Pasinei nengano dzakawanda dzakavakomberedza mutsika dzakakurumbira, zviremwaremwa zvinozivikanwa neseti ye unyanzvi hwehupenyu hwakasiyana Zvinobatanidza kubhururuka kunoshanda, pfungwa dzakasimba, uye pfungwa dzakaoma zvinoshamisa. Kure nekuve zvisikwa zvakaipa, zvinhu zvakakosha zveecosystem uye rabhoritari mhenyu yekushanduka-shanduka.
Kuwedzera kuva mhuka dzinoyamwisa chete dzinokwanisa kubhururuka, nzira yavo yekuzvitungamidza vachishandisa inzwiKukurumidza kwemasabolism uye kuchinjika mukutsvaga chikafu munzvimbo dzinochinja zvinovaisa pakati pemhuka dzinoita zvinhu zvakawanda pasirese. Uye kwete, havasi mapofu: marudzi mazhinji anoona zvakanaka uye, mune dzimwe nguva, ane Maziso makuru ane kuona kwakanaka diurnal, kunyangwe husiku mubatsiri wayo wakanyanya ndeye echolocation.
Bats: kubhururuka chaiko, kuona kwakakwana, uye anatomy yakagadzirwa
Kuti mhuka inoyamwisa inobhururuka nekubhabhamisa mapapiro ayo kwete kungobhururuka chete, pachayo, ishoma: mapapiro echiremwaremwa maoko anoshandurwa kuita bapiro rine zvigunwe zvakareba zvakabatanidzwa ne membrane (iyo patagium). Sematiri, mapfupa anoonekwa akaenzana nehumerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals uye phalanges, asi akashongedzerwa kutsungirira kushushikana kwekubhururuka uye kupa zvakanyanya maneuverability.
Hachisi chokwadi kuti "havaoni": Chiono chavo chinochinjirwa kuchiedza chakaderera uye, pamwe chete nekunzwa, zvinovabvumira kutonga mamiriro akaoma. Musango nemapako emhando, echolocation ndiyo yakakura, asi akati wandei ane frugivorous megafauna anobva kunzvimbo dzinopisa anoratidza. maziso akanyatsogadzirwa uye maonero akanaka ekuona pasi pemamiriro erima.
Chimwe chidimbu chepuzzle rhythm yavo yemuviri: zviremwaremwa zvakawanda zvinogaya chikafu nekukasira, izvo zvinoenderana nekubhururuka kunoda simba rakawanda. accelerated metabolism Izvi zvinovabvumira kutora mukana wekudyisa spree husiku uye kudzokera kumhepo ne "bhatiri" ravo rakazara mumaawa mashoma.
Nhoroondo yavo yekushanduka-shanduka inotangira makumi emamiriyoni emakore: mafossils ekare eboka anotangira kumashure. 55 mamirioni emakore uye vanotoratidza chitarisiko chakada kufanana neicho chemarudzi azvino, chiratidzo chekuti “dhizaini” yechiremwaremwa yakagadziridzwa kare kare.
Echolocation: kuona nenzeve dzako, kubva kune yekutanga sainzi kuenda ku "acoustic cocktail"
Echolocation inoshanda seizvi: mhuka inoburitsa acoustic pulses uye inobvisa ruzivo kubva kune echo. Kubva pachiratidzo ichi, inovakazve madaro, saizi, maumbirwo, uye mafambiro. Ichi “chiono chakanaka” chakarurama kwazvo zvokuti vamwe vanhu vanodzivisa shinda dzakanyanya kunaka murima rose kwemaawa pasina kuvabata. Munzeve, kapeta kadiki kanonzi tragus kanobatsira kugadzirisa uye "kusefa" maungira, zvichiwedzera kunatsa maonero.
