Pane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha pakukura kwehupenyu pasi rose, zvichiratidza mune iyi nyaya mvura, chinhu chiripo mune zvese zvipenyu uye chakakosha kuchengetedza kuenzana kwemunhu nemamiriro ekunze, pazasi isu ticharatidza. Hunhu hweMvura yekunwa kuvanhu, inozivikanwa nekuve yakakosha mvura uye yakakodzera kunwiwa nevanhu.
Kunwa mvura
Nyika yepasi inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezviwanikwa izvo zvinodiwa pakuchengetedza hupenyu hwezvipenyu zvese (zvinomera, mhuka, vanhu uye tupukanana); chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha imvura, imvura inoonekera, isinganhuhwi uye isina ruvara inoumbwa nemaatomu maviri ehydrogen uye okisijeni imwe (H2O). Vanoumba 70% yepasi rose uye ndicho chinhu chakanyanya kuwanda papasi rose; Dzinomiririrawo imwe yenzvimbo dzakakura kwazvo pasi rose, dzinosanganisira zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumvura zvakapfuma mukusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu.
Mvura ine matunhu matatu akasimba, mvura uye gasi; yakasimba muchimiro chechando, semuenzaniso glaciers, icebergs, iri kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba polar nzvimbo dzepasi; gaseous, senge chiutsi chisingaonekwe zvachose asi chinotora chikamu mukutenderera kwechisikigo (kutenderera kwemvura) muhurongwa hwepasi, mukuwedzera mukubatana nekugadzikana kwemhepo yepasi uye mvura, inomiririra chikamu chikuru chemiviri yemvura yakagovaniswa zvinoenderana nekwavo. zvisikwa zvine munyu (makungwa, makungwa, matombo, pakati pevamwe) uye zvinotapira (nzizi, madziva, madhamu, pakati pevamwe). Idzi nyika nhatu dzemvura dzinoita basa rekupindira mukuenzanisa kwezvisikwa, kutora chikamu mune zvakakosha biochemical maitiro ekuchengetedza hupenyu papasi.
Mvura yemvura inomiririrwa ne70% inovhara goko repasi, maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa, 96,5% inonzi iine mvura yemunyu yemakungwa, 1,74% yakaenzana nechando chechando uye polar ice caps, 1,72% inomiririra pasi pevhu. nepo mamwe, angangoita 0,04%, anoreva madziva, madhamu uye zvitubu. Iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisira iyo yakakwana mvura yekunwa kwevanhu inozivikanwa semvura yekunwa, ine chikamu chidiki chakagoverwa kune dzimwe nyika kumakondinendi akasiyana asi ichicherechedza kuti kune matunhu asingakwanise kuwana rudzi urwu rwechisikigo.
Mvura yekunwa ndiyo inoonekwa seyakakodzera kushandiswa kwevanhu pasina zvimedu zvinogona kukanganisa hutano, inogona kudyiwa zvakananga, inoshandiswawo kugeza nekugadzira chikafu. Inomiririra mvura inoenderana neEuropean Union mirau inoda kuti mvura inoshandiswa nevanhu inofanira kunge iine yakaderera yemunyu, zvicherwa uye ions (sulfates, chlorate, nitrites, ammonium, calcium, phosphate, arsenic, magnesium, pakati pevamwe), kuwedzera pakuva nekwaakarerekera kana kuti zvishoma zvishoma pH iri pakati pe6,5 ne9,5.
Kune mamwe madhamu nemadhamu emvura yakachena akakodzera kudyiwa nevanhu, asi mvura yekunwa inowanzoitwa kunwika kuburikidza nemaitiro anovimbisa kuti haina mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye pathogenic microorganisms, pakati pezvimwe; ivo zvakare vane basa rekuvimbisa kusavapo kwezvimedu zvakamiswa uye organic zvinhu. Zvese izvi zvinoreva kushandisa midhiya kuchena nzira kuona kuti imvura yakakodzera kushandiswa kwemahara uye zuva nezuva.
