El kufunga kwezvifananidzo Haisi kungokwanisa kugadzira dombo, simbi, kana ivhu chete: inzira yekunzwisisa nyika kuburikidza nemafomu, mavhoriyamu, nenzvimbo. Munhoroondo yese, kubva kuvanhu vekare vekare kusvika kuzvifananidzo zvemazuva ano, vanhu vagara vachishandisa zvifananidzo kuti vafunge nezvekuvapo kwazvo, kutya kwavo, kusava nechokwadi kwavo, uye zviroto zvavo.
Mabasa anozivikanwa akadai se The Thinker rakanyorwa naAuguste Rodin Misoro yehupenyu yaJuan Gila, pamwe chete nezvidimbu zvinoita sezvisina kufanana zvakaita seCernavodă's Thinker kana mifananidzo yaMichelangelo, zvinoratidza kuti kuveza zvinorevawo kufungisisa. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora takadzikama kuti pfungwa yekuveza chii, hunhu hwayo, kuti inozviratidza sei mumienzaniso chaiyo, uye mashandisirwo ayo nhasi, muunyanzvi uye munzira yedu yekuona chokwadi.
Kufunga kwezvifananidzo chii?
Apo patinotaura nezvazvo kufunga kwezvifananidzo Tiri kutaura nezvenzira iyo pfungwa, manzwiro, kana kusawirirana kwemukati kunoshandurwa kuita chimiro chemativi matatu. Hazvisi zvekungo "gadzira mifananidzo," asi nezvekushandura chiito chekufunga kuita vhoriyamu, magadzirirwo, uye zviito. Mupfungwa iyi, chivezwa chinova rudzi rwe "pfungwa dzakagadzirwa," uko peta yega yega, tsandanyama yega yega, uye nzvimbo yega yega isina chinhu inoratidza chimwe chinhu nezvemamiriro emunhu.
Maitiro aya anonyatsoonekwa mu Rodin's The Thinker, basa rinozvarwa riine chekuita nemabhuku— Divine Comedy yaDante—asi iyo inozopedzisira yava nerevo yakakura. Munhu uyu haasisiri mudetembi ari kufunga nezvedenderedzwa regehena, asi chiratidzo chemunhu anotarisana nekusava nechokwadi kwake, nhoroondo yake, uye nharaunda yake. Chifananidzo chinorega kuratidza rugwaro uye chinova chiratidzo chechiito chekufunga.
Zvisinei, kufunga kwemifananidzo hakusi kwaRodin chete. vanhu vadiki vekare izvo zvakatoratidza kuti munhu anofanira kuzviongorora, achipfuura nepakati pe guva raLorenzo de Medici Kubva kuna Michelangelo kusvika kumabasa emazuva ano akadai seaFernando Botero kana kuti misoro yaJuan Gila, tinowana chinhu chimwe chete chakafanana: chifananidzo sechishandiso chekuongorora kuti tiri vanaani, zvatinonzwa sei uye kuti tine hukama sei nenguva nerufu.
Uyezve, mafungiro akadai ane chekuita nemuviri: muviri uye mafambiro Zvinova nzira dzepfungwa dzisinganzwisisike. Panzvimbo pekutaura nemashoko, muvezi anogadzira hurukuro yetsandanyama dzakasimba, zviso zvakakanganisika, mamiriro ekumanikidzwa, kana kuenzana kusingagoneki. Apa ndipo panoparadzanisa chivezwa nezvimwe hunyanzvi: kuratidzwa kwacho kunobata, kunoonekwa munzvimbo, uye kunoratidza vhoriyamu.
Rondedzero yaRodin yeThe Thinker: Kwakatangira uye Zvakanyorwa
Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) mumwe wevavezi vemifananidzo vane simba guru vezana remakore rechi19, uye mukurumbira wake Mufungi Zvave chiratidzo chepasi rose. Zvinofadza kuti mufananidzo uyu wakabva sechikamu chepurojekiti yakakura zvikuru: suwo regehena, boka guru rezvifananidzo rakarongwa kuti rive Museum of Decorative Arts muParis uye rakafuridzirwa ne Hero naDante Alighieri.
Mukugadzirwa kwekutanga, mufananidzo watinoziva nhasi uno se Mufungi Era NyanduriKureva kuti, Dante, akagara pamusoro pegedhi, akaona mweya yevanhu vakatambudzwa. Munyori wacho anoonekwa asina kupfeka, asina chipfeko chake, izvo zvakakonzera gakava: vamwe vatsoropodzi vakaona sekunge nhema kufungidzira Dante asina chipfeko chake chinozivikanwa, sezvo izvozvo zvakabvisa musiyano uripo pakati pehunhu hwake nenzvimbo yegehena.
Rodin ndiye akatanga shanduro yekutanga kunenge muna 1880-1881, mumamiriro ezvinhu umo simba raMichelangelo Aive nesimba zvikuru mubasa rake. Kufanana nemifananidzo yakaita se Pfungwa kana kuti muporofita Jeremia weSistine Chapel zvinoonekwa: miviri ine tsandanyama, mamiriro ekufungisisa asi akamanikidzwa, uye mutambo wakadzikama unoita sewava kuda kuputika.
Mumakore apfuura, chirongwa che suwo regehena Zvakaramba zvichichinja uye hazvina kuzombopedzwa sezvakarongwa, asi Mufungi Yakatanga kuonekwa sefirimu rakazvimiririra. Muna 1888 yakaunzwa pasi pemusoro wenyaya Nyanduri muCopenhagen, uye muna 1889, paMonet-Rodin exhibition paGeorges Petit Gallery, akatoonekwa seanozivikanwa sa Mufungi; nyanduri, chidimbu chemusuwoNekuchinja uku kwezita, munhu uyu akabvisa hunhu hwake hwega saDante kuti ave mufananidzo wakakura wekuita kwekufunga.
Hunhu hwepamutemo hweThe Thinker
Chifananidzo chinomiririra murume asina kupfeka, ane hushingiAkagara padombo, anokotama mberi, muviri wake wakakotama, gokora rake rekurudyi rakatsamira pabvi rake reruboshwe, ruoko rwake rwerudyi rwakatsigira chirebvu chake. Pakutanga, zvingaita sekunge kungofungidzira, kungofanana nepfungwa, asi Rodin anopfuura mufananidzo wemunhu ane pfungwa dzakadzama.
Muviri wacho unotsanangurwa ne ruzivo rwakakura rwemuviriTsandanyama dzinozvimba, mitsipa inosimba, zvigunwe zvinokotama. Kumanikidzwa uku kwemuviri kunoratidza kuti kuedza kufunga hakusi kwepfungwa chete asiwo kwemuviri. Kufunga kunova chinhu chinorema, chinorwadza, chimwe chinhu chinobata muviri wese. Kure nekufungisisa kwakasununguka, munhu wacho anoita seari muhondo yemukati.
Rodin akashandisa pamusoro pevhu nemauneKupera kwayo hakuna kupenya zvakanyanya kupfuura kwevavezi vemifananidzo venguva yake. Kuumbwa uku kusina kurongeka kunobata chiedza nenzira inochinja-chinja uye kunoita kuti munhu anzwe kufamba kwemukati: zvinoita sekunge munhu wacho ava kuda kufamba, sekunge huremu hwebhuronzi hwaidedera nekuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa kwaisangana nemunhu wacho.
Pakutanga chifananidzo ichi chakagadzirwa pakakwirira semasendimita makumi manomwe mukati mechikamu chegedhi, asi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi70 Rodin akasarudza kuwedzera chiyero chayoAkatuma Henri Lebossé, nyanzvi mukushandisa pantograph, kuti agadzire mufananidzo wakareba masendimita 180, uyo wakaratidzwa kuParis Salon muna 1904 uye wakarumbidzwa zvikuru. Kuchinja uku muhukuru ndiko kwakakosha pabasa iri kuti riwane simba rekufananidzira uye kuonekwa pachena.
Kusapfeka hakusi kwemahara. Kuna Rodin, Muviri usina kupfeka unonyatsoratidza nyika yemukati Tsandanyama dzemunhu uyu uye chimiro chake zvinoratidza manzwiro nekusawirirana pasina chikonzero chekupfeka kana hunhu hwekunze. Muvezi wemifananidzo akataura kuti, kune avo vanoziva kutaridzika, kupfeka mushana ndiwo mutauro wakananga wemweya.
Zvinoreva uye zvinoverengwa zveThe Thinker
Nekufamba kwenguva, nhamba yacho yakagamuchira kududzira kwakawandaMumakumi emakore ayo ekutanga, vazhinji vakaramba vachida kuiona seDante achifungisisa nezvevakatukwa mugehena. Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma basa racho rakatanga kuverengwa sechiratidzo chesimba revanhu rekufunga, kusava nechokwadi, kutonga, uye kusika.
Vamwe vaongorori vakataura nezvehukama ne Minos, mutongi wenyika yepasi Mubasa raDante, nzvimbo yemunhu uyu pamusuwo inoyeuchidza nezvevanhu vatsvene vari mumasuo eGothic: rudzi rwemutongi anotonga nzvimbo yacho uye, panguva imwe chete, anobatwa nayo. Saka, Mufungi Aizova mutongi uye musungwa, girazi remamiriro emuimbi maererano nenguva yake.
Mutsoropodzi François Blanchètiere akatsanangura mufananidzo uyu se muviri unotambudzwa asi wakasununguka mumweyaakatsunga kupfuura nenhetembo. Nenzira iyi, hunhu hunova mufananidzo wemusiki wemazuva ano, uyo anotarisana nepfungwa dzake dzakadzama uye kumanikidzwa kwevanhu pavanenge vachiedza kuumba basa reunyanzvi chairo.
Kune vateereri vemazuva ano, chifananidzo ichi chinowanzobatanidzwa nenguva dze kusava nechokwadi kwehupenyu uye kufungisisa kwakadzamaTiri vanaani, zvisarudzo zvekuita, mafambisirwo azvo muhupenyu. Kutaura zvazviri, kufarirwa kwazvo mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana sekushambadzira, dzidzo, kana tsika dzakakurumbira kunokonzerwa nekuti tese tinoziva mune izvozvo zvakadzikama uye zvakanangana chimwe chinhu chematambudziko edu emukati.
Rodin akatora kuzivikanwa uku zvakanyanya: imwe yeshanduro dze Mufungi Yakaiswa paguva remukadzi wake, uye gare gare, paari ega zvakare. Zvinoita sekunge muvezi aida kusimbisa hupenyu hwake nemufananidzo uyu unopfupisa hondo yemukati yemuimbi zvemazuva ano: kufunga, kugadzira uye kutambura panguva imwe chete.
Maitiro ekugadzira, zvinhu uye makopi
Muenzaniso wekutanga we Mufungi Yakagadzirwa neterracotta uye yakashanda nemaoko aRodin chete. Kubva pachinhu ichi chekutanga, muvezi akagadzira chiumbwa cheplaster chakashanda sehwaro hwezvinhu zvakawanda zvebronze. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinhu zvinosvika makumi mashanu zvakagadzirwa kubva muzviumbwa zvepakutanga.
Rodin haana kukanda bhuronzi iye pachake: akarayira basa racho kuti riitwe. mashopu akasarudzika saRadier kana Coubertin. Maitiro ekuumba aisanganisira kugadzira zvifananidzo zvekupedzisira zvebhuronzi kubva muzviumbwa zvepakutanga zvemuimbi uye mamodheru. Kunyange zvazvo vabatsiri vake vaibata basa guru rekutanga, Rodin aigara achizvichengetera zvinhu zvekupedzisira pamusoro uye zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kuitira kuti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chapedzwa chipfuure nemaoko ake.
Kuumbwa kwebhuronzi kukuru kwekutanga kwakagadzirwa muna 1884, kwakarairwa nemuunganidzi Constantine Alexander Ionides. Shanduro iyi yaisanganisira Phrygian capchiratidzo chepfungwa dzakasununguka uye democracy muFrench Third Republic, asi hazvina kuziviswa pachena panguva yehupenyu hwemuimbi. Kutaurwa kwekutanga kunozivikanwa pamusoro pezita racho Mufungi Zvinoonekwa chaizvo mutsamba yakabva kuna Ionides, iyo inotaura nezvechinangwa chekuisa chifananidzo patafura yakatenderera kuti chionekwe kubva kumativi ese.
Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, uye nekuda kwekukurudzira kwevatsoropodzi vakaita se Gabriel MoureyBasa iri rakatanga kuzivikanwa pasi rose. Muna 1904, Mourey akaripa kuguta reParis, zvichibatsira kuwedzera mukurumbira wemuvezi kubva kumadenderedzwa ane hunyanzvi kusvika kune veruzhinji. Muna 1906, shanduro huru yebronze yakaiswa pamberi pePantheon muParis, kwayakaramba iripo kusvika muna 1922, payakaendeswa kuRodin Museum.
Mazuvano kune akawanda Mafekitori ekugadzira zvinhu zveThinker Zvakapararira pasi rose, muhukuru hwakasiyana uye huwandu, zvese zvinoonekwa se "zvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvakawanda" kana zvichibva muzviumbwa zvine mvumo. Chinyorwa chinonyanya kuzivikanwa chinoramba chiri muMusée Rodin muParis, asi mamwe makopi anogona kuwanikwa mumamiziyamu, masikweya, uye makampasi emayunivhesiti munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakabatsira kusimbisa mufananidzo wechifananidzo ichi sechiratidzo chepfungwa chepasi rose.
Zviitiko zvekare zve "kufunga kwakapfava"
Kunyange zvazvo Rodin akaita kuti mufananidzo wemurume aifungisisa zvikuru uzivikanwe, vavariro yemufungi Mukuveza, ine midzi yekare zvikuru. Semuenzaniso, mutsika dzeHamangia, zvinonzi Mufungi weCernavodă, chifananidzo chidiki cheterracotta chemunguva yeChalcolithic, pamwe chete nechifananidzo chechikadzi, Mukadzi akagaraZvidimbu izvi zvinoonekwa sezvimwe zvezviratidzo zvekutanga zvekufungidzira kwevanhu kare, zvakasiyana zvikuru nepfungwa dzechinyakare dzekuvhima kana kubereka.
Munzvimbo tsvene ye Artemis Orthia muSparta Chifananidzo chidiki chebhuronzi chakawanikwa, chinomiririra murume aive nemafungiro ekufungisisa uye aibva kumagumo kwezana remakore rechi8 BC. Zvakare, chimiro chinoratidza kufungisisa kana kuchema, zvichiratidza kuti pfungwa ye "kufunga" yaitobatanidzwa nemamwe maitiro emuviri anenge makore zviuru zvitatu apfuura.
Munyika inotaura Chirungu, munhu anonzi mufananidzo we SpongeManPamwe ndicho chifananidzo chekare kwazvo chinozivikanwa chemunhu panyaya iyi. Chinoratidza munhu akagara pachivharo chembiya yekupisira, chine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti munhu akazvimiririra, sokunge ari kufungidzira. Chinofungidzirwa kuti chine makore zviuru zvakati wandei.
Tatova muRenaissance, Michelangelo Akagadzira guva raLorenzo de' Medici muBasilica yeSan Lorenzo muFlorence, inoonekwa seimwe yemabasa makuru eMannerism. Munhu ari pakati, anomiririra Lorenzo, anoonekwa aine pfungwa dzakadzikama, chiso chake chakafukidzwa nemumvuri uye ruoko rumwe rwakatsamira parutsigiro, achiratidza chimiro chekufungisisa chakaenzaniswa nevakawanda nechaRodin, kunyange zvazvo munhu weFlorentine akagara zvakasiyana uye akakomberedzwa nemifananidzo yekufananidzira yeMasikati neUsiku.
