yaro munharaunda dzakaita seTiwanaku uye kunyange maIncas.
Hukama uye pesvedzero pane dzimwe tsika dzeAndean
Tsika yeWankarani inoonekwa seimwe yekutaura kwekutanga kweAndean fomati nguva, vakatangira budiriro dzinozivikanwa zvikuru dzakadai saTiwanaku naChiripa. Chirevo chayo chiri pakati pezana ramakore rechi 13 BC nezana ramakore rechipiri AD, risati ranyura zvishoma nezvishoma mukuwedzera kweTiwanaku, iyo yakatora nekududzira zvakare mazhinji emaitiro ayo uye matekinoroji.
Kunyange zvazvo pakanga pasina hutongi hweumambo, the Kurudziro yeWankarani yakaramba ichienderera mberi mune zvehunyanzvi, zvekurima uye kurongeka kwevanhu. vevanhu vekumakomo, vachiratidza kukosha kwezvipo zvavo mubudiriro inozotevera.
Zvakakodzera zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo uye mamuseum
Iyo Anthropological Museum yeOruro inovaka zvimwe zvezvimedu zvinoratidzira zveWankarani tsika., kusanganisira madehenya akaremara, zvivezwa zvematombo, nehari zvakawanikwa kubva kunzvimbo dzakaita seJiquilla, Uspa K'ollo, uye Sevaruyo. Nekuda kwezviwanikwa izvi, zvinokwanisika kugadzira patsva kuti vagari vekare venzvimbo dzakakwirira vairarama sei, vaishanda, vainzwa, uye vaitenda sei.
Zvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo zvinoratidza kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzinopfuura gumi nemaviri dzakabatana zvakananga neWankarani, zvakare Ceramic overlays inoratidza kugarisana uye kuchinjana pakati peWankarani neTiwanaku tsika mumazana emakore okutanga enguva yedu.
Kunyangarika uye nhaka yazvino
Tsika yeWankarani yakazonyangarika kwakapoteredza 2nd kana 3rd century AD, ichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwekutonga kweTiwanaku mudunhu. Kuita uku kwakanga kusiri kwechimbi-chimbi asi zvishoma nezvishoma, kwakaratidzwa pose pari paviri mukukwirira kwezvinhu zvezvinocherwa mumatongo uye mukugamuchirwa kwetsika, unyanzvi, uye zvitaera zvounyanzvi nevagari vatsva vomunzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Nhaka yake, zvisinei, haina kurasika. Mazhinji ehunyanzvi hwekurima, mazano ekuvaka, uye ruzivo rwekutarisira zviwanikwa zvichiripo munharaunda dzedunhu reAndean. Pesvedzero yeWankarani inovonekwa muumhizha hwomunzvimbomo, gamuchidzanwa rinotaurwa, uye ruremekedzo rwakadzama nokuda kwechisiko chinoratidzira vanhu vomunzvimbo dzakakwirira. Bolivian.