Kunwa Mvura Muzvisikwa
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mvura ndiyo inoshandiswa pasi rose inoshandiswa nenzanga, inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda uye zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa mairi zvakadai se sulfates, chlorates, nitrites, ammonium, calcium, phosphate, pakati pevamwe; Aya marudzi emaminerari haaonekwe neziso rakashama asi ane basa rekugadzirisa kunaka kwayo, ruvara uye kunhuwa kwayo; Kuve shanduko, dzinogona kumiririra njodzi kumuviri wemunhu, sezvo kwadzinobva dzichigona kubva kune dzinongoitika masosi sekubata nevhu uye nekumhanya, kana kubva kunzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nemunhu achiita seanosvibisa.
Mvura inowanikwa mumatunhu akasiyana inongogumira kunzizi, madziva, madhamu, pakati pevamwe, kune nyika shoma dzine madhamu kana zvitubu zvine mvura yakakwana yekushandisa. Nokudaro, mvura yekunwa haina kunyanya kuwanda panyika, munhu aifanira kugadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobvumira kucheneswa kwayo, nokuti nokuda kwekuvandudzwa kwenharaunda, kuronga kwemaguta kana nzanga kwakabatana nehutano hwevanhu, saka chinhu chinokosha mumagariro evanhu. kufambira mberi kwevanhu.
Zviitiko zvakawanda zvedenda uye kudhakwa zvave zviripo munhoroondo yemunhu nekuda kwezvinhu zvinotapukira zvinowanikwa mumitumbi yemvura pedyo nemaguta kana nharaunda. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nhasi kusvibiswa kwemvura, ivhu nemhepo ndeimwe yezvinonyanya kutyisidzira mvura yekunwa munyika; sezvo ivo vakonzera kurasikirwa kwemvura yakachena yezvisikwa zvemumvura uye kuderedzwa kwekushandisa kwekushandisa, saka zvinofanotaurwa kuti mune ramangwana rimwe rematambudziko makuru richave kushomeka kwemvura, nekuda kwekuti mvura kubva mumakungwa nemakungwa Ivo yakakodzera kudyiwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu zvepanyika.
Kunwa Mvura Hunhu
Mvura ine hunhu hwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi kana dunhu rayakawanikwa, semuenzaniso mvura yemurwizi ine hunhu hwakasiyana neyemunyu inobva munyanza, asi kana iri mvura yekunwa ine zvinhu zvayo nekuti inoshandiswa pakudya. zvinoreva kune hutano hwevanhu, saka ivo vanodzora zvikamu izvo zviri chikamu chazvo. Tichifunga nezvemhando yemvura inoshandiswa nevanhu, mamwe maitiro anodiwa anoratidzwa pazasi:
uve wakachena uye wakachengeteka
Mvura inoshandiswa pakudya kwevanhu uye yekugadzira chikafu inofanira kuvimbisa mikana yakaderera yekuwana zvirwere zvinotapukira zvakadai sekorera, typhus, leptospirosis, amebiasis, pakati pezvimwe; uye kunyange izvo zvisina hutachiona zvirwere zvakadai semethemoglobinemia. Ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekushandisa zvakakwana kwemvura, sezvo kune manyuko akawanda emvura ine tsvina inoparadzira zvirwere kumaguta akavakidzana.
isina ruvara
Mvura imvura isina ruvara par kunaka, kuvapo kwechero ruvara kunogona kuratidza kune imwe mumiriri wekunze iyo inoderedza kunaka kwayo; saka, inofanira kunge yakajeka, kunyange zvazvo ruvara ruchena ruchionekwa dzimwe nguva uye izvi zvinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kweklorini panguva yekurapa kwayo.
isina hwema
Chinhu chisina kunhuhwirira hachina hwema, kana iri mvura yekunwa haifanirwe kuve nechero chinhu mukuumbwa kwayo chinoburitsa kunhuhwirira mairi. Dzimwe nguva kunhuhwirira kwefetid kana kwakaora kunogona kujekeswa, izvi zvinokonzerwa nemapombi ayo anotenderera, saka zvinokurudzirwa kuchengetedza zvakanyanya.
bland
Izwi rekuti insipid rinoreva kusanaka, mvura yekunwa haifanirwe kuve nekuravira, kana iine, inonzi inokonzerwa nekuvapo kwezvinhu zvinoshandura chimiro chayo chemakemikari.
Yemahara Yemiti Yakamiswa
Zvinhu zviri mukumiswa kunowanikwa mumvura zvinogona kuva zvicherwa, ion kana cations zvinoshandura pfuma yayo, dzimwe nguva kana ichifamba nemapombi diki cloudiness rinoonekwa mushure mechinguva chiduku rinonyangarika, kana zvisingaiti, zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwechimwe chinhu. maari.