Mienzaniso yese iyi inoratidza kuti chifananidzo chemufungi Hazvina kubva chero kupi zvako muzana remakore rechi19, asi zvinoumba chikamu chetsika refu umo chimiro chemuviri chinova chiratidzo chinooneka chepfungwa. Chiratidzo chekuisa ruoko pamusoro, kukotamira dumbu, kana kuzviparadzanisa chave chichishandiswa kwemazana emakore kuratidza kuzviongorora, kusava nechokwadi, kana kurwadziwa.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvepfungwa dzekuveza: Botero naJuan Gila
Muzana remakore rechi20 nerechi21, kufunga kwezvifananidzo Inoramba ichionekwazve muvanyori vakasiyana-siyana. Nyaya inonakidza ndeyekuti Pfungwa Chifananidzo chebhuronzi chaFernando Botero chegore ra1992 chikamu chemuunganidzwa wakapihwa kuguta reMedellÃn uye uri pedyo neMuseum of Antioquia. Mufananidzo wacho unoratidza mukadzi weBotero, asina kupfeka uye anoyevedza, akamira pamusoro pemusoro wemurume wakaenzana.
Mufananidzo, pakutanga kuona, unoonekwa zvisina musoro uye zvinovhiringidzaMukadzi akashandurwa kuita chitsiko pamusoro chaigona kupwanywa nekurema kwake. Musoro wenyaya uyu, Pfungwa, inovhura musuwo wekududzirwa kwakasiyana-siyana: pfungwa yevakadzi sevanhu vanogara vari mupfungwa dzevarume, kana kutofunga nezvenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, iyo kwemazana emakore yakatarisa muviri wechikadzi.
Kupfuura kududzirwa uku, basa raBotero rinoratidza kuti kuveza, pachako, imhando ye "kufunga pfungwa"Muimbi anoputsa hukama hwemuviri nemusoro, anochinja huwandu hwezvinhu, uye anomanikidza muoni kuti afungezve zvaanoona sezvine musoro. Zvakare, pfungwa hadziratidzwi nemashoko, asi kuburikidza nehuremu, kuenzana, uye zvinhu zvisina musoro.
Nenzira yakasiyana zvachose, mutsoropodzi Fernando Castro Flórez akataura nezvayo "Pfungwa yekuveza" yaJuan GilaMuzvinyorwa zvake, anotaura kuti, kunyangwe mumapako ekare, kuratidzwa kwemufananidzo wemunhu kwaigona kunzwisiswa serudzi rwechiratidzo chemunyori, nzira yekusiya chinyorwa chemutoro wavo pamifananidzo. Chifananidzo chaizoramba chiine basa iri reuchapupu: chinogadzirisa kuvapo, chinochityisa, chinochishandura kuita chiratidzo chenhoroondo.
Juan Gila anoshanda zvakanyanya ne misoro nemakumbo Havapemberere hukuru hwemunhu, asi vanoita sevari kunyora kurwa kwemukati. Vanhu vane mhanza, vakaremara, vane zvikanganiso zvemuviri nemaune, vari kure nepfungwa dzekare. Castro Flórez anotsanangura mabasa aya sezvifananidzo zvakazara nezvinhu zvirimo: kuremara uye kukanganiswa kwekuwirirana kunoratidza mhirizhonga yemukati kwete kukuvara kwekunze.
