Ichangopfuura kudonha kwemafuta muGulf of Mexico Yave imwe yenyaya dzakaoma zvikuru dzezvakatipoteredza mumakore achangopfuura munharaunda iyi, ine mafuta akawanda akawandisa aifamba kubva kumahombekombe eVeracruz neTabasco uye yakonzera kutya pakati pevabati vehove, masayendisiti nemasangano ezvakatipoteredza ane hanya nedambudziko iri. zvinosvibisa zvemugungwaZvakatanga semishumo yakasiyana-siyana yetara pamambure nezvikepe zvakaita kuti pave nenhamba dzisingawirirani, nhoroondo dzisingawirirani, uye kunetseka kuri kukura pamusoro pemhedzisiro yayo kwenguva refu.
Ipo iyo Hurumende yeMexico inovimbisa kuti zvirongwa zvekudzivirira nekuchenesa zviri kuitwa zvakanaka.Mapoka emunharaunda nemasangano akazvimirira ari kushora chokwadi chekuti kwakabva kudonha kwemafuta hakusati kwanyatsojekeswa, kuti kudonha kwacho kungave kwakatanga mavhiki mashoma apfuura pane kubvumidzwa zviri pamutemo, uye kuti nzvimbo zhinji dzakasvibiswa hadzisati dzawana rubatsiro rwakakwana. Chiitiko ichi chinosimbisa zvakare kuchengetedzeka kweindasitiri yemafuta muGulf uye kusasimba kwezvakatipoteredza zvayo, chinhu chinonetsawo muEurope, uko matambudziko aya anotariswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemhedzisiro yawo panzira dzekutakura zvinhu, kusiyana kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, uye mitemo yesimba repasi rose.
Nguva yekudururwa kwemvura: kubva pamishumo yekutanga kusvika pakuiswa kwemutemo
Nyevero dzekutanga dzakabuda musi wa1 KurumeIzvi zvakaitika apo vabati vehove nenharaunda dziri kumahombekombe kumaodzanyemba kweVeracruz nekuchamhembe kweTabasco vakatanga kuwana tara mumambure avo, magwa, uye pamhenderekedzo yegungwa. Panguva iyoyo, zvaifungidzirwa kuti nzvimbo yakakanganiswa yaiva makiromita angangoita zana nemakumi mashanu emahombekombe, kubva kunzvimbo yePajapan (Veracruz) kusvika kudunhu reParaÃso (Tabasco), uye paine mahydrocarbon munzvimbo dzinenge gumi nematanhatu.
Zuva rakatevera, musi wa2 Kurume, Pemex yakaburitsa chirevo ichiramba chero kubuda kwemvura. kana kuti kudonha kwemvura kunobva muzvivakwa zvayo. Kambani yehurumende yakaramba ichiti, mushure mekuongororwa kwehunyanzvi, zvivakwa zvayo zvese munharaunda iyi zvaishanda zvakanaka uye pasina zviitiko zvakakosha. Shanduro iyi yaizoumba hurukuro huru mumavhiki anotevera.
Musi wa4 Kurume, mamiriro acho ezvinhu akawedzera kuipa apo Dova racho rakasvika kuOstion Lagoon, muPajapanNzvimbo iyi inokosha kunharaunda dzemuno dzakadai seEl Mangal neEl Pescador. Masangano ari muGulf of Mexico Reef Corridor Network akafungidzira kuti vanhu vanosvika zviuru gumi nezvina vanovimba nekubata hove nekushanya vanogona kukanganiswa. Vakatarisana nekunonoka kwemaitiro emasangano, vagari vemo vakatanga kubvisa tara nemaoko kubva kumahombekombe nemugungwa.
Pakazosvika Kurume 8, mushure mevhiki yekukurumidzira, kudururwa kwemvura kwakanga kwatopararira pamusoro pevamwe 230 makiromita emahombekombe uye yakakanganisa nzvimbo 39. Kudururwa kwemafuta kwaienderera mberi kuchamhembe kuburikidza neVeracruz, kusvika kunzvimbo dzakadai seCatemaco, uye mhuka dzakafa dzakanga dzava kutanga kutaurwa nezvadzo: kamba, manatee, hove, shiri dzegungwa, uye otters yegungwa Vaionekwa vakafukidzwa nemafuta panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dziri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.
Mabasa ari mudenga: chikepe chega, kudonha kwemafuta uye kutadza kwezvivakwa
Musi wa12 Kurume, gavhuna weVeracruz, RocÃo Nahle, akachinja pfungwa yehurukuro iyi nekupa mhosva yekudururwa kwemvura. ngarava yakazvimirira yakabatana nekambani yemafuta yakazvimirira, vachibvisa pachena Pemex. Zuva rimwe chete iroro, Navy yakaisa chirongwa cheNational Contingency Plan cheHydrocarbon Spills, kunyange hazvo mapoka nevanochengetedza zvakatipoteredza vakatsoropodza mhinduro yacho vachiti yakanga yanonoka uye yakakamurwa.
Mutungamiri Claudia Sheinbaum vakataura kekutanga musi wa13 Kurume, vachiti Pemex neBazi reZvakatipoteredza vakanga vatove vachishanda neHurumende yeVeracruzuye zvichivimbisa kujeka kukuru. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, masangano akaita seGreenpeace Mexico neReef Corridor Network pachawo anoti kudururwa kwemafuta kwaigona kunge kwakatanga muna Kukadzi, zvichibva pamifananidzo yesatellite inoratidza mafuta akadonhera kare pamhenderekedzo yeCampeche Sound.
Pamusangano weboka remapoka akasiyana-siyana akagadzirwa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, zvakaratidzwa kuti mafuta maviri negasi (kubuda kwechisikigo kwemafuta negasi) Ngarava yega ndiyo yakaonekwa kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera hydrocarbon. Imwe yenzvimbo idzi inoenderana nenzvimbo dzakawanikwa mvura ichidonha kubva muna 2023. Zvisinei, Munyori weNavy pachake akabvuma kuti vanonyura mumvura vachiri kuongorora mapuratifomu ePemex kuti vaone kana paine mvura inodonha muzvivakwa.
Sheinbaum, uyo akanga asunungura Pemex mumazuva mashoma ekutanga, akazovhura mukana wekuti Kudururwa kwacho kunogona kunge kwakabatana nekukundikana kwenzvimbo dzemafuta.Kusanzwisisika kwekuti kungori kungova kubuda kwemvura kwechisikigo here kana kuti dambudziko riri mumapaipi nematsime aripo kunoita kuti gakava iri rirambe riripo, pakati penyanzvi dzezvekuchengetedza ngarava dzemuEurope, dzinoongorora nyaya iyi semuenzaniso wenjodzi ine chekuita nekukwegura kwezvivakwa mugungwa guru.
Ruzivo rwepamutemo kana ruchienzaniswa nezvichemo zvinobva kuNGO nenharaunda dzemunharaunda
Musi waKurume 19, Pemex yakashuma kuti Basa rekuchenesa mahombekombe eVeracruz neTabasco rakapera ne85%.Zvisinei, Reef Corridor Network nemamwe masangano vakapikisa vachiti mabasa aya akanga akanyanya kutariswa pamahombekombe evashanyi, vachiregeredza nzvimbo dzekuredza hove nenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukanganiswa nezvakatipoteredza.
Panguva iyoyo, mapoka ezvakatipoteredza akanga atove achishuma nzvimbo yakakanganiswa inodarika makiromita mazana mashanuKudonha kwemafuta kwakasvika kuTamiahua, Tuxpan, neCazones kuchamhembe kweVeracruz. Mazuva akati gare gare, musi wa23 Kurume, Reef Corridor Network yakafungidzira hurefu hwemahombekombe akakanganiswa pamakiromita angangoita mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu, munzvimbo dzakasiyana makumi mashanu nerimwe (42 muVeracruz uye 9 muTabasco). Hurumende, kune rumwe rutivi, yaishanda nefungidziro shoma, makiromita angangoita zana nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu emahombekombe akakanganiswa zvakananga.
Kusiyana uku kwedata kwakaratidzwawo munhau. Kunyange hazvo vakuru veMexico vakati mufananidzo wesatellite wakaburitswa neNGO "hausi wechokwadi," masangano aya akadzivirira nzira yavo uye akanyevera kuti Tiri kungoona chikamu chedambudziko chinosvika pamusoro pegungwa nepamhenderekedzo dzegungwa.Matanda ehydrocarbon anogona kuva nehukobvu hwakasiyana-siyana, uye chikamu chikuru cheoiri isina kucheneswa chinogona kunyura kana kunyura pasina kusiya kadonhwe kanoonekwa kubva muchadenga.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, hutungamiriri hwakazivisa kuumbwa kwe boka revadzidzi vane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana pamwe chete naProfepa, Asea, Pemex, Semarnat, Energy neNavy kuti vaongorore mavambo ekudururwa kwemvura pamwe nemhedzisiro yayo munharaunda. Hofisi yeGweta Guru yakagamuchirawo chikumbiro chepamutemo chekuvhura kuferefeta kwemhosva pamusoro pemhosva inogona kuitika yezvakatipoteredza, kunyanya kukambani kana makambani ane mhosva yekudururwa kwemvura.