Contaminant Yemahara
Mvura imvura inopfava zvikuru iyo iri nyore kushandura, saka zvinosvibisa zvipembenene (mishonga yezvipembenene, zvisaririra zvetsvina, pakati pezvimwe), inorganic (minerals neion) kana zvinosvibisa radioactive (marara emaindustrial) zvinofanira kudzorwa. Naizvozvo, kubata kune iyo mvura ine nzvimbo dzakasiyana uye zvidimbu zvinogona kunamatira pairi zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa.
Kudzora Magasi uye Munyu
Mumvura mune magasi akanyungudutswa akadai senitrogen, carbon dioxide, uye oxygen; pakuchenesa mvura magasi aya anopera simba uye anoparadzaniswa. Mamwe acho anowedzerwa kumvura kuburikidza nekubatana nevhu uye kutora kwavo chikamu mubiochemical cycles, asi kusungirirwa kwavo kunogona kuwedzerwa nemamwe majenti anosvibisa.
Izvo hazvifanirwe kunge zvine pathogenic microorganisms
Pathogenic microorganisms inokonzera kukonzera zvirwere kune zvipenyu, zvinogona kuva mavhairasi, mabhakitiriya, protozoa uye fungi dziri mumvura; nekuda kwenyaya iyi miedzo inopedza yehuwandu hwebhakitiriya mumvura inofanira kuchengetedzwa. Parizvino inomiririra chinhu chakakosha, sezvo kana ichinge yabatwa haigone kucheneswa kuti ishandiswe, zvinokurudzirwa kubvisa mumiririri kudzivirira kuwedzera kunharaunda nemaguta.
Potabilization Process
Kucheneswa kwemvura chiito chekusunungura mvura kubva kune dzimwe nyika, zvichiita kuti ive yakakwana kuti ishandiswe nevanhu.Kurapa uku kunoitwa mumiti yekuchenesa, kuzadzisa zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoratidzwa:
- Kuunganidzwa kwemvura kubva kune zvakasikwa
Zvitubu zvemvura zvechisikigo zvinowanzobva kumadziva, zvitubu, madhamu uye kunyange pasi pevhu, iwo ekupedzisira anokurudzirwa kuratidza yakaderera dhigirii yekusvibiswa. Mapombi emagetsi anoshandiswa anoita basa rekunhonga mvura nekuitakura, zvese izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nenhevedzano yekusefa mabhawa ehukuru hwakasiyana anochengeta zvakaomarara nezvimedu zviripo.
- Coagulation uye Flocculation
Muchikamu chechipiri ichi, kushandurwa kwechimiro chemuviri wezvinhu zviripo zvinotarisirwa, uchiita izvi kuburikidza nekuwedzerwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvinokwanisa kushandura vamiririri vekunze kuita zvidimbu zvinogona kupatsanurwa nekunyungudika. Kubvumira kubvisa algae, plankton, pakati pevamwe. Zvinhu zvemakemikari zvinoshandiswa, zvinonzi coagulants (simbi munyu) uye flocculants (polymers of solids), zvinogona kuburitsa kunhuwa uye kuravira mumvura.
- Kutetepa
Inoonekwa senzira inokonzeresa kupatsanura marara aripo mumvura, zvichiita kuti aungane pazasi pepamusoro pekupedzisira aparadzaniswa nekuita kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, kusefa kana mamwe maitiro. Munguva iyi nzira, mapuranga ari mumvura anobviswa.
- Kuchenesa
Masisitimu ekuchenesa mvura ane seti yemafirita kana nzvimbo ine porous iyo inokonzeresa kudzikisa turbidity yemvura uye kubvisa chero imwe yakasara kubva kune tupukanana uye microorganisms. Muchiitiko ichi, activated carbon inogona kushandiswa, yakakodzera kune yayo porous properties uye kusashanda kwemakemikari.
- Utachiona
Iyo disinfection nhanho inotarisana nekubvisa pathogenic microorganisms inokonzera zvirwere zvinowanikwa mumvura. Pamusoro pekubvisa zvinhu zvine chepfu zvinokuvadza vanhu vakaita se zinc, chromium uye lead. Chlorine inowedzerwa kuratidza kusavapo kwebhakitiriya mumvura.
Mvura yekunwa ihurongwa hunowanikwa nevanhu vese, kune matunhu asina kudhumhana nematsime emvura yekunwa kana kurapwa kwakaringana kwemvura yekunwa, asi ine matsime emvura yakachena. Muchiitiko ichi, nzira yekuchenesa uye yakagadziriswa kumba inopiwa, ndeyekubika mvura isati yapedzwa; Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, zvinovimbiswa kuti zvipenyu zviripo (mavhairasi, mabhakitiriya uye ma microorganisms) anobviswa nekupisa kwakanyanya. Mushure mekufashaidza mvura, inopedzwa uye inoshandiswa kugezesa chikafu.
Muchiitiko ichi, mazwi maviri potabilization uye kucheneswa anomira pachena, akasiyana zvachose asi akavhiringika mune dzimwe nguva, iyo yekupedzisira inoreva kurapwa kwemvura yetsvina mumataundi nemaguta kuti gare gare ishandiswe zvakare kune zvimwe zvinangwa asi isingapedzwe, nenzira iyi Iyo inokwanisa kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemuviri wemvura uye kuderedza mikana yezvirwere.
Kukosha Kwemvura Yekunwa
Mvura inomiririra 60% yehuremu hwemuviri, ichiva chikamu chikuru chayo, ichiita mabasa akasiyana-siyana akakosha, sekuvakwa kwemasero, chikamu chemvura yese yemuviri inotakura chikafu chinodiwa kumuviri wemunhu, inewo basa rekubvisa muviri. tsvina kuburikidza weti uye nekudzora tembiricha yemuviri inoputika kuburikidza nedikita. Kucherechedza chimwe nechimwe chezviito izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kwemvura kuvanhu, kusimbisa kushandiswa kwemvura inokosha.
Inoshandiswa zvakananga kunwa, kubika, kushambidza chikafu chichadyiwa. Achisimbisa kuti anoshandiswawo pakugeza nekudiridza zvirimwa, kune dzimwe nyika kurapwa kwakasiyana kunoitwa zvichienderana nechinangwa chemvura, iyo inowanikwa nemapombi hairatidze mushonga wakaoma sekushandiswa kwemvura yemamineral (inotengwa mumidziyo). kumwa.
Zvinoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha pamaitiro emaindasitiri nekuti chikamu chekurapa kwekushanda, kunyanya kumakambani echikafu, nekuti chikafu chinogamuchirwa kubva kumunda chinobatwa nemvura yakacheneswa kana kudzokororwa, saka inofanirwa kuiswa padanho rehutsanana usati wabatwa. . Izvo zvinoshandiswawo kugadzira chikafu uye zvinwiwa, chikamu chekugadzira mishonga, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari, kuchenesa chipatara, pakati pezvimwe.
Kukosha kwemvura yekunwa kwakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvevanhu sehupfumi (kugovera nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu), zvemagariro (mvura inoshandiswa), hutano (kuchengetedza muviri wemunhu), pakati pevamwe. Parizvino pane kutyira kuti mvura yekunwa ishoma, nyika shoma dzine matsime emvura yakananga pakushandisa kwayo, zvichiratidza dambudziko guru, nepamusana pekuti vanhu vakawanda vanofa nekushaya mvura mumuviri kana kushandisa mvura iyi zvisina kukodzera.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvinopesvedzera zviri nyore, kuve nyore kusvibisa litre yemvura pane kuigadzirisa kuti ikwane kunwa kwevanhu zvakare; Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mvura chinhu chinobatikana zvakanyanya kune chepfu uye chekunze vamiririri vanogona kuchichinja, saka mwero wekusvibiswa kwemvura uri kuwedzera pasirese. Kupesvedzera kudiwa kwemabhiriyoni anopedzwa mumaguta, zvichiita kuti mari yekucheneswa iwedzere, nekuda kwekusiyana kwakagadziriswa aquifer ecosystems.
Nhasi, World Health Organisation (WHO) inopa chiitiko chepamusoro uye hurwere hunoenderana nezvirwere zvemanyoka uye mamwe mamiriro, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemvura isina kunaka kune hutano. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuchengetedza kunyatsotarisirwa kwemvura, kuderedza kukanganisa kwakashata munharaunda uye nokudaro kuderedza migumisiro yehutano hwevanhu.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira: