" Chikafu chePaleolithic " chechokwadi chinoziviswa kwatiri nemaNeanderthals, kuburikidza nemasara echikafu chemakore 70.000 chakawanikwa muShanidar Cave, Iraq. Ndicho chikafu chekare chakabikwa chati chambowanikwa pasi rose.
Chii chaidyiwa neNeanderthals ? Kusvika pari zvino, tagara tichitenda kuti kudya kwemarudzi emhuka dzakararama kusvika makore angangoita 40 apfuura muEurope neAsia kwaisanganisira chikamu chikuru chenyama, uye kukosha kwekudya kwezvirimwa kwaisakosheswa. Izvi ndezvechokwadi zvishoma, asi ongororo yezvisaririra zvakatsva zvechikafu chekare chinowanikwa pasi rose inoratidza kudya kwakashanduka uye kwakaoma kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare.
Mafungiro ekutanga uye kukanganisa kweNeanderthal
Hazvisi zvechokwadi kuti vavhimi vePaleolithic vaidya nyama chete: kudya kwavo kwaisiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo, uye mwaka.
Zvino, ichokwadi kuti vaivhima uye vakadya nyama. Muchokwadi, mavanga ezvombo pamapfupa emhuka anoratidza kuti Homo aibayira nyama kare semamiriyoni maviri emakore apfuura. Asi kudya kwavo kwakanga kwakakura zvikuru uye kwakaoma zvikuru.
Tine chokwadi here kuti vavhimi vePaleolithic (makore mamiriyoni 2,5–10,000 apfuura) vaidya nyama yakawanda uye makabhohaidhiretsi mashoma? Haisi nguva yekutanga nyanzvi dzichibvunza mubvunzo uyu (dzichipindura zvisina kunaka). Herman Pontzer, nyanzvi yezvevanhu paDuke University (USA), akasvikawo pamhedziso yakafanana neyavamwe vake: kudya kwemadzitateguru edu kwaisiyana-siyana uye kwaikanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo, uye mwaka wechikafu.
Chisvusvuro cheNeanderatl…
"Muzukuru" wedu weNeanderthal aive nyanzvi chaiyo pakuvhima mhuka huru dzinoyamwisa, dzakadai semammoths nenyati . Mhuka dzacho dzabatwa, dzaiurayiwa, dzochekwa kuita zvidimbu, dzoendeswa kumisasa. Panguva iyi, mubako, dzimwe dzaive dzakabatikana dzichibatidza marasha. Nerubatsiro rwematanda kana mapfupa marefu (aishanda semikeke), "steaks," kana zvidimbu zvine pfupa, zvaiswededzwa pedyo nemarasha aibvira. Kumativi emoto, nyama yemukati (nhengo dzemukati) dzaibikwa zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichionekwa sechikafu chechokwadi.
Kubata kwemubiki? Matavi mashoma emiti inonhuhwirira akakandwa mumoto kuti awedzere kunaka . Kana chikafu chagadzirwa—kunyange zvazvo chaizoratidzika sechisinganzwisisike kune zvatinofarira iye zvino—munhu wese aitora nyama oiruma, oibvisa kubva papfupa nemazino nemaoko avo. Macheka akaomarara aikwachurwa nezvidimbu zvekucheka (ndiyo yega midziyo yekucheka yemunguva iyoyo), nepo vamwe vanhu vaityora mapfupa marefu kuti vabudise mwongo une hutano. Iyi itsananguro chaiyo yezvakaitika pakudya kwemanheru kweNeanderthal, asi nhasi tinoziva kuti paive nezvakawanda kupfuura izvozvo…
Kune vanoda hutano
Kuchera kwakaitwa nechikwata chemasayendisiti, chakatungamirwa naChris Hunt, purofesa wezvetsika dzekare paLiverpool John Moores University, muShanidar Cave, imba yekare yeNeanderthal iri pasi peMakomo eZagros (makiromita 800 kuchamhembe kweBaghdad), muIraq, kunotimanikidza kuchinja maonero edu nezvekudya kwavo, uko kusvika pari zvino kwaionekwa sekusina kunaka uye kunonyanya kudya nyama.
Kuwanikwa kwezvisaririra zvakatsva zvechikafu chakatanga makore angangoita 70.000 kunoratidza kuti maNeanderthal "ainyanya kufunga nezvehutano hwekare ." Zvechokwadi, zvisaririra zvechikafu zvinoratidza humbowo hwechikafu chakaoma, icho chaisanganisirawo kushandiswa kwezviyo, nyemba, nemiriwo.
Asi ... Ndeipi paleo kudya kana Neanderthal kudya?
Mubvunzurudzo nemagazini inonzi Knowable, Pontzer anotsanangura zvaakadzidza nekuona zvikanganiso zvakaita kuti tifunge kuti kudya kwepaleo kwakavakirwa pakudya nyama chete.
Sekureva kwaPontzer, pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti nei kana ukafunga nezvemurume wePaleolithic unobva wamusanganisa nekuvhima uye kudya kwakapfuma munyama yemhuka.
Chekutanga, pane chokwadi chekuti tiri kufunga nezvemurume : "Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, mabasa mazhinji etsika akanyorwa nevarume uye ainyanya kutarisa mabasa evarume," nyanzvi inotsanangura kudaro. Asi nepo chiri chokwadi kuti varume vaivhima , vakadzi vaiungana : saka musiyano uripo muzvidzidzo uye kutenda kuti kuvhima ndiko kwainyanya kukosha.
Chikafu cheNeanderthal chaienderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yavaive
Chechipiri, iyo ethnographic data yatinayo inonyanya kureva vanhu vekuchamhembe (iyo Arctic, semuenzaniso), avo vakadya nyama yakawanda kuti vararame nemamiriro ekunze akaomarara. Asi vanhu vaigara pedyo negungwa kana nzizi vakadya hove zhinji; Avo vaigara mumasango kana kuti nzvimbo dzakapfuma nezvinomera vaidya zvikurukuru zvirimwa.
Maitiro epamberi eNeanderthals
Zvidimbu zvechikafu chakatsva, zvakaongororwa ne scanning electron microscope, zvakaratidza kushandiswa kwezvidimbu zvembeu, masero emiti anobva kugorosi nenyemba : pamwe maNeanderthal, mushure mekuenzanisa mitengo nemabhenefiti, vakakwanisa kuona zvinhu zvezvirