Kudzivirirwa kwemhumhi yeIberia yave imwe yenyaya dzinopisa kwazvo mukuchengetedza mhuka dzesango muSpain neEurope. Shanduko dzemitemo dzichangoburwa, kudzvanyirirwa kubva kuchikamu chezvipfuyo, uye kushushikana kuri kukura kweveruzhinji kwakonzera gakava rinopfuura miganhu. Isu tiri kurarama nguva yakakosha mukutonga uye ramangwana reiyo inonyanya kuratidza canid yePeninsula., ine zvinzvimbo zvakasiyana kwazvo padanho rayo redziviriro, kugarisana nekurimwa kwezvipfuyo nebudiriro yekumaruwa.
Chii chiri kunyatsoitika nemhumhi muSpain? Zviverengero, nharo dzezvematongerwo enyika nesainzi, uye pesvedzero yemirairo yeEurope yakachinja mamiriro eichi chikara. Muchinyorwa chino chese, iwe uchaona mamiriro azvino emhando, zvinzvimbo zvevatambi vakasiyana vanobatanidzwa, uye kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aya anokubata sei iwe, kunyangwe semugari.
Census mamiriro uye shanduko yemhumhi muSpain
El Ministry yeEcological Transition uye Demographic Challenge yakapa ruzivo rwakavandudzwa maererano nehuwandu hwemhumhi pakati pa2021 na2024. Zvinoenderana nemishumo yakatumirwa kunharaunda dzinozvitonga, Parizvino pane 333 wolf packs mundima yeSpanish. Mufananidzo uyu unomiririra a 12% kuwedzera zvichienzaniswa nenguva ya2012-2014, apo mombe 297 dzakafungidzirwa.
Zvisinei, kusangano resainzi nhamba idzi hadzisati dzakwana kuti mhuka idzi dzirarame kwenguva refu, sezvo dzichifunga kuti dzimwe shoma dzaizodiwa. 500 mombe kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwavo kunoshandaMazhinji emapoka emhuri aya ari kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIberian Peninsula: León, Zamora, Galicia, uye zvikamu zveAsturias zvine hunyoro hwakanyanya munyika.
Kuchinja kwemitemo uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika
Mumwedzi ichangopfuura, gakava pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi rasvika pamwero usina kumboitika. Muna March, European Parliament uye Council of Europe Vakasunda kuchinja kwemirau yokuchengetedza iyo yakaparira nyongano. Directive (EU) 2025/1237 uye kudzokororwa kwechangobva kuitika kwe Berne Convention Mhumhi inotamiswa kubva kuAnnex II (yakanyatsochengetedzwa) kuenda kuAnnex III (yakachengetedzwa chete).
Shanduko iyi inotanga kushanda pakukumbira kweEuropean Commission uye inopa Nhengo dzeNyika dzine rusununguko rwakakura rwekutonga mhumhi dzadzoIzvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange zvichiramba zvisiri pamutemo kuisa mhuka munjodzi, nyika dzichakwanisa bvumidza kuvhima nenzira shoma uye pasi pemamiriro chaiwo, chero bedzi "kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu" kunovimbiswa uye kuderera kwakanyanya kunodziviswa.
MuSpain, gakava rakawedzera muna Kurume kuderedzwa kuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi Kuburikidza nePP andment, inosanganisirwa mumutemo wekurasikirwa kwechikafu nemarara. Mafambisirwo aya, akatenderwa muCongress, akashoropodzwa zvine hukasha nemapato anopikisa uye masangano ezvemamiriro ekunze, anoti haakodzerirwe nesainzi kana kupokana zviri pachena.
Kunyangwe kudzikiswa kwacho kwatobvumidzwa muEurope, hurumende yepakati yeSpain yakayeuchidza nharaunda dzinozvitonga kuti Mhumhi haichazonzi imhuka yemhuka.Iyo Ministry of Ecological Transition chinzvimbo ndechekuchengetedza chengetedzo yakakosha, zvirinani apo maitiro achiongororwa uye mirau yenyika ichichinjirwa kuEuropean zviyero, maitiro anofanirwa kupedzwa nguva yekupedzisira isati yapera muna Ndira 15, 2027.
Basa renharaunda dzinozvitonga uye kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro
Imwe yepfungwa huru ndeye kupatsanurana kwakasimba kwenzvimbo nezvematongerwo enyika kutenderedza wolf management. Kune rimwe divi, kune matunhu akadai Castile naLeon vanoda kuita kuti kuchengetedzwa kwemarudzi kuenderane ne kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu nemabasa ezvipfuyo zvekumaruwaGurukota ravo rehupfumi nezvemari, Carlos Fernández Carriedo, vakatsigira pachena kuti "kushingirira kwemhumhi kwakavimbiswa, asi kunofanirwawo kuvepo. chengetedza vagari vekumaruwa, varimi nevarimi, izvo zvakare chikamu chakakosha cheecosystem. "
Ichi chinzvimbo chinotsigirwa neruzhinji rwenharaunda dzekuchamhembe dzinozvitonga uye Paramende yeEuropean, European Commission, uye kunyangwe zvibvumirano zvepasi rose. Spanish Congress neSeneti vanogovana maonero aya, ukuwo hurumende huru anoomerera pakuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya. Iko kunetsana kwawedzera ne kudiwa kwemasectoral call matsva uye kuda “kuteerera mheremhere yekumaruwa,” kunyanya munzvimbo dzinorwiswa zvipfuyo dzinokonzera kusagadzikana uye kuratidzira nguva nenguva.