Kuti vadzidze manzwi avo, nyanzvi dzinoshandisa ma ultrasound detectors uye kugadzira sonograms neacoustic siginicha yemhando yega yega. Kunyangwe mazhinji achiburitsa nhare dziri kunze kwekunzwa kwedu, makuru anogona kuburitsa nhare dziri pedyo nepanogumira vanhu uye, dzimwe nguva, dzinonzwika. Izvi zvinotsanangura kucherechedzwa kwemumunda uko kunonzwika "kuridza mhere" pausiku hwakadzikama.
A classic anecdote inovhenekera kuti mhuka yavo yakabata sei pamwe chete navo: nekuburitsa yakakwira-pitch, ultrasound-kufanana nemitsindo, dzimwe moths dzinomira kubhururuka uye dzinowira pasi. Ivo havafe: vanoona "kuvhima kufona" kwechiremwaremwa voita a kutiza maneuver izvo, netarisiro, zvinovabvisa pa radar yemhuka kwechinguvana.
Zvichakadaro, zviremwaremwa ishasha pakuparadzanisa "inzwi" ravo kubva kune ruzha rwekumashure. Mumakoloni, munhu wega wega anosiyanisa maungira ekufona kwayo uye anogona kuziva mamwe maremwaremwa. vaunoshanda navo nebheroKuchengetedza nzira pasina kudhumhana uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kushandura zvinangwa mumamilliseconds kubira mhuka kubva kune isina kusimba nhengo yemarudzi avo. Kudyidzana kwevanhu pavanenge vachibhururuka mumapoka akakora ndechimwe che "zvishamiso" zvavo zvikuru.
Uku kugona chaiko kwakagadziriswa nechikwata chepasi rose chakatsanangura chinonzi "cocktail nightmare": painobuda muzhinji kubva mumapako, 94% yemapurusi anogona kufukidzwa nevamwe. Chidzidzo ichi, chakaburitswa muna 2025, chakaratidza kuti vakakunda dambudziko iri sensorimotor mazanoVanopararira nekukasira kuderedza ruzha rweboka uye kugadzirisa mafoni avo (yakakwirira frequency, ipfupi nguva) kuti vatarise pachiremwaremwa pamberi pavo. Vachishandisa maikorofoni madiki akaiswa pamaremwaremwa ega ega, vaongorori vakaona sei gadzirisa munguva chaiyo mabudiro ayo uye mafambisirwo ekudzivirira kudhumhana pasina kuda kushingaira "kuvhara" kupindira.
Episodic memory, kalendari yepfungwa, uye zvirongwa zveramangwana
Kutozosvikira nguva pfupi yapfuura, unyanzvi hwakadai sokurangarira zviitiko zvomunhu oga kana kuti kuronga pachine nguva mberi hwairangarirwa semano omunhu. Vatsvakurudzi kubva ku Tel Aviv Yunivhesiti Vakavaedza pamaremwaremwa emichero eEgypt akasununguka uye vakapa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti vanogonawo hunyanzvi uhu.
Maitiro avo akabatanidza yakakwirira-resolution GPS yekutevera kwemwedzi yakati wandei nemaitiro akareruka: vaidzivirira vamwe vanhu kubva mumatendere avo kwepakati pezuva rimwe kana manomwe kuti vaone zvavakaita pavakabhururuka zvakare. Pashure pemaawa 24, vakawanda vakadzokera kumiti yavakanga vashanyira usiku hwapfuura; mushure mevhiki, the vakuru vane ruzivo Vakadzivisa miti yakanga yarega kubereka michero, sokunge kuti vakanga vachichengeta “karenda” yenzvimbo. Vechidiki, kune rumwe rutivi, vakanga vasati vadzidza kuziva kusashanda kwezviwanikwa uku.
Chikwata chakaongorora zvakare sarudzo yekutanga yehusiku, "muti wekutanga," uye yakawana zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekuronga: zviremwaremwa zvinowanzobhururuka zvakananga kunzvimbo inozivikanwa, kunyangwe iri 20 kana 30 maminetsi kure. Kana chinangwa chiri kure uye vane nzara, vanowedzera spidhi yavo, iyo inoenderana ne chirongwa chakasarudzwa tisati tasimuka uye nekugona kumisa mibairo yekukurumidza kana nzvimbo yakasarudzwa iri nani.
Kumwe kutsvagisa kwakanaka: wekutanga kubva mukoloni anotarisa mukati michero inotapiraAvo vanokwikwidza gare gare vanowanzoisa pamberi peprotein-rich source, nepo avo vanokwikwidza gare gare. Kutevedzana uku kunopa mazano anochinjika zvichienderana nenguva yezuva, makwikwi, uye zvinodiwa zvekudya panguva iyoyo.
"Exquisite" genomes uye biological superpowers
Sangano repasi rose, Bat1K, rakateedzera majenomes akati wandei nekurongeka kusati kwamboitika, kuvhura musuwo wekutsanangura kuti sei vachishivirira mamwe mavhairasi nemazvo, kurarama kwenguva yakareba nekuda kwehukuru hwawo, kana kuratidza kuramba kwavo. kuchembera negomararaAya ma genomes, akazara zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura mamwe mabasa apfuura, ndeyechokwadi "maatlasi" ekutsvaga shanduko inoshanda yakabatana nekubhururuka uye echolocation.
Zviremwaremwa zvinochengeta "zvisaririra" zvehutachiona hwekare muDNA yavo: zvimedu zvehutachiona zvinosiya mucherechedzo wemamiriyoni emakore ekudyidzana nehutachiona. Ongororo inoburitsa a zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana-siyana zve endogenous retrovirusesnenhevedzano isina kumboonekwa mune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Ichi chinyorwa chenhoroondo chinobatsira kunzwisisa kushivirira kwavo kuhutachiona uye kuona mhando dzakakosha dzekutarisa kusvetuka kwe zoonotic.
Genomic data kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe 42 dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinotsigira kuisa zviremwaremwa pedyo nenzvimbo huru inonzi Ferreungulata (carnivores, pangolins, cetaceans, and ungulates). Kupfuura muti weupenyu, mhedzisiro iyi inosimbisa pfungwa yekuti kubhururuka, echolocation, uye kunyatsogadzirisa immune system Vakasiya zvitunha zvinoonekwa mune chaiwo genetic nzvimbo.
Kuunganidza aya "mapuzzle" eDNA, matekinoroji ekucheka-kumucheto kubva kunzvimbo dzakadai seDRESDEN-pfungwa Genome Center uye nzira nyowani dzekusangana kwemajini uye kuzivikanwa dzakashandiswa. Sayenzi yesainzi yave kutotsvaga nzira yekuturikira zviratidzo izvi mukati biomedical kufambira mberi: kana tikanzwisisa kuti vanonokesa sei kuparara kana kudzivirira mhinduro dzinokuvadza dzekuzvimba, pamwe tinogona kutora kurudziro kubva mumhinduro dzavo dzechisikigo.
Kusiyana, kudya uye dzimba: kubva kusango kuenda kuguta rako
Nezvipenyu zvinoda kusvika 1.400 zvinotsanangurwa, kusiyana-siyana kwezvimiro, ukuru, uye tsika zvinokurisa. MuNyika Yekare, makava anobhururuka anotonga matenga anopisa ane mapapiro anodarika mita imwe chete, nepo muAmerica mune zvipembenene zvakagadziridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye mavampires anodya chete ropa. MuEurope zoo, zvakajairika kuona makoroni e zviremwaremwa zvemichero izvo zvinoratidzira basa ravo rokuparadzira mbeu.
Panyaya yekudya, kune nzira ina huru: zvipembenene zvinodya twumbuyu twakawanda twakawanda; michero inodya michero, mukume, uye tumbuyu; nectarivores vari zvinotakura mukume irreplaceable; uye ma carnivores/hematophages anobata hove, matatya, kana mamwe ma vertebrates madiki, ane vampires sechinhu chakakosha. Iwo ekupedzisira anoona infrared radiation muganda remhuka yavo; havasanganisi vanhu muzvokudya zvavo zvenguva dzose.
