Kudzivirirwa kwemhumhi yeIberia kwave chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mukuchengetedzwa kwemhuka dzesango muSpain neEurope. Kuchinja kwemitemo munguva pfupi yapfuura, kumanikidzwa kubva kuchikamu chezvipfuyo, uye kunetseka kuri kukura kweveruzhinji kwakonzera gakava rinopfuura miganhu. Tiri panguva yakakosha mukutarisira uye remangwana renzvimbo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yePeninsula , ine maonero akasiyana zvakanyanya maererano nezinga rekuchengetedzwa kwayo, kugara kwayo pamwe chete nekurima zvipfuyo, uye budiriro yemaruwa.
Chii chiri kuitika chaizvo kumhumhi muSpain? Nhamba, nharo dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzesainzi, uye pesvedzero yemitemo yeEurope zvakachinja mamiriro emhuka iyi inodya mhuka. Muchinyorwa chino, muchaona mamiriro aripo pari zvino emhuka iyi, nzvimbo dzevane chekuita nemhuka vakasiyana-siyana, uye kuti mamiriro aya anokukanganisai sei, kunyangwe semugari wemo.
Census mamiriro uye shanduko yemhumhi muSpain
Bazi reKuchinja Kwezvakatipoteredza neDemographic Challenge rakapa ruzivo rwakagadziridzwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwemapere pakati pa2021 na2024. Sekureva kwemishumo yakatumirwa kunharaunda dzinozvitonga, pari zvino kune mapoka emapere mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nematatu muSpain. Nhamba iyi inomiririra kuwedzera kwe12% zvichienzaniswa nenguva ya2012-2014 , apo mapaketi mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe akafungidzirwa.
Zvisinei, vesainzi vanoona nhamba idzi dzichiri dzisina kukwana kuti mhuka idzi dzirambe dzichirarama kwenguva refu, vachitenda kuti mapoka angangoita mazana mashanu aizodiwa kuti dzive nechokwadi chekuti dzinochengetwa zvakanaka . Mazhinji emapoka emhuri idzi ari kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIberian Peninsula: León, Zamora, Galicia, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeAsturias dzine huwandu hwakanyanya munyika.
Kuchinja kwemitemo uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika
Mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura, gakava pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi rasvika padanho risati ramboonekwa. MunaKurume, Paramende yeEurope neDare reEurope vakasundidzira shanduko kumitemo yekuchengetedza zviwanikwa iyo yakakonzera kuvhiringidzika. Murairo (EU) 2025/1237 pamwe nekuvandudzwa kweBern Convention zvinobvisa mhumhi kubva kuAnnex II (yakachengetedzwa zvakasimba) kuenda kuAnnex III (yakachengetedzwa chete).
Kuchinja uku kunotanga kushanda nekuda kwechikumbiro cheEuropean Commission uye kunopa nyika dziri nhengo rusununguko rwakakura rwekutarisira huwandu hwemhumhi dzadzo . Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kunyange zvazvo zvichiri zvisiri pamutemo kuisa mhuka idzi munjodzi, nyika dzichakwanisa kubvumidza kuvhima nenzira yakaganhurirwa uye pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo , chero bedzi "kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu" kuchivimbiswa uye kudzikira kwakanyanya kuchidziviswa.
MuSpain, gakava rakanyanya kusimba munaKurume apo dziviriro yemapere yakaderedzwa kuburikidza nechinjo yePeople's Party (PP) yakabatanidzwa mumutemo wekurasikirwa nechikafu nekurasa. Danho iri, rakatenderwa muCongress, rakatsoropodzwa zvikuru nemapato anopikisa nemasangano ezvakatipoteredza, avo vanoti harina chikonzero chesainzi uye harina kukurukurwa pachena.
Kunyangwe kudzikiswa kwemhuka idzi kwakatobvumidzwa muEurope, hurumende yepakati yeSpain yakayeuchidza nharaunda dzinozvitonga kuti mhumhi haizodzokeri pakuonekwa semhuka dzemusango . Basa reMinistry for Ecological Transition nderekuchengetedza dziviriro yakakosha, kunyangwe apo zvinodiwa zvichiongororwa uye mitemo yenyika ichigadziriswa kuti ienderane nezvinodiwa zveEurope, maitiro anofanira kupedzwa nguva yekupedzisira yekuchinja mhuka isati yasvika Ndira 15, 2027.
Basa renharaunda dzinozvitonga uye kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru inyaya yekupatsanurwa kwakasimba kwenzvimbo nezvematongerwo enyika kwakakomberedza manejimendi yemapere. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune matunhu akaita seCastile neLeón anoda kuti pave nekuenzana pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwemapere nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu nekurima zvipfuyo zvekumaruwa . Gurukota ravo rezvehupfumi nezvemari, Carlos Fernández Carriedo, vakataura pachena kuti "kurarama kwemapere kwavimbiswa, asi vagari vekumaruwa, varimi, nevapfuyi vezvipfuyo, avo variwo chikamu chakakosha che ecosystem, vanofanirwawo kuchengetedzwa."
Pfungwa iyi inotsigirwa neruzhinji rwevanhu vekuchamhembe vanozvimiririra, Paramende yeEurope, European Commission, uye kunyange zvibvumirano zvepasi rose. Dare reSpain neSeneti pachavo vane maonero aya, nepo hurumende yepakati ichisimbirira kuchengetedza dziviriro yakanyanya. Kusawirirana kwacho kwawedzera nekuda kwemisangano mitsva yezvikamu uye kurudziro yekuti "vateerere kuchema kwemaruwa," kunyanya munzvimbo umo kurwiswa kwezvipfuyo kunokonzera kusagadzikana uye kuratidzira nguva dzose.
Masangano ezvipfuyo nevakuru vemunharaunda vanoti kuwanda kwemapere kunoreva kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupfumi , kunyange hazvo sangano rezvakatipoteredza richipomera mapoka aya mhosva yekuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu uye kushandisa mashoko asiri iwo kuti varuramise kudzikisira dziviriro. Semuenzaniso, vanoratidza kupindira kwePeople's Party, iyo, maererano neAnimaNaturalis, yakasvika pakushandisa "data rekufungidzira risina kuomarara kuti vanhu vatye."
Muchiitiko ichi, kumanikidzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwevanovhima kuri kuwedzera simba pane zvinorongwa neveruzhinji, mapato akaita sePP, Vox, Junts kana PNV achitsvaga mukana wekukunda mavhoti ekumaruwa nekuvimbisa kudzora zvakanyanya pamhuka dzinodya mhuka, kunyangwe ruzivo rwuchiratidza kuti kuurayiwa kunoshamisa hakugadzirise gakava uye kunogona kutowedzera kuipa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka idzi.
Maonero eEuropean uye Habitats Directive
Maitiro ekuEurope ekugadzirisa dziviriro yemhumhi ave akareba uye akaoma. Zvese zvakatanga nechikumbiro kubva kuEuropean Commission chekuvandudza Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC) . Kusvika pari zvino, mhumhi yaive nemazinga akasiyana edziviriro zvichienderana nenzvimbo yeEU: muSpain, kusvika muna 2021, yaibatanidzwa muAnnexes II neIV, iyo yairambidza kuivhima munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika, kunyangwe hazvo paine zvimwe zvaisaitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Nekugadziriswa kwacho, mhando iyi yava kunyorwa muAnnex III yemutemo weEurope, uye sekureva kwaMutungamiriri weKomisheni Ursula von der Leyen, izvi zvine chinangwa chekupa " kuchinjika kuitira kuti matunhu ane kusawirirana kwakanyanya agone kutonga mhando iyi " kana kugara pamwe chete kwakaoma. Chiyero ichi chakatsigirwa zvakanyanya muParamende yeEurope (mavhoti 371 achitsigira, 162 achipikisa), kunyangwe Spain isina kubvumirana, zvichiratidza kusabvumirana kwenyika.
Dare reEurope rinotaura kuti, kunyange hazvo kuvhima kuchigona kubvumidzwa pasi pechinzvimbo chitsva ichi, nyika dzine chisungo chekuchengetedza huwandu hwevanhu panzvimbo dzakachengeteka zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nesainzi uye zvezvakatipoteredza. Nokudaro, kurambidzwa kwechinguvana kana chikamu chemhuka kunogona kuiswa kuitira kuti kudzoreredza huwandu hwevanhu kana paine njodzi yekudzikira kwehuwandu.
Uku kuchinjika kukuru munondo unocheka kaviri: kune rumwe rutivi, unogona kuchinjirwa kune chaiwo enzvimbo; kune rimwe divi, inovhura musuwo kune dzimwe nzira dzekuregera dzinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwezvakatipoteredza kana zvisingabvi pamaitiro esainzi ane ruzha.
Maonero emagariro, ruzivo rwenhema uye chokwadi chezvipfuyo
Kusawirirana kwevanhu nevezvematongerwo enyika kwakakomberedza kuchengetedzwa kwemapere muSpain hakugoni kunzwisiswa pasina kuongorora maonero everuzhinji nezvenjodzi . Mutsika dzekumaruwa, kune kutya kukuru kwemhuka hombe dzinodya nyama, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine kurima zvipfuyo zvakawanda ndiko kunonyanya kupa mari.
Zvichienderana neongororo dzakasiyana-siyana, kutya kurasikirwa kwehupfumi kunokonzerwa nekurwiswa kwemapere hakuratidzi nguva dzose chokwadi chevanhu. Sezvakaratidzwa nechinyorwa chesainzi mumagazini inonzi People and Nature nezveChilean Patagonia, kukuvara kunofungidzirwa uye kuwanda kwezvikara zvinogona kutaurwa zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa nedata chairo.
Mamiriro ezvinhu muSpain anoratidza kufanana kwakajeka: kunyangwe huwandu hwemhumhi hunofungidzirwa kuti huri paIberian Peninsula huri pakati pe2.000-2.500 , uye kudzoserwa kwehutongi huri kukonzera kunetseka munzvimbo dzakati, njodzi inoonekwa inowanzopfuura matambudziko echinangwa. Sezvinotsanangurwa nemuongorori Esperanza Iranzo, "kana chikara chikagara munzvimbo itsva, kuwanda kwayo nenjodzi zvinowanzofungidzirwa zvakanyanya, kunyange nekufamba kwenguva kusawirirana kwevanhu kunodzikama."
Munzvimbo dzakadai seAsturias neCantabria, kuuraya vanhu kwakabvumidzwa pasi pe "kutonga kunouraya" uko kusingawanzo ruramiswa nesainzi, zvichienderana nezvichemo zvinobva kumapoka akadai seEcologistas en Acción neASCEL. Kutaura zvazviri, matare edzimhosva akaramba achiramba mvumo nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwakasimba, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nemubvunzo pamusoro pezvikonzero zvesarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzemuno.
Kune varimi vezvipfuyo, kushaikwa kwemari yakakwana yekubhadhara uye kushomeka kwematanho ekudzivirira zvinovakurudzira kuramba kwavo. Avo vanogona kusiyanisa mari yavo kuburikidza nekushanya kwemhuka dzesango vanochinja zviri nani, nepo avo vanovimba chete nekurima zvipfuyo vachiona mhumhi senjodzi yakananga.
Iko kukosha kwezvisikwa zveIberian wolf uye kusarudzika kwayo
Nyanzvi dzemhuka dzinoti mhumhi yeIberia ine basa rakakosha mukudzora nharaunda . Semhuka inodya mhuka iyi zvakanyanya, inobatsira kudzora huwandu hwemhembwe, nguruve dzemusango, nemhembwe dzemhara, zvichidzivirira kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwezviwanikwa uye kuwedzera kwezvirwere zvemhuka.
MuIberian Peninsula, mhumhi dzine hunhu hwadzo hwemaumbirwo , dzakadai semavara matema mumusoro nemakumbo epamberi uye saizi diki zvishoma pane dzeCentral Europe, zvichikonzerwa nekujairana nenharaunda uye kuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo kwakaitika muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20.
Kunyangwe isingaonekwe semhando dzakasiyana, inozivikanwa senzvimbo yakasiyana ine kukosha kukuru kwemajini . Kurarama kwayo kwakakosha pakuchengetedza kuenzana kwechisikigo, uye kunyangarika kwayo kunogona kukanganisa zvachose cheni yezvekudya, sezvakatoitika mune mamwe mapaki echisikigo mushure mekunyangarika kwemhuka hombe dzinodya nyama.
Kupinda kwevagari vemunyika uye kubvunza veruzhinji
Pakati penyaya iyi, pane nzira yekubvunzana pachena neveruzhinji neBazi reKuchinja Kwezvakatipoteredza kuitira kuti vagari vagone kutumira mipiro nemashoko avo maererano nemurairo weEurope uchachinja kuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi.
Kubatana kwevanhu munharaunda kunoonekwa sekwakakosha pakuda kujeka kukuru, ruzivo rwesainzi, uye kudzivirira kushandiswa kwenhamba kana kuita sarudzo nekukurumidza. Masangano akadai se [mazita akasiyiwa] anosimbirira kuti kuunganidzwa kwevanhu vakawanda chete ndiko kunogona kudzivirira manyepo uye kuvimbisa maitiro echokwadi ekutora chikamu, sezvinodzivirirwa neChikamu 20.1.d cheBumbiro reMitemo , icho chinobvuma kodzero yekuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi.
Hazvisi zvakakosha chete kuti pave nekuomarara pakuverengwa kwemapoka emhuka, asiwo kuti matanho ekutarisira aremekedze basa repamutemo rekuona kuti kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka kwakanaka, sezvinodiwa nemutemo weSpain wezvakatipoteredza (RD 139/2011) nezvibvumirano zveCommunity pachazvo.
Ikozvino uye ramangwana remhumhi muIberian Peninsula
Kutanga kushanda kwemurairo mutsva wekuEurope, unoderedza mwero wekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka dzinofurira, hazvirevi kuti mhuka idzi dzinogona kuvhimwa pasina miganhu muSpain . Hurumende yepakati inoramba ichizvipira kuchengetedza mhuka idzi, pasinei nekumanikidzwa nehurumende dzenharaunda. Zvisinei, dambudziko nderekuwana chiyero chechokwadi pakati pekuchengetedza mhuka idzi uye kugara pamwe chete nenharaunda dzekumaruwa , kupa varimi vezvipfuyo zvishandiso zvinobudirira zvekudzivirira uye muripo wakakodzera.
Mhumhi pasina mubvunzo ipfuma yechisikigo yekuEurope ine manejimendi ane mutoro anodiwa kudzivirira kudzikira kune njodzi. Nhaurirano yakavhurika, uye nzanga, masayendisiti, nemasangano vanofanira kuwana mhinduro dzinovimbisa kuti mhumhi ichararama pasina kusiya nzvimbo dzekumaruwa kuti dzive neramangwana radzo.
Remangwana remhumhi paPeninsula rinoramba risingazivikanwe, asi kutora chikamu kwevagari uye kuzvipira kwakabatana kuchave kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwayo uye basa rayo mune ecosystems.