Masangano evarimi vezvipfuyo nevakuru venzvimbo vanochengeta izvozvo Kuwedzera kuvapo kwemhumhi kunoreva kukanganisa kukuru kwehupfumi, kunyange zvazvo sangano rezvakatipoteredza richipomera mapoka aya ehuwandu hwekuwedzera uye kushandisa ruzivo rwenhema kupembedza kudzivirirwa kunoderedza. Semuenzaniso, kupindira kweBato Rakakurumbira kunomira pachena, iyo, maererano neAnimaNaturalis, yasvika pa "kushandisa data yekufungidzira isina kusimba kwehunyanzvi kuvhundutsa nzanga."
Muchiitiko ichi, the dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kubva munzvimbo yokuvhima Iri kuwana tsigiro pahurongwa hweveruzhinji, nemapato akadai sePP, Vox, Junts, nePNV vachitsvaga kuchinjika kuhwina vhoti yekumaruwa nekuvimbisa kutonga kukuru pamusoro pezvikara, kunyangwe ruzivo runoratidza kuti kuuraya kunoshamisa hakugadzirise kupokana uye kunogona kutowedzera mamiriro ekuchengetedza mhuka.
Maonero eEuropean uye Habitats Directive
Maitiro eEurope ekugadzirisa kuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi anga akareba uye akaoma. Zvose zvakatanga ne European Commission chikumbiro chekuvandudza iyo Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC)Kusvika iye zvino, mhumhi yakanga ine mazinga akasiyana ekudzivirira zvichienderana nenharaunda muEuropean Union: muSpain, kusvika 2021, yakabatanidzwa muAnnexes II uye IV, iyo yakadzivisa kuvhima munzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo kunze kwave kutovapo mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Nekuchinja, mhando inoiswa muAnnex III yemitemo yeEurope uye, sekureva kweMutungamiriri weKomisheni, Ursula von der Leyen, izvi zvinotsvaga kupa "kuchinjika kuitira kuti matunhu ane kukakavara kwakawanda agone kutonga mhuka»kana kugarisana kwakaoma. Chiyero ichi chakatsigirwa zvakanyanya muParamende yeEuropean (371 mavhoti achifarira, 162 achipikisa), kunyangwe España akasarudza kurega, kuratidza kushaikwa kwekubvumirana kwenyika.
Dare reEuropean Council rinoyeuka kuti, kunyange zvazvo kuvhima kungabvumirwa pasi pemamiriro matsva, nyika dzine chisungo chekuvhima. chengetedza vanhu kubva munjodzi maererano nesainzi uye nezvinodiwa zvezvakatipoteredza. Naizvozvo, zvichave zvichibvira kumisa kurambidzwa kwenguva pfupi kana zvishoma kubvumira kupora kana paine njodzi yekuderera kwevanhu.
Uku kuchinjika kukuru munondo unocheka kaviri: kune rumwe rutivi, unogona kuchinjirwa kune chaiwo enzvimbo; kune rimwe divi, inovhura musuwo kune dzimwe nzira dzekuregera dzinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwezvakatipoteredza kana zvisingabvi pamaitiro esainzi ane ruzha.
Maonero emagariro, ruzivo rwenhema uye chokwadi chezvipfuyo
Kusangana kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika kwakatenderedza kuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi muSpain hakugone kunzwisiswa pasina kuongorora veruzhinji maonero engoziMutsika dzekumaruwa, kune kutya kwakadzama kwemhuka hombe dzinodya nyama, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopfuya zvakanyanya ndidzo dzinowana mari.
Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana uye ongororo, iyo kutya kurasikirwa kwehupfumi yakabva mukurwiswa nemhumhi haiwanzoenderana nehuchokwadi hwehuwandu hwevanhu. Sezvinoratidzwa nenyaya yesainzi mujenari Vanhu Nezvakasikwa MuChilean Patagonia, maonero ekukuvadzwa uye kuwanda kwechikara anogona kuwedzeredzwa zvichienzaniswa nedata chairo.
Mamiriro eSpanish anoratidza kufanana kwakajeka: kunyangwe huwandu hunofungidzirwa hwemhumhi muPeninsula hunenge 2.000-2.500 vanhu, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo kugarisana zvakare kuri kukonzera kushushikana, pfungwa dzekutyisidzira dzinowanzopfuura dambudziko rechinangwa. Sokutsanangura kunoita muongorori Esperanza Iranzo, "Kana chikara chichitora nzvimbo itsva, kuwanda kwayo uye njodzi inowanzo fungidzirwa, kunyangwe kusawirirana kwevanhu kunogadzikana nekufamba kwenguva."
Mumatunhu akadai seAsturias neCantabria, kuuraya kwakabvumidzwa pasi pe "zvidzoreso zvinouraya" izvo zvisingawanzo ruramiswa nesainzi, sekureva kwemapoka akadai seEcologists muAction uye ASCEL. Saizvozvo, Matare akadzorazve zvibvumirano nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita, izvo zvinomutsa mubvunzo hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvezvematongerwo enyika zvomunzvimbomo.
Kudivi revarimi, kushaikwa kwe muripo wemari wakakwana uye kushaikwa kwezviyero zvekudzivirira kunopisa kurambwa uku. Avo vanogona kusiyanisa mari yavo nekushanya kwemhuka dzesango vanokwanisa kuchinjika, nepo avo vanovimba nezvipfuwo chete vanoona mhumhi sengozi yakananga.
Iko kukosha kwezvisikwa zveIberian wolf uye kusarudzika kwayo
Nyanzvi munyaya dzemhuka dzinoti Iberian wolf inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa zvipenyu.Sechikara chepamusoro, chinobatsira kudzora mhembwe, nguruve dzemusango, uye mhembwe, kudzivirira kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa uye kupararira kwezvirwere zvezoonotic.
MuIberian Peninsula, mapere aripo ega morphological maitiro, zvakadai semavara erima mumusoro nemakumbo epamberi uye hukuru hwakati diki pane vamwe vavo veCentral European, mhedzisiro yekuchinjisa kunharaunda uye kuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo kwakatambura muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi20.
Kunyangwe iyo isingatariswe seyakasiyana subspecies, inozivikanwa se yakasarudzika subpopulation yehukuru genetic kukoshaKurarama kwavo kwakakosha kuchengetedza chiyero chechisikigo, uye kunyangarika kwavo kunogona kukanganisa zvachose cheni yechikafu, sezvatoitika mune mamwe mapaki echisikigo zvichitevera kutsakatika kwemhuka hombe dzinodya nyama.
Kupinda kwevagari vemunyika uye kubvunza veruzhinji
Pakati pechiitiko ichi, pane a hurongwa hwekubvunza veruzhinji hwakavhurwa neMinistry of Ecological Transition kuitira kuti vagari vakwanise kuendesa mipiro uye zvirevo maererano neEuropean directive inozogadzirisa kuchengetedzwa kwemhumhi.
Kubatanidzwa munharaunda kunoonekwa sekwakakosha kuda kujeka kukuru, data resainzi, uye kudzivirira kunyengera kwenhamba kana sarudzo dzechimbichimbi. Masangano akadai anosimbirira kuti chete a kuunganidza vanhu vakawanda inogona kurwisa manyepo uye kuona nzira chaiyo yekutora chikamu, sekutsigirwa na Chisungo 20.1.d cheBumbiro reMitemo, iyo inobvuma kodzero yekuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi.
Hazvisi zvakakosha chete kukumbira kuomarara kwehunyanzvi mukuverengwa kwemombe, asi zvakare kuda kuti nhanho dzevatariri dziremekedze chisungo chepamutemo chekuvimbisa mamiriro ekuchengetedza akakodzera, sezvinodiwa Spanish mutemo wezvakatipoteredza (RD 139/2011) uye nharaunda zvibvumirano pachavo.
Ikozvino uye ramangwana remhumhi muIberian Peninsula
Kupinda musimba kweiyo nyowani yeEuropean dhairekitori, iyo inoderedza mwero wekudzivirirwa kwemhumhi, Izvi hazvirevi kuti mhuka dzinogona kuvhimwa pasina miganhu muSpain.Hurumende yepakati inochengetedza kuzvipira kwayo mukuchengetedza, zvisinei nedzvinyiriro yedunhu. Dambudziko, zvisinei, ndere kuwana a kuenzana chaiko pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu nekugarisana nenyika dzekumaruwa, kupa mapurazi maturusi anoshanda ekudzivirira uye muripo wakaringana.
Mhumhi, pasina kupokana, inhaka yechisikigo yeEurope iyo manejimendi ane mutoro akakosha kune dzivisa kudzorerwa kune ngozi. Iyo gakava rakavhurika uye nzanga, masayendisiti uye masangano anofanirwa kuwana mhinduro dzinovimbisa kupona kwemhumhi pasina kusiya nzvimbo dzekumaruwa kune ramangwana ravo.
Remangwana remhumhi paPeninsula rinoramba risingazivikanwe, asi kutora chikamu kwevagari uye kuzvipira kwakabatana kuchave kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwayo uye basa rayo mune ecosystems.