Kukanganiswa kwevanhu: kubata hove kwapera simba, kushanya kuri kudzikira, uye nharaunda dzisina dziviriro
Kuseri kwemamepu ekupenda uye mishumo yehunyanzvi kune zviuru zvemhuri dzinorarama nekubata hove, kurima gungwa uye kushanya kwemahombekombeKune vazhinji vevanhu veko, vatema, uye vanobata hove vari mumahombekombe eVeracruz neTabasco, kudururwa kwemvura kwave kureva kuti mari yavo huru yakavharwa pakati pemwaka wepamusoro wekutengesa hove.
Reef Corridor Network inofungidzira kuti, mumavhiki mashoma ekutanga chete, mamwe Vanhu zviuru gumi nezvina vakakanganiswa zvakananga nehupfumi hwavoKunyanya mumakanzuru akaita sePajapan, Mecayapan, Tatahuicapan, nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza ParaÃso. Munzvimbo dzinoverengeka idzi, vagari vemo pachavo vakaronga mapoka ekubvisa tara, kazhinji vasina michina yekudzivirira yakakwana kana kudzidziswa, zvichiisa hutano hwavo panjodzi.
Muchokwadi, vabati vehove vazhinji vaifanira kusiya zvikepe zvavo kumahombekombe, kubvira Mambure anobuda akazara nemahydrocarbon Uye musika wacho unotya hove dzinobatwa munzvimbo dziri pedyo nedururiro. Kushanya kumahombekombe eGulf kwakambomiswawo uye kubhukwa kwezvipo kwakadzikira, chiitiko chinozivikanwa nevaEurope mushure mezviitiko zvakaita sekudururirwa kwemafuta ePrestige muGalicia, uko kurangarira kwemhedzisiro yehupfumi kuchiripo zvikuru muchikamu ichi.
Pemex yazivisa nezve chirongwa chekutsigira chine mutengo weinenge mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemashanu epesos Kune nharaunda dzakakanganiswa, izvi zvinosanganisira rubatsiro rwakananga kuvabati vehove, kusimbiswa kwemabasa ehutano, uye mafuta ekuchenesa. Masangano ezvemagariro evanhu anoona basa iri serine zvakanaka, asi harina kukwana kana risina muripo wenguva refu, zvirongwa zvekusiyanisa hupfumi, uye kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa kurapwa kweavo vakasangana nemafuta akadururwa.
Zvisikwa zvemugungwa nemagariro ezvisikwa: ronda rinotora makumi emakore kuti rirapwe
Kupfuura pamusoro, Mvura iyi iri kudonha zvakanyanya kuSouthwest Gulf of Mexico Reef Corridor., imwe yenzvimbo dzine zvipenyu zvakawanda zvemugungwa munharaunda iyi, uye inoratidza migumisiro yekusvibiswa kwemvuraMugwagwa uyu unoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetera hove dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, makungwa ane ganda rakakombama nezvimwe zvipenyu, uye kuora kwawo kune migumisiro yecheni muzvinhu zvipenyu zvose.
Mafuta anosvika kumahombekombe anofukidza shiri dzegungwa, kamba, madhofini uye manateeKana dziri shiri, mafuta asina kucheneswa anopwanya minhenga yadzo, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa nekudzikama uye kuoma kudzora tembiricha yemuviri; mukuedza kuzvichenesa, dzakawanda dzinodya zvinhu zvine chepfu zvinokuvadza nhengo dzemukati. Kune mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemugungwa, kufema utsi uye kubata maziso nemukati memucous zvinogona kukonzera hutachiona, upofu, uye kuvhiringidzika.
Zvisinei, kukuvara kunoramba kuripo kunoitika mu matombo ekorari, mangrove nemachakwiKana oiri isina kuchekwa ikagara pamacoral polyps kana kunyura mumidzi yemangrove, inodzivira hupenyu kubva pasi zvichikwira, zvichiita kuti nharaunda idzi dzisakwanise kushanda senzvimbo dzekupotera uye dzekuberekera. Kuora uku, kwakatoonekwa mushure menjodzi dzakadai sekudururwa kweoiri yeDeepwater Horizon, kunogona kugara kwemakumi emakore.
