Mubvunzo wekuti panofanira kuva nebasa reunyanzvi Haisi kungokakavadzana pakati penyanzvi chete: yave nyaya yekukurukurirana pachena, ine manzwiro, zvido zvematongerwo enyika, uye nharo dzemutemo. Nguva nenguva, nyaya itsva inomuka inomutsa gakava uye inotimanikidza kufunga kana zvidimbu zvenhaka yepasi rose zvine mukurumbira zviri munzvimbo yazvo chaiyo.
Kunyangwe zvingaita sehurukuro ichangobva kuitika, gakava pamusoro pekudzorerwa kwemabasa Yakatanga, zvirinani muchimiro chayo chemazuva ano, muzana remakore rechi19. Muna 1836, Greece yakakumbira zviri pamutemo kuti adzoserwe anonzi "Elgin Marbles" kubva kuUnited Kingdom—zvidimbu zveParthenon zvakazopedzisira zvava muBritish Museum. Kubva ipapo, kusawirirana pakati pemamiziyamu, nyika dzaakabva, uye maonero everuzhinji kwakawedzera, uye nhasi kwakabatana zvakananga negakava riri pamusoro pe Guernica yaPicasso uye kutamira kwayo kuBasque Country.
Kubva kuParthenon kusvika kuElgin Marbles: mavambo ehurukuro huru
Nyaya yeParthenon Marbles ndiyo muenzaniso wemakakatanwa pamusoro pe Kupamba, pamutemo uye mugumo wemabasa ehunyanzviPakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Ishe Elgin, mumiriri weBritain kuOttoman Empire, vakabvisa chikamu chikuru chezvishongo zveParthenon kubva kuAthens. Kwemakore akawanda vaiti vakange vapihwa mvumo yakanyorwa kubva kuna sultan weOttoman, asi gwaro iri harina kumbobvira rabuda pachena, zvichisiya zvaifungidzirwa kuti ndezvepamutemo zvekushanda kwacho zvakafukidzwa nemhute yakanakira United Kingdom.
Nyaya iyi, pamwe chete nedzimwe dzakakurumbira zvakafanana—kubva pachipfuva cha Nefertiti muBerlin kusvika paBronze yeBenin kana kuti ngowani yemusoro yakakurumbira yaMoctezuma—ichikamu chezvikamu zvakawanda zvakaongororwa zvakadzama mumabhuku ekutarisa akadai sebhuku raKatia Fach naCatharine Titi pamusoro pezvinonzi "unyanzvi hwakabiwa." Ikoko, nyaya dzakawanda dzisingaperi dzinokamurwa, dzizere nenyaya dzinoshamisa, asi uko nharo dzakafanana dzinodzokororwa kakawanda: kufungidzirwa kuti ndiko kwakakodzera kutengwa, kuchengetedzwa kuri nani kwechinyorwa, uye chechitatu, chisingabvumirwi, asi chinosimbisa: Zvematongerwo enyika uye kurwira zviratidzo.
Munyaya chaiyo yeParthenon, avo vanodzivirira kuramba kuripo kwemadombo muLondon vakabatirira kwemakumi emakore kupfungwa yekuti akatorwa zviri pamutemo, vachivimba nemvumo yasultani. Zvisinei, kushaikwa kwehumbowo hwakanyorwa uye mamiriro ekoloni panguva iyoyo zvinokanganisa zvikuru chikonzero ichi. Zviri pamutemo, zviri nyore, hazvigone kuratidzwa zvakajeka., izvo zvinovhura mukana wekupomerwa mhosva dzekuba zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo pasi pechibvumirano chezvematongerwo enyika.
Kana tikatendeukira kunharo yechipiri huru, kuchengetedza, nhoroondo haifariri London zvakare. Lord Elgin havana kubvisa mabhuru zvichibva pane zvinodiwa nesainzi kana nepfungwa yekudzivirira kwenguva refu, asi nechinangwa chisina kunaka: shongedza imba yako yekuScotlandZvimwe zvidimbu zvakarasika zvachose, zvimwe zvakazoguma, pasina tsananguro yakawanda, mudzimba dzemamongi dzeBritain, uye British Museum payakatora muunganidzwa wacho, nzira dzekuchenesa dzayakashandisa dzakabvisa polychromy yepakutanga yezvifananidzo.
Nhasi uno, Greece ine Acropolis Museum yemazuva ano, yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza zvisaririra izvi mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, ine matekinoroji ekuchengetedza epamusoro uye mamiriro ekunze akafanana neakabva kuLondon. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotenda kuti, pari zvino, mamiriro ehunyanzvi uye ezvakatipoteredza muAthens Dzakanaka sedzeBritish Museum kana kuti dziri nani pane dzekugara madombo aya.
Saka, mhedziso inowanikwa munharaunda zhinji dzepasi rose ndeyekuti kwete kuva pamutemo kwekutorwa kana kuchengetedzwa Vanopa chikonzero chekuchengetedza chikamu chikuru cheParthenon makiromita anopfuura 3,000 kubva payakavakirwa. Chinosara, kupfuura zvose, inyaya yezvematongerwo enyika: kuramba kweUnited Kingdom kusiya chiratidzo chesimba retsika nehukuru hweumambo hwekare.
Guernica: kubva pakubhomba kusvika pabasa reunyanzvi repasi rose
Musi wa26 Kubvumbi 1937, pakati peHondo yeVanhu vekuSpain, taundi diki reBasque reGernika rakarwiswa kubva mudenga nemauto ehondo. Ndege dzeGermany neItaly dzichishandira divi revapandukiKubhomba uku, kwakaparadza guta uye kwakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vazhinji, kunoonekwa seimwe yehondo dzekutanga dzakarwiswa nendege nevanhu vasina dziviriro, mhosva yehondo yaizochinja-chinja nhoroondo yehondo dzemazuva ano.
Gore rimwe chete iroro, hurumende yepamutemo yeSecond Spanish Republic yakarayira Pablo Picasso kuti agadzire mufananidzo mukuru we Chivako cheSpanish pamusangano weParis International Exposition muna 1937Pakutanga kwegore, komisheni yakanga yasimuka: Picasso akanga ari mudambudziko rake pachake uye rekugadzira, uye aisakwanisa kuwana nzira kana nyaya yaizopa zvinoreva kanivhasi huru yaakanga akumbirwa kuti agadzire kuti amiririre Spain pasi rose.
Nhau dzekubhombwa kweGuernica dzakashanda sechikonzeri chechokwadi. Akanganiswa zvikuru nezvakaitika muguta rekare reBasque, chiratidzo cherusununguko rwenharaunda yeBasque uye kuzivikanwa, Picasso akazowana nyaya yaakanga achitsvaga. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, akatanga kushanda nesimba pacanvas iyo yaizopedzisira yava hunyanzvi hwake. Guernica, rimwe remabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru ezana remakore rechi20.
Mumwedzi nehafu chete, Picasso akagadzira zvidzidzo nemifananidzo inosvika makumi mashanu, pamwe chete nemisiyano yakawanda yemufananidzo. Zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo kubva panguva iyoyo zvinotibvumira kugadzirazve maitiro acho: muimbi aive kugadzirisa maumbirwo, kushandura manhamba, kushandura chiedza uye kugoverwa kwemavara kusvika shanduro yekupedzisira yasvika. Mugumisiro wacho waive mufananidzo mukuru wakavezwa neruvara ruchena, rutema neruvara rwegrey, rwemadhirama anotyisa, ayo akatyora mitemo yechinyakare yekumiririra hondo.
Guernica yakatanga kuratidzwa kune veruzhinji paSpanish Pavilion paParis International Exposition. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, basa iri rakatanga rwendo rurefu rwepasi rose rwakasimudzira maonero matsva pamusoro peunyanzviKwemakumi emakore, akafamba nenyika dzakasiyana-siyana muEurope neAmerica, dzimwe nguva sechishandiso chekutsoropodza nekubatana nevanhu veSpain vachirwisa hudzvanyiriri hwaFranco. Hazvina kusvika kuSpain kusvika muna 1981, payakaiswa pakutanga muCasón del Buen Retiro, muMadrid, uye gare gare yakazoendeswa kuReina Sofía Museum, kwayave ichiratidzwa kubvira muna 1992.
Nekufamba kwenguva, Guernica yakadarika chiitiko chaicho chakaikurudzira. Nhasi, Inoshandiswa sechiratidzo pese panowanikwa chido chekushora mhirizhonga isingasaruri inoitirwa vanhuwo zvavo.Ingava hondo, kurwiswa kwemagandanga, kana dzimwe nzira dzakanyanya dzekushaya simba kwevanhu, zvave mufananidzo wekuparadzwa nekutambura kunokonzerwa nehondo, chiratidzo chisingaperi chinomiririra kushorwa kukuru kwehondo.
Reina Sofía Museum yakagadzira chirongwa chakakura chekutsvagisa nezveGuernica, ichiunganidza ruzivo nezvayo papuratifomu yedhijitari. Magwaro zviuru zviviri ane chekuita nebasa iriMuunganidzwa uyu wezvinhu zvinosanganisira zvese kubva pakutanga kwekomisheni uye kutaurirana kwakabatana nayo kusvika kumifananidzo yemaitiro ekugadzira, ongororo, kuratidzwa, uye rwendo rwekupenda rwepasi rose. Inomiririra imwe yeongororo dzakakwana dzakamboitwa pabasa rimwe chete reunyanzvi hwemazuva ano.
Guernica inofanira kunge iri kupi: mutemo, kuchengetedza uye zvematongerwo enyika
Nhaurirano pamusoro penzvimbo yeGuernica yakamutsidzirwa mumakore achangopfuura, kunyanya nekuda kwe zvikumbiro zvakadzokororwa kubva kuHurumende yeBasque kuitira kuti basa reunyanzvi rikwanise kufamba kwenguva pfupi kuenda kuBasque Country, kunyanya kumamiziyamu akaita seGuggenheim muBilbao. Zvikumbiro izvi zvinowanzoenderana nemhemberero dzegore negore dzakakosha, dzakadai segore rekuumbwa kweHurumende yekutanga yeBasque kana kurangarira kubhombwa kweGernika pachayo.
Kana nzira imwecheteyo inoshandiswa mumakakatanwa akapoteredza kudzorerwa kwemabasa ehunyanzvi—mutemo, kuchengetedza, uye zvematongerwo enyika—ichishandiswa kuGuernica, mhedzisiro yacho yakasiyana zvikuru neyenyaya yeParthenon. Kubva pamaonero emutemo, Hapana chikonzero chekutaura nezvekudzoserwa mari.Nekuti Guernica haina kumbobvira yava yeHurumende yeBasque sesangano. Picasso akasarudza kuti basa iri rirambe riri pasi pehutongi hweHurumende yeSpain uye, zvakanyanya, akataura zvakajeka kuti mugumo waro waizobatanidzwa neMadrid kana hudzvanyiriri hwapera.
Nezvemamiriro ayo ekuchengetedza, avo vanotarisira Reina Sofía Museum pamwe nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzekugadzirisa zvinhu vakasimbirira vachiti: Guernica ibasa rakaoma zvikuruZvinofungidzirwa kuti kutamiswa, kunyangwe kuri kwechinguvana, kunogona kuisa njodzi huru pakusimba kwayo, nekuda kwekudengenyeka uye shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza panguva yekufambisa uye nekuda kwezvinodiwa chaizvo zvekudzora mamiriro ekunze nechiedza zvinodiwa kuti ichengetwe kwenguva refu.
Ichokwadi kuti vazhinji vanoomerwa nekugamuchira zvizere nharo idzi dzehunyanzvi, kunyanya kana dzichibva kunyanzvi dzakabatana zvakananga neReina Sofía Museum, avo vane hanya yakajeka nemufananidzo uri muunganidzwa wavo mukuru. Zvinowanzotaurwa, nenzira inoshamisa, kuti Zvikonzero zvesainzi zvaizova zvechokwadi kana zvikabva kunyanzvi dzisina hukama nesangano iri.Kunyangwe zvakadaro, kubvumirana pakati pevachengeti vepamusoro-soro kunonongedzera kune rimwe divi: chero rwendo rweGuernica rungave, zvirinani, rune njodzi huru.
Chinhu chechitatu, chezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe ndicho chakajeka zvikuru. Kune Hurumende yeBasque, Guernica inopfuura basa guru repasi rose: ibasa guru chiratidzo chepasi rose chinobatanidza Nyika yeBasque nechinzvimbo chemunhu akashungurudzwaKukwanisa kuzviratidza muBasque Country, kunyangwe kwemwedzi mishoma chete, kwaizova nehukuru hwakakura hwekufananidzira, mukati (kusimbisa kurangarira kwebhomba uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vose) uye kunze (kuratidza mufananidzo chaiwo wenyika pachikuva chepasi rose).
Panguva iyi, hurumende yepakati neReina Sofía Museum vanozivawo simba rekufananidzira reGuernica. Kupa mvumo yekutamiswa kwayo kwaizovhura mukana wezvinodiwa mune ramangwana uye, pamusoro pezvose, kugamuchira izvozvo Kubatana kuripo pakati pechikwata ichi neMadrid hakusi kwakasimba sezvakambotaurwa. Izvi zvave zvakadaro kwemakumi emakore. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chiri kuitika neParthenon Marbles: kunyangwe United Kingdom ichiziva kuti nharo dzayo hadzina simba, zvinoiomera kusiya chikamu chakakosha chenyaya yayo yesimba retsika nenhoroondo.
Muchirevo ichi, kuenzanisa pakati peParthenon Marbles neGuernica kunotibvumira kunzwisisa kuti, muzana remakore rechi21, zvematongerwo enyika zvekufananidzira uye zvinonzi "hondo yetsika" Zvinhu izvi zviri kuwedzera kukanganisa zvisarudzo nezveramangwana remabasa makuru ehunyanzvi. Kukurukurirana hakuchagari kuri kwenyanzvi dzemutemo wepasi rose kana kuchengetedza; kwave kungova nhaurirano dzezvenhau nedzemagariro evanhu, uko kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vose, ndangariro dzinoshungurudza, uye mazano esimba rakapfava zvinotanga kushanda.
"Imwe Guernica": triptych naAurelio Arteta
Pakatarisana nemuzinda weAjuria Enea, imba yepamutemo yeLehendakaris, pane muzinda weAgustín Zulueta, parizvino mahofisi makuru eMuseum of Fine Arts yeÁlava, muVitoria-GasteizMukamuri rakanyarara padhoro rekutanga, pedyo nekanzuru yaIgnacio Zuloaga nemufananidzo waMiguel de Unamuno, basa iro vazhinji vanodana kuti "rimwe Guernica" rave richiratidzwa kwenguva yakati. Inyaya yeSpanish Civil War yakanyorwa nemuimbi weBasque Aurelio Arteta.
Iyi triptych yakagadzirwawo muna 1937 uye, semufananidzo waPicasso, inotarisa pane kushorwa kwezvinotyisa zvebhomba reGuernica uye nezvehondo yose. Arteta akabatana neHurumende yeBasque kuratidza kuparadzwa kwehondo mukugadzirira International Exposition muParis, pamwe chete nekomisheni iyo Hurumende yeRepublican yakanga yapa Picasso yeSpanish pavilion.
Royal Academy of History ine chokwadi chakakosha: Kwaiva nevamwe vaiti triptych yaArteta inofanira kutsiva Guernica yaPicasso muSpanish pavilion muParis. Pakupedzisira, pfungwa iyoyo haina kuzadzikiswa, zvikuru nekuti Arteta pachake akapikisa shanduko iyi. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, chokwadi ichi chinoratidza kuremekedzwa kukuru kweunyanzvi nezvematongerwo enyika kwaive nebasa iri kubva pakutanga kwaro.
Pasinei nekukosha kwayo, "imwe Guernica" yave ichirarama hupenyu hwakavanda kwemakumi emakore kupfuura mufananidzo waPicasso. Humbowo hweizvi ndehwekuti, chero zuva ripi zvaro, kunyangwe kana chikumbiro chitsva chekutamisa Guernica kuenda kuBasque Country chikaziviswa, Imba inoratidzirwa triptych yaArteta inogona kuramba isina chinhu zvachoseHazvina kutomboratidzwa mubhurocha repamutemo remuseum, izvo zvinopesana nekuzivikanwa kwayo kuri kukura kweunyanzvi nenhoroondo.
Zvisinei, nhoroondo yekuratidzwa kwetriptych yakakura. Muna 1973, yakaratidzwa muMadrid pamuzinda weBhangi reBilbao (ikozvino chikamu cheBBVA), Franco achiri mupenyu. Makatalogu chaiwo akaburitswa ekuratidzira ikoko. Gare gare, basa racho rakaenda kuBilbao muna 1979, zvichienderana nemakore zana ekuzvarwa kwaArteta. Mumakore ekuma1980 ne1990, yakaratidzwa mumaguta akadai seBayonne neBilbao.Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, yaive chikamu chekuratidzwa kukuru kweHondo yeVanhu paImperial War Museum muLondon.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, triptych iyi yakaratidzwa kuBilbao Fine Arts Museum (2013), zvakare muVitoria (2019-2020), uye kuGuggenheim Bilbao (2021). Muzviitiko zvese izvi, zvikwereti zvaive zvenguva pfupi, sezvo basa racho raive remuunganidzi wepachivande: muzvinabhizinesi wekuVitoria. Juan Celaya, anozivikanwa nebhizinesi rake neCegasa batteries kana kambani yeTuboplast, uye izvozvo zvakaunganidza muunganidzwa unoshamisa wemifananidzo.