Vamwe vavhimi inyanzvi dzechokwadi: kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica, dzimwe mhuka dzinobata zvinyavada zvine ngozi uzvirudze zvinobaya usati wazvidya; muSouth America, vamwe vanoziva matatya anodyiwa nemaungira uye vanodzivisa ane chepfu; uye kune vabati vehove vanosvetukira pamusoro pemvura, vanotsvaga hove pasi pejira uye vosimudza nechanza semetronome.
Vanogara kupi? Ndivo shasha dzokuhwanda: vanogara mumapako, mapako, migodhi, miti isina makomba, uye zvivakwa, kazhinji muguta chaimo. Aya maroots anopa kuchengeteka, rima, uye tembiricha yakakodzera kwavari. zorora uye simudzaMumiti mikuru yomunzvimbo dzinopisa, makava anobhururuka anoumba mapoka emakumi kusvika kuzviuru zvevanhu vanenge vakarara masikati.
Hupenyu hwavo hurefu hwehukuru hwavo: mamwe marudzi anosvika makore makumi matatu ari musango. Uye vacheche… kubhuya. Ehe, vacheche vanodzidzira kuimba senge… kudzokorora mafoni avo, kufambirana kunoshamisa nekubhuya kwevanhu kunobatsira kukwenenzvera repertoire yemukurumbira.
Zvavanotipa uye kuti tingavabatsira sei
Kana iwe uchinetseka kuti nei vakanyanya kukosha, mhinduro pfupi ndeyekuti: vanotiitira zvakawanda. Zvipembenene zvinopawo kudzora zvipembenene zvipenyu Shiri dzeusiku dzinoderedza kudiwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Manectarivores nemafrugivores anodyara maagave, miti yomunzvimbo dzinopisa, uye zvirimwa, uye anoparadzira mhodzi dzinoberekazve masango. Uye guano yavo ifetireza yakasikwa isingakoshi.
Izvo zvakaderera hazvifadzi zvishoma: kurasikirwa kwekugara, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemishonga yezvipembenene, zvirwere zvakadai white nose syndrome Uye chitambudzo chakavakirwa pangano dzisina hwaro chiri kuvaisa munzvimbo yakaoma. IUCN inofungidzira kuti inenge 20% yemarudzi echiremwaremwa ari kutyisidzirwa kusvika pamwero wakati, nhamba inoda chiito chakakomba.
Masimba eiyo agri-chikafu system anovakanganisawo: kuwedzera kwemamonocultures kudyisa kurima kwezvipfuyo zveindasitiri zvinoreva. kutemwa kwemasango kukuru uye mamwe makemikari anokuvadza mumaruwa. Zvichakadaro, kutengeserana kwemhuka dzesango kunoramba kuvhima kuri mhenyu mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kungave kudyiwa kana se "kushongedza," tsika inokuvadza sezvo isingakodzeri.
Chii chatingaita? Chengetedza nzvimbo dzekupotera nemasango; kuderedza mishonga yezvipembenene; kuremekedza maguta nekudzivisa kuvaka munguva yekuberekesa; usadye zvigadzirwa zvemhuka dzesango; uye zivisa kubatwa uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka pamberi pevakuru. Dzidzo yakakosha: kubvisa "dangerous vampire" cliché inoponesa mhuka uye ecosystem.
Kana pane chimwe chinhu chinotsanangura zviremwaremwa, ndiwo hunyanzvi hwazvo: vanobhururuka sepasina mhuka inoyamwisa, "vanoona" neruzha, vanorangarira kuti ndeupi muti uchave wakakodzera kurwisa mangwana, uye vanogadzirisa maitiro avo mumapute ane ruzha kuti vadzivise kubondera. Masikirwo emajini e“masimba makuru” avo ari kutanga kuratidzwa, uye mupiro wavo kupasi wakakura zvikuru. Kuvachengeta kuzvitarisira pachedu. muhutano, chikafu nemasango mapenyu.