Kusavapo kwebvudzi kunobvisa chero mashoko erudo uye kunoshandura vanhu ava kuita zvisikwa zvisingadiwi, zvichiyeuchidza nyika yaSamuel Beckett: vanhu vari vega, vakavhiringidzika, vakabatwa murudzi rwekusaziva. Maziso avo akaomarara anoomesawo maziso emuoni, zvichigadzira pfungwa inovhiringidza yekuva pedyo nechinhu chakaipa. Pano, pfungwa dzezvifananidzo dzinozviratidza mu kusawirirana pakati perunyararo rwechifuva nedutu repfungwa izvo zvinoratidzwa muzvinhu zvacho.
Mashandisirwo ekufunga kwezvifananidzo muunyanzvi uye mberi
Pfungwa ye kufunga kwezvifananidzo Izvi zvine zvazvinoreva kune vaimbi pamwe chete nevaya vanoona hunyanzvi zvichibva pamaonero edzidzo, uzivi, kana kushambadza. Chekutanga, kune muvezi wemifananidzo, kufunga nemifananidzo zvinoreva kushandura pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike kuita sarudzo dzakajeka pamusoro pechimiro, zvinhu, chiyero, uye magadzirirwo.
Inoshanda senge Mufungi Zvinoratidza kuti zvinogona kuratidzwa sei matambudziko etsika, kusawirirana kwevanhu, kana kuzvidya mwoyo kwevanhu pasina chikonzero chekutaura nemuromo. Kusarudza muviri usina kupfeka, nzvimbo yemaoko, nzira yekusimbaradza tsandanyama kana kukombamisa musana zvinhu zvinoratidza kutambura kwemukati, tsitsi kune vamwe vanotambura kana kutadza kupa mutongo wakasimba kune vakatongerwa mhosva, sezvakaitika kuna Dante waRodin.
Muminda yedzidzo neyokusvika kune vamwe, kushanda nepfungwa dzekuveza kunotibvumira kubvunza mibvunzo yakavhurika kumuoni: Ndeapi manzwiro ari kuratidzwa nemufananidzo uyu? Unofunga kuti chii chiri kupinda mupfungwa dzemufananidzo uyu? Zvinhu zvirimo zvinopesvedzera sei dudziro yako? Rudzi urwu rwenzira runoshandura kufungisisa kwemufananidzo kuita kurovedza muviri kwakasimba mukufungisisakwete chete panguva yekushanya kumiziyamu usinganyanyi kunakidzwa.
Kunze kweunyanzvi, mufananidzo wemunhu anofunga wava chiwanikwa chekufananidzira Kutaura nezveuzivi, hunyanzvi, hunyanzvi, kana kuita sarudzo, ma logo, kushambadzira, uye mifananidzo yedzidzo zvese zvinoshandisa mufananidzo uyu wakakotama kupfupikisa kuoma kwekufunga kuita chiratidzo chimwe chete. Inzira pfupi inoshanda nekuti inoshandisa mazana emakore etsika dzemifananidzo.
Chekupedzisira, munyaya yekusika kwemazuva ano, kufunga nezvekuveza kunokurudzira kuyedza nezvinhu zvitsva, zviyero, nemamiriro ezvinhu: kubva pamifananidzo yeruzhinji inobatana neguta kusvika kune zvinhu zvinomanikidza muoni kufamba-famba munzvimbo. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, mubvunzo mukuru unoramba wakafanana: kuti pfungwa inoumbwa sei muchimirouye kuti chimiro ichocho chinoita kuti tifunge zvakasiyana sei pamusoro pedu nenyika.
Kana tikaongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pamwe chete Mufungi yaRodin, Mufungi weCernavodă, guva raLorenzo de' Medici, Pfungwa Ingava mumifananidzo yaBotero kana mumisoro yaJuan Gila, chinhu chisingachinji chinobuda: zvese zvinoshandura chiito chisingaoneki chekufunga kuita chimwe chinhu chinoonekwa, chinobata, uye, kazhinji, chisingafadzi mupfungwa. Imomo mune simba guru re kufunga kwezvifananidzo: mukutiyeuchidza, kuburikidza nezvinhu, kuti kugona kwedu kufungisisa hakuna kusimba uye kunopesana semiviri yedu.