Mushure mekufa kwaCelaya muna 2016, nhaka yake yeunyanzvi yakaendeswa kusangano rine zita rake, rakatsaurirwa kusimudzira tsika dzeBasque. Zvisinei, zvikwereti zvemitero yepfuma zvakaunganidzwa zvaireva kuti, muna 2022, sangano racho raifanira kushandisa chikamu chakakura chebasa reunyanzvi—zvinopfuura zvidimbu makumi masere zvese—kubhadhara chikwereti. chikwereti chemamiriyoni 4,3 emaeuro neÁlava Provincial TreasuryPakati pemabasa akaitwa paiva nemufananidzo waArteta wetriptych.
Kutengeserana uku kwakatanga kuziviswa pachena muna 2024, apo imwe nhepfenyuro yakaburitsa ruzivo rwacho, uye zvakazosimbiswa zviri pamutemo kuti Celaya ndiye aive muridzi wekupedzisira wechivako ichi. Pakeji yemabasa akatamisirwa yaisanganisira... Muunganidzwa mumwe chete wemifananidzo yekutanga yakaitwa naFrancisco de Goya ndiyo yaikosheswa kupfuura triptych., ine kukosha kunofungidzirwa kwemamiriyoni 1,5 emaeuro zvichienzaniswa nemamiriyoni 1,2 akapihwa basa raArteta.
Hupfumi hweÁlava hwakapa muunganidzwa uyu kuVitoria Museum of Fine Arts, iyo yakanga yatoratidza mamwe emabasa ayo makore apfuura. Saka, "imwe Guernica" yakazova chikamu chenhaka yeBasque uye muunganidzwa wekusingaperi wemuseum. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, Basa iri rave kuonekwa sechinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa kurangarira kweHondo Yevagari muBasque Country.kunyangwe ichiri kure nemukurumbira wepasi rose wemufananidzo waPicasso.
Mufananidzo we "triptych" se "artari piece" yehondo: Kuverenga kwaArteta
Chifananidzo chaAurelio Arteta chine mapaneru matatu ane musoro unoti "The Front," "The Exodus," uye "The Rearguard." Zvikamu zvitatu izvi zvinoshanda pamwe chete sechikamu che aritari yenyika yehondo yemazuva ano, ine mapaneru madiki epadivi nepaneru hombe yepakati inotsanangura nyaya yacho yose, ichitevedzera chimiro chinoyeuchidza maatari echitendero, asi yakatarisana nenjodzi yemazuva ano.
Mumufananidzo uri kuruboshwe, "The Front," Arteta anonyora chiitiko ichi munzvimbo ine matombo uye yakaoma. Ikoko, mufananidzo wejaya remauto unoonekwa, akamira, achitarisa kuti Kuparadzwa kunobva kudengaPamusoro pake, ndege dzinonaya rufu dzichibva kudenga dzinoonekwa zvakajeka, ukuwo dzakamupoteredza dziri mitumbi isina upenyu yevarwi vaviri vaaishanda navo. Pfungwa yekuti vanhu havachakwanisi kurwa muhondo yemuchadenga inoratidzwa zvakajeka.
Dare guru, "The Exodus," rakasiyana nemamwe ese nekuti haritauri zvakananga nezvehondo. Hapana kuputika kana masoja, asi pane nzvimbo yekutama kwevanhu, yekumanikidzwa kufamba. Chikamu ichi chetriptych Zvarinoreva zvizere zvinobva pahukama hwaro nemamwe mapaneru maviri.izvo zvinoita kuti ive mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa: avo vanofamba uye vanotiza vanoita izvozvo nekuti hondo yakaparadza nyika yavo. Pasina kuva pedyo ne "The Front" ne "The Rearguard," inogona kuverengwa senzvimbo iri nyore yekufamba; yakaiswa pakati pezviviri, inova mufananidzo chaiwo wekudzingwa nekurasikirwa.
