Mumazana emakore, mufananidzo wekraken Zvaionekwa sezvishoma kupfuura nyaya yemufambisi wechikepe pamusoro pezvikara zvinokwanisa kunyudza ngaravaZvisinei, kuferefeta kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kwakaburitsa pachena chimwe chinhu, kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, chainzwika sechiroto chaicho: maoctopus makuru akareba kusvika mamita gumi nemapfumbamwe angangodaro aigara mumakungwa eLate Cretaceous, achiita semhuka dzinodya mhuka zvikuru.
Mabasa aya, akaburitswa mumagazini yesainzi Sainzi uye inotungamirwa nemapoka anobva kuHokkaido University (Japan)Vanoti mamwe ma cephalopods erudzi rwakatsakatika Nanaimotoeuthis Dzakagara pamusoro pechikafu pakati pemakore zana nemakumi manomwe nemaviri apfuura. Pane kuva mhuka dzinongogara dziripo, idzi octopus hombe dzaizokwikwidzana nemosasaurs, plesiosaurs, uye giant sharks kuti dzitonge makungwa.
Kraken chaiyo mugungwa reCretaceous
Ruzivo rutsva urwu runopa mufananidzo wakasiyana zvikuru newakare wepaleontology, iyo yaifunga kuti ari mhuka huru dzemugungwa dzine mapfupa emusana Ndivo chete vaiva madzimambo egungwaNyika yeLate Cretaceous, iri pakati pemakore angangoita 100 ne66 miriyoni apfuura, yaionekwa senyika inotongwa nemosasaurs, plesiosaurs, uye hove huru.
Chidzidzo chakatungamirwa nevaongorori vakaita saShin Ikegami naYasuhiro Iba chinoratidza kuti munguva imwe chete iyoyo kwakaonekwa maoctopus makuru ane miviri mirefu, maoko marefu, uye shaya dzine simba guruZvisikwa izvi, zvakabatanidzwa mu suborder Cirrata (finned octopus)Dzine kufanana kunovhiringidza netsika dzeNordic, kunyange zvazvo dziri mhuka dzakatsakatika dzisina hukama hwakananga nengano.
Masayendisiti akaona mhando mbiri huru dzemhuka: Nanaimotoeuthis jeletzkyi y Nanaimotoeuthis haggartiOse ari maviri anogara kuNorth Pacific. Yekutanga yaisvika mamita angangoita 7,7 pakureba, nepo yechipiri yaisvika pakati pemamita 7 ne19 kubva pamucheto weganda kusvika kumagumo ematende. kupfuura kunyange squid hombe yemazuva ano.
Panyaya yehukuru, N. haggarti inenge iri padanho re -kana kupfuura - zvikara zvikuru zvemugungwa zvakaita se Mosasaurus hoffmannii, iyo yaive yakareba mamita angangoita 17, kana kuti shaki yekare Ptychodus mortoni, yeanenge mamita gumi. Saka tiri kutaura nezvemamwe e mhuka huru dzisina mapfupa emusana dzakatsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino muchinyorwa chezvisaririra.
Chakavanzika chiri mumiromo: shaya makumi maviri nenomwe dzinochinja nhoroondo
Kugadzirisa hupenyu hwemhuka yemusango inonzi octopus hakusi nyore. Kusiyana nedzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa, idzi cephalopods Havana mapfupa uye goko rekunze rakaomararasaka muviri wayo wakapfava hausiyi kana kadonhwe pamatombo. Kunze kweshaya dzayo dzinonzi chitinous, "miromo" inozivikanwa, yakafanana nemuromo weparrot.
Basa idzva rinobva pakunyatsoongorora zvakadzama Mazino makumi maviri nemanomwe ezvisaririra kubva mumadhaka emugungwa muJapan neVancouver Island (Canada)Mamwe acho akanga atozivikanwa, asi akanga anzi anobva kune mamwe mapoka akadai seanonzi "vampire squid". Mamwe akawanikwa kekutanga achishandisa musanganiswa we high-resolution tomography uye artificial intelligence models.
"Kucherwa kwezvisaririra zvedhijitari" uku kunobvumira Matombo matete kwazvo anogadzirwa ne3D scan uye kuona zvivako zvechisikigo zvakavanzwa pasina kukuvadza zvasara. Nekuda kweizvi, timu yakakwanisa kugadzirazve shaya nemazvo, kuyera kureba kwadzo (muzviitiko zvakawanda dzinopfuura mamirimita makumi masere) uye kudzienzanisa nedzemacephalopods emazuva ano kuti vawedzere saizi yemhuka yacho.
Data rakawanikwa rinoratidza kuti huwandu hwe Nanaimotoeuthis Mune mimwe mienzaniso, dzakapfuura saizi yemuromo wehove hombe yemazuva ano, iyo inotsigira fungidziro yehurefu huri pakati pemamita manomwe negumi nemapfumbamwe. Izvi zvinoisa N. haggarti pakati pezvisikwa zvikuru zvisina mapfupa zvinozivikanwa uye kumanikidza kuongorora hukuru hwezvikara zveMesozoic.
Uyezve, kuchengetedzwa kwakanaka kweshaya kwakabvumira kudzidza kwete chimiro chadzo chete, asiwo pamusoro padzo. Mitswe, mipendero isina kujeka, makwara akadzika uye machipisi Vanopa ruzivo rwakananga nezvekudya uye mararamiro emhuka idzi.
Durophagous superpredators: kupwanya mapfupa nemagoko
Chimwe chezvakabuda muongororo iyi chinoshamisa ndechekuti miromo yemhodzi dzakura yakanyanya kupfekwa. Mumienzaniso midiki, Migumo yeshaya inoita seyakapinza semajende.Zvisinei, mumapoka makuru, nzvimbo idzi dzakaita denderedzwa, dzakakuvara, uye dzakazara nemabhurukwa madiki.
Vaongorori vakaverenga kuti mamwe mazinga epamusoro akanga arasikirwa kusvika pa 10% yehurefu hwayo hwepakutanga nekuda kwekukweshana kunogara kuripo nezvinhu zvakaoma kwazvoKuenzanisa ne cephalopods dzemazuva ano kunoratidza maitiro akasiyana: kupfeka kwakajairika kwemhuka dzinodya mhuka dzine mapfupa kana ganda rakaomarara.
Zvichienderana neongororo, maoctopus aya makuru Havana kungobata mhuka dzine muviri wakapfava cheteDzaisangogona kupwanya magoko eammonite nemahove makuru chete, asiwo mapfupa ehove pamwe nezvikara zvakakura zvemugungwa. Simba radzo rekuruma raizokwana kupwanya zvivako izvo zvimwe zvikara zvakawanda zvaisagona kudzivirirwa nazvo.
Kuti vape pfungwa iri nyore, vanyori vanofananidza kupera kwemuromo nekushandiswa kwezvigeri zvekuchekerera kwete kucheka mashizha, asi kupwanya matombo: Nekufamba kwenguva, kupinza kwacho kunonyangarika uye mipendero yacho inokanganisika.Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza kusimba kwemabasa ekuuraya mhuka Nanaimotoeuthis.
Zvese izvi zvinoenderana nefungidziro yekuti ma cephalopods aya anogara trophic level yakaenzana neyemhuka huru dzemugungwa dzine mapfupa anotendereraKupfuura kungodya hombe, dzaive mhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka dzakabatsira kugadzira chimiro chezvisikwa zveCretaceous.
Hukuru hwakakura, zvipenyu, uye zvipenyu mugungwa rakavhurika
Zvichibva pahukama huripo pakati pehukuru hwemuromo nehurefu hwemuviri muma cephalopods emazuva ano, masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti N. jeletzkyi ingangoita 7,7 metrespanguva N. haggarti Inogona kudarika mamita gumi nemasere zviri nyore, iine daro riri pakati pemamita manomwe negumi nemapfumbamwe. Izvi zvakafanana nebhazi rine tambo dzakagadzirwa kana kuti rori rematrailer.
Zvakasara zvakaongororwa zvinoratidza kuti mhuka idzi dzaive chikamu cheboka reCirrata, MaOctopus ane mapepi madiki eparutivi anobatsira kuti ashambire zvakanakaMaumbirwo iwayo, pamwe chete nemuviri murefu, unochinjika, anoratidza kuti vakanga vasiri zvisikwa zvepakadzika-dzika, asi vagari vemo masherufu emakondinendi nemakungwa akavhurika zvishoma kuNorth Pacific.
Maitiro avo ekushanduka-shanduka aisanganisira siya goko rekunze rinodzivirira izvo zvairatidza zvipembenene zvakawanda zveMesozoic cephalopods, zvakaita seammonites. Nekurasikirwa nezvombo izvozvo, zvakawana kufamba-famba, kukurumidza, kuona, uye kugona kufamba-famba pakuvhima zvine simba, izvo zvakavabvumira kukwikwidza zvakananga nemhuka hombe dzinovhima.
Mamodheru akataurwa nechikwata anoratidza kuti kukura kwekushanduka-shanduka kukuru munguva inosvika mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu emakoreMunguva iyi, maoctopus aya akakura kubva pakukura kuri pakati nepakati kusvika pakukura kukuru. Kukura uku kwakabatana nenguva yekupatsanuka kwegungwa kwakanyanya mushure mekuparara kwePangaea, izvo zvakawedzera nzvimbo dzezvakatipoteredza dzaivepo.
Muchirevo ichi, Maoctopus makuru angadai akagovana mvura nehove huru dzemamosasaur, maplesiosaur, uye mashakivachikwikwidzana kuti vawane simba rakafanana. Kunyange hazvo pasina zviri mudumbu zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza zvakananga kuti vakarwisa mosasaurs, nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti, mudzidziso, dzaive mukati mehukuru nesimba raidiwa kuti dzirwise mhuka huru dzine mapfupa anopfupa.
Uchenjeri uye mativi: zviratidzo mukuputsika kwemisoro mikuru
Kupfuura kukura nesimba remhuka, chidzidzo ichi chinoratidza kuti mhuka idzi dzinogona kunge dzakanyatsogadzirwa kubva pakufunga kwadzo. Kupera kunoonekwa pashaya hakuna kufananaRutivi rwerudyi runoita serwakakuvara zvakanyanya kupfuura rweruboshwe.
Kusaenzana uku kunoyeuchidza nezvekusawirirana kunoonekwa mumhuka dzakawanda dzemazuva ano, kusanganisira maoctopus, shiri, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemazuva ano, uko kune kushandisa divi rimwe chete remuviri, senge kushandisa ruoko rwerudyi kana rweruboshweMubiology, chiitiko ichi chinowanzobatanidzwa nehurongwa hwakaoma hwetsinga uye maitiro akaomesesa.
Kunyange hazvo vaongorori vakangwarira uye vachibvuma kuti Uchenjeri hahugoni kuyerwa zvakananga muchinhu chakachekwa.Kuvapo kwekusaenzana uku mumiromo yevanhu vakuru kunotsigira pfungwa yekuti Nanaimotoeuthis Yakanga isiri chisikwa chikuru, chisina kusimba chete. Zvese zvinoratidza kuti yaishandisa mamwe maoko kuti ishandise mhuka yayo isati yaruma kekupedzisira.
Maitiro aya anoenderana nemufananidzo watinawo wemaoctopus emazuva ano, anozivikanwa ne kugona kudzidza, hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kushandisa makumbo nenzira inochinjikaMunyaya yeCretaceous, kusanganiswa uku kwehukuru, simba, uye hunhu hwemaitiro zvinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti dzaikwanisa zvizere kushanda semhuka dzinodya dzimwe mhuka.