Nyanzvi dzekuongorora zviri kure dzinotsanangura kuti mamwe mafuta acho anowanikwa mune inozivikanwa se "chando chegungwa": marara ezvisikwa anowira pasi uye anotakura tsvinaNenzira iyi, hydrocarbon inosvika pasi pegungwa uye inokanganisa nharaunda dzezvipenyu zviri mugungwa, izvo zvakaoma kudzidza nekugadzirisa. Migumisiro yacho haiyerwi mumwedzi kana makore, asi panguva yakareba.
Kukurukurirana pamusoro pekujeka, kutarisa uye kupararira kwemvura nguva dzose
Masangano akaita seGreenpeace Mexico neOceana anopomera Hurumende kuti iri kutarisana nedambudziko re "Dambudziko rekujeka" mukutarisira indasitiri yemafutaVanoyeuka kuti, pakati pa2008 na2024, Pemex yakabatana nezviitiko zvinopfuura chiuru zvekusvibiswa kwemahydrocarbon uye kuti kudonha kwemvura munguva pfupi yapfuura muBay of Campeche kwakagadziriswa nekunonoka uye ruzivo rushoma rweveruzhinji.
Nyaya dzakapfuura, dzakadai se Ek Balam yatanga kudonha muna 2023 Zviitiko zvine chekuita nemapuratifomu akadai seAkal-B naNohoch-A zvakaratidza kusawirirana kukuru pakati penzvimbo dzakakanganiswa dzakafungidzirwa nemayunivhesiti nemasangano ezvemuchadenga nevanhu vepamutemo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kambani yehurumende yakabvuma zviitiko izvi mwedzi yakati gare gare, nepo mune zvimwe, yakaderedza huwandu hwakapararira, zvichikonzera kusavimbana kunoramba kuripo pakati penharaunda nenyanzvi.
Mukupindura dambudziko riripo parizvino, vakuru vakuru vakazivisa kuumbwa kwe "nzvimbo yekucherechedza zvakatipoteredza inogara iripo" muGulf of MexicoZvichibva pamaitiro ekutarisa ari kure, mifananidzo yesatellite, uye masensaiti ekuona, mudziyo uyu waizobvumira kuonekwa kwekutanga kwekudonha kwemafuta matsva, kunatsiridza kuteverwa kwemafuta anotsvedza, uye kumhanyisa maitiro ekukurumidza kupindura - chimwe chinhu chinoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha muEurope, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine ngarava dzakawanda dzinotakura mafuta.
Zvisinei, masayendisiti ekuMexico anga achitarisa kudonha kwemvura kwemakore achishandisa zviwanikwa zvavo anosimbirira kuti Pane chikwereti chekare chakapihwa kuGulf of MexicoVanoda kuti hurongwa hwekutarisa huve hweveruzhinji, hwakasimba, uye hune data rakavhurika, kuitira kuti vesainzi neveruzhinji vagone kusimbisa ruzivo uye vamanikidze kudzivirira kugadziriswa kwezvinonzi "kudururwa kwenguva refu" - kudonha kudiki, kunogara kuchiitika uko, kana kwabatanidzwa pamwe chete, kunomiririra mutoro mukuru wezvakatipoteredza.
Kunyange hazvo hurukuro yacho ichitenderera patekinoroji nemasetiraiti, dambudziko guru riri pakati pedambudziko iri: makiromita ematsime asingachashandi uye makiromita emapombi ekare izvo zvinogara zvichityisidzira. Kune nyanzvi dzakawanda, manejimendi ekuputsa nekugadzirisa zvivakwa izvi anofanira kutariswa pamwe nezviwanikwa zvakafanana nekuchera pachakwo, chimwe chinhu chinokurukurwawo mumisangano yeEurope uko njodzi dzekukwegura kwemapuratifomu muNorth Sea nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinoongororwa.
Dambudziko rekudururwa kwemafuta muGulf of Mexico, parizvino, rakagadzira mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara: Mazana emakiromita emahombekombe akanganiswa, nharaunda dzakawanda dzine hupfumi hwadzo hwakamira, nharaunda dzisina kusimba dziri pasi pekumanikidzwa kutsva, uye network yemaindasitiri inoratidza zviratidzo zvekuneta.Kuendeswa kwemapoka ekuchenesa uye kuunganidzwa kwematani anopfuura zana emarara emafuta matanho anodiwa, asi dambudziko guru riri pakujekesa kwakabva kudonha kwemafuta, kuona kuti kuri kubhadharwa zvakanaka, uye kuisa nzira yekutarisa nekudzivirira kudzivirira zviitiko zvakaita seizvi kuti zvisadzokorore mugungwa ratova nemavanga akawanda.