Muchikamu chiri kurudyi, "The Rearguard," Arteta anoratidza mhedzisiro yekupedzisira yekukakavadzana munharaunda yepedyo. Pano, kuparadzwa kunoitika Mukadzi nemwana, zvinomiririra kuenderera mberi kwemhuri uye tariro yeramangwanaNerufu rwake, mativi matatu ehupenyu hwemhuri pakati pababa naamai nemwana anotsakatika. Padivi pake panoonekwa mhuka mbiri: nzombe yakafa nembwa iri kuhukura nekurwadziwa, zvichiwedzera kuchema nekuputika kukuru.
Musanganiswa wacho wakagadzirwa nokungwarira kuti ushande wose. Pfuti yakabatwa nemusoja mu "The Front" inogadzira divi rakatarisa rinowana nzwisiso inooneka mukati mutsetse wakatsveyama wemadziro eimba yakaparadzwa mu "The Rearguard"Kubatana uku kwema diagonal kunobatanidza zvikamu zvepadivi uye kunozvibatanidza nepakati pepaneru, zvichipa triptych yese kubatana kwakarongeka kunosimbisa simba rayo renyaya.
Kana zvabatanidzwa, triptych yaArteta haina kungova nehupfumi hwakakura chete, asiwo kukosha kwenhoroondo nehunyanzvi kwehurongwa hwekutanga. chidimbu chakakosha chekunzwisisa kuti vanyori veBasque vaimiririra sei Hondo Yevagari Vemo uye, kunyanya, kutambudzika kwekubhombwa kweGuernica. Kuenzanisa neGuernica yaPicasso hakuna kuitirwa kusimbisa hunhu hwemhando yepamusoro, asi kuratidza kuti, pachiitiko chimwe chete, maonero akasiyana, anoenderana akabuda, achiwedzera ndangariro yekuona kwekutya ikoko.
Guernica iri kunze kwecanvas: zvinodzokorora tsika dzeBasque
Kukanganiswa kwakaitwa naGernika naPicasso naGuernica kwakapinda mutsika dzechiBasque dzemazuva ano dzakawanda. Kunowanikwa kwete mumifananidzo yaArteta chete kana mumashoko ezvematongerwo enyika akapoteredza mufananidzo waReina Sofía, asiwo mu mabhuku, makomiki, mafirimu nezvimwe hunyanzvi izvo zvataura nezvekurangarira hondo nechisimba.
Munhu mukuru munyaya yeBasque ndiye Bernardo Axaga (Asteasu, Gipuzkoa, 1951), anoonekwa semunhu anotungamira mumabhuku echiBasque uye mumwe wevanhu vakasiyana zvikuru mumavara echiSpanish achangoburwa. Basa rake rinobatsira mukukakavadzana pamusoro pe mabhuku, ndangariro uye kusawiriranaKutsaurirwa kwake kwakauya ne "Obabakoak" (1988), basa raakahwina naro Mubairo weNhau dzeNyika muna 1989 uye rakagadziriswa kuita firimu raMontxo Armendáriz pasi pezita rekuti "Obaba" (2005).
Mushure mechiitiko ichocho, Atxaga akaramba achivandudza basa rake nemabhuku akadai se "Murume Ari Ega" (1994), iyo yakahwina Mubairo weNational Critics' Prize muBasque; "Those Skies" (1996); "The Accordionist's Son" (2003, yakaburitswazve muna 2023), iyo yakagamuchira Mubairo weCritics, Grinzane Cavour neMondello, uye iyo yakagadziriswa mafirimu nemitambo naFernando Bernués; kana kuti "Seven Houses in France" (2009), iyo yakapinda mumakwikwi ekupedzisira emibairo yekushandura yepasi rose yakaita seIndependent Foreign Fiction Prize neOxford Weidenfeld Translation Prize.
Kunyange hazvo basa raAtxaga risingangogumiri padingindira rehondo kana Guernica, nyika yake yekunyora yakarongwa mukati memamiriro ezvinhu umo kurangarira gakava, mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, uye maronda ekare Varipo zvikuru mukufungidzira kweBasque pamwe chete. Mupfungwa iyoyo, mabhuku avo anobata zvisina kunanga neboka rimwe chete rezviratidzo iro Guernica iri mariri, zvichipa ruzivo rwakaoma uye rwakajeka rwenhoroondo yazvino.
Kudzokorora kwebhomba reGuernica kwasvikawo munyika yemakomiki. Muenzaniso wakakosha ndewekuti “Guernica"," rakanyorwa naBruno Loth, rinopa rondedzero yakafanana pakati pehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari veguta rakaparadzwa nemaitiro ekugadzira aPicasso. Katuni iyi inoratidza kuti hupenyu hwakawanda hwakaparadzwa sei pazuva rimwe chete neguta, nepo muimbi, ari kure, akatsvaga nzira yekuratidza hasha dzake nekurwadziwa kuburikidza nekupenda.
Mubhuku rino rine mifananidzo, Loth anotiendesa muhupenyu hwepachivande hwevakaurayiwa pamwe nestudio yemupendi, achiongorora makiyi emanzwiro uye ezvematongerwo enyika ebasa guru reunyanzvi hwemazuva anoNenzira iyi, Guernica inorega kuva chiratidzo chakarembera mumiziyamu uye inova nzira yekupinda munyaya dzega dzega dzinoitsigira, chimwe chinhu chinobatsira kuchengetedza zvinoreva zvakadzama zvemufananidzo zvichiripo.
Gernika senzvimbo: mutambo, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye ndangariro
Kupfuura mifananidzo yaPicasso neunyanzvi, Gernika iguta rine hupenyu, iro rave richivakazve hupenyu hwaro hwezuva nezuva uye kuratidza hunhu hwavo munzvimbo dzakawandaPakati pazvo pane mitambo. Chinhu chinoshandiswa pakutaura nezveizvi iGernika Jai-Alai, imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha muBasque Country pakuita cesta punta.
Yakavhurwa muna 1963, Gernika Jai-Alai yave iri nzvimbo yemitambo isingakanganwiki mu cesta punta, pelota a mano uye palaIine vanhu vanosvika chiuru nemazana mashanu, inoita mitambo Muvhuro wega wega mugore rose, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yekusangana nguva dzose yevateveri nevatambi. Pamusoro pezvo, pelota court inoshanda sechikoro uko chizvarwa chinotevera chevatambi vepelota vanobva kudunhu vanodzidziswa.
Zvivako zveJai-Alai zvinosanganisira makamuri ekuchinjira, lifti, uye matende anofambiswa anobvumira nzvimbo yacho kupatsanurwa kuti pave nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumitambo kusvika kune zvimwe zviitiko. Musiyamu wekare weBasque pelota uri kugadzirwa kuti uiswe mubharukoni repamusoro, iro rinotarisira kuva chiyero chekusimudzira nekuchengetedza mutambo uyu wechinyakare.
Nezvekupinda, kupinda kunowanzo kuve mahara pazviitiko zvakawanda zvezuva nezuva, kunyangwe Matikiti anodiwa kune zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha.Mitengo inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechiitiko chakarongwa, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti veruzhinji varambe vachiwana mabasa akasimba gore rose.
Kusanganiswa uku kwendangariro dzenhoroondo, fungidziro yetsika, uye hupenyu hwemitambo yezuva nezuva zvinoratidza kuti Gernika harisi zita rine chekuita nenjodzi chete, asiwo zita rekuti nzvimbo iyo nguva yakapfuura, yazvino, uye yeramangwana inopindiranaPakati pemiziyamu, chikwere, dare repelota, nemabasa ehunyanzvi akafuridzirwa nekubhombwa, guta rinoratidza nenzira yakanyanya kusawirirana kunoitika muhurukuro huru pamusoro penhaka, hunhu, uye zviratidzo zveboka.
Kubva pamatombo eParthenon kusvika kuPicasso's Guernica uye triptych yaArteta, zvichipfuura nepakati pezvakagadzirwa naAtxaga kana mumakomiki aBruno Loth, chinoratidzwa inzvimbo ine Mabasa ehunyanzvi ave nzvimbo dzehondo dzekufananidziraNhaurirano dzepamutemo nedzehunyanzvi dzinosangana nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, zvishuwo zvenyika, uye ndangariro dzinoshungurudza pamusoro penyaya idzi. mavanga emweya pamwe nezvinofarirwa nemiziyamu. Hapana chinoratidza kuti mhando dzehurukuro idzi dzichadzikira; zvakapesana, zvese zvinoratidza kuti mumakore anotevera ticharamba tichitaura, uye tichitaura zvakawanda, nezvekuti nyaya idzodzo dzinofanira kunge dziri kupi, neimwe nzira, dzinotiudza kuti tiri vanaani uye kuti tinobva kupi.