Mumashoko evamwe nyanzvi dzakabvunzwa muEurope, pfungwa ye kusangana negonye rine urefu hwemamita angangoita makumi maviri rakashongedzerwa nemuromo unokwanisa kupwanya mapfupa Hazvinyaradzi. Dai vaigara nevanhu, madzitateguru edu angadai asina chido chekushambira mumakungwa iwayo.
Kunyora patsva basa rezvisikwa zvisina mapfupa emusana mugungwa rekare
Kwemakumi emakore, mabhuku epaleontology ave achiratidza mhuka dzeMesozoic dzisina mapfupa emusana se kutsigira vatambi vakazvipira zvakanyanya kuzvidzivirira zvezvinokambaira zvikuru neshaki. Kukudza mateko emhuka, kusimbisa mapfupa, kana kukura kwemusana dzaive nzira dzekare dzekunzvenga zvikara.
Basa riripo Nanaimotoeuthis Izvi zvinomanikidza kufunga patsva nezvehurongwa ihwohwo. Kekutanga, zvinobatsira humbowo hwakananga hwemhuka hombe dzisina mapfupa emusana dziri pamusoro pecheni yezvekudyakwete semhuka dzinodya mhuka chete, asiwo sevavhimi vanomanikidza zvakanyanya dzimwe mhuka.
Kuchinja uku kwemaonero kunoenderana nepfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriro ezvinhu: Mapoka akasiyana, ane mapfupa emusana neasina mapfupa emusana, anogadzira mhinduro dzakafanana Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko rimwe chete rezvakatipoteredza, vakava zvikara zvikuru. Kunyange zvazvo zvinokambaira zvemugungwa zvainatsa miviri yazvo yakapfava, maoctopus makuru akasarudza kuchinjika, njere, uye shaya dzakasimba.
Saka, makungwa eCretaceous haachaonekwi senzvimbo apo madzinza mashoma chete ndiwo akatonga, uye anova nharaunda dzakaoma uye dzinokwikwidzana zvakanyanyaKugara pamwe chete kwemamosasaur, maplesiosaur, mashaki, uye maoctopus makuru kunoratidza kuenzana kwakanaka, nekudyidzana kwakawanda kwemhuka dzinodya mhuka nemhuka kusati kwanyatsotsanangurwa.
Kune European paleontology, iyo inonyanya kutarisa kune zvinokambaira zvemugungwa kubva kuGungwa rekare reTethys, izvi zvinovhura mukana wekuti ongorora muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvidiki nematombo zvakatodzidzwa vachitsvaga miromo yecephalopod ingadai isina kuonekwa. Kusanganiswa kwehunyanzvi hwedhijitari nehuchenjeri hwekugadzira kunogona kuratidza kuti "makrakens" eCretaceous akanga asiri eNorth Pacific chete.
AI, tomography uye digital mining: maturusi matsva ekutevera krakens
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru mukudzidza uku kushandiswa pamwe chete kwe kombiyuta ine resolution yepamusoro uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira kuwana zvisaririra zvidiki mumatombo asingashamisi.
Pane kubvisa zvasara zvacho nemaoko, nenjodzi yekuzvikuvadza, vaongorori vakaongorora sampuli dzacho nedanho. Zvadaro, modhi yeAI yakadzidziswa kuti ivaone... mapatani akajairika ezvimiro zvezvisikwa, zvakaita semiromo yecephalopods, vakaona shaya dzakavanda dzaizoonekwa nehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano.
Maitiro aya, ayo atotanga kushandiswa mumarabhoritari muEurope, anobvumira kuvaka patsva mamodheru e3D ane ruzivo rwakadzama ane ruvara rwakazara yezvinyorwa zvemafossil pasina chikonzero chekubvisa matrix yedombo. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinoita kuti kudzidza nezvekusakara kwepamusoro kuve nyore uye kwakanyatsojeka kwaisambofungidzirika.
Kupfuura nyaya chaiyo ye NanaimotoeuthisZvishandiso izvi zvinovhura nzira yeku kuwanazve nharaunda dzekare nemaonero matsvaNzvimbo dzakawanda dzinochengetedza zvisaririra zvakapfava kana kuti zvakapwanyika zvakaputirwa mudombo izvo zvinogona kujekeswa nekuda kwerudzi urwu rwe "matongo edhijitari".
Maitiro aya ehunyanzvi ari kutoita kuti zvikwata zveEurope zvifarire Nzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzeCretaceous dzeIberian Peninsula nedzimwe nyikaKunyange zvazvo pasina zvakawanikwa nehove hombe dzeoctopus zvakaziviswa kusvika pari zvino mumvura dzakaenzana nekumabvazuva kweAtlantic kana Mediterranean yekutanga, hapana anoramba kuti zvirongwa zvemangwana zvicharatidza zvinoshamisa.
Kubva mungano dzeNorse kusvika kudzidziso dzemazuva ano dzepaleontology
Kubatana kuripo pakati pesainzi nengano yekraken ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakabata pfungwa dzeveruzhinji zvakanyanya. Kune vafambisi vengarava vanobva kuNorthern Europe, Kraken yaive chisikwa chikuru, chinowanzotsanangurwa sehombe hombe kana kuti squid., inokwanisa kuputira ngarava nematende ayo uye kudzikwevera pasi.
Mutsika, masayendisiti aibatanidza ngano idzi ne kuonekwa kwehove hombe pano neapoZvisikwa izvi, zvinozivikanwa kwemakumi emakore, zvinogona kusvika pakureba kwemamita angangoita gumi nemaviri. Zvisinei, data idzva rinoratidza kuti zvakasikwa zvakagadzira zvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvikuru, kunyangwe mamiriyoni emakore nhoroondo idzodzo dzisati dzavapo.
Vanyori veongororo iyi vanotsanangura kuti Hapana hukama hwakananga pakati peCretaceous octopus neViking sagas.zvakaparadzaniswa negomba guru renguva. Asi vanobvuma kuti kufanana muhukuru nemararamiro—zvikara zvikuru, zvine miviri yakapfava zvine matende marefu—zvinoita kuti kuenzanisa kuve kusingadzivisiki.
Mumashoko akataurwa nevezvenhau vakasiyana-siyana, nyanzvi dzezvemhuka dzakare dzinobvumirana kuti Zvisikwa zvakakonzera kukura kwemhuka dzakafanana zvikuru nezvatinofungidzira nhasi se kraken.Kuwanikwa kwe Nanaimotoeuthis Zvinoratidza kuti mutsetse unoparadzanisa nyaya dzenhema nedzechokwadi dzimwe nguva wakatetepa kupfuura zvazvinoita.
Kune vesainzi, nyaya iyi inoshandawo se chiyeuchidzo chekuti zvinyorwa zvezvisaririra zvichiri kusakwanaChisaririra chimwe nechimwe chitsva, zvisinei nekuti chidiki sei, chakadzidzwa zvakanaka chinogona kumanikidza kudzokorora nyaya dzaiita sedzakavharika, kubva pakushanduka kwemacephalopods kusvika kuchimiro chezvipenyu zvemugungwa zvekare.
Mufananidzo unobuda muzvidzidzo izvi ndeumwe wegungwa reCretaceous raiva nengozi uye rakasiyana-siyana kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare, uko Maoctopus makuru akareba kusvika mamita gumi nemapfumbamwe aionekwa nezvinokambaira zvemugungwa nemashakiKubva pashaya shoma dzakasanduka, paleontology yakaburitsa pachena mhuka hombe dzisina mapfupa, pamwe dzakangwara uye dzinokwanisa kupwanya mapfupa nemagoko pasina dambudziko guru, izvo zvinoenderana zvakanaka nepfungwa yakakurumbira ye "kraken chaiyo" uye zvinotiyeuchidza kuti makungwa ekare achiri nechakavanzika chakakura sei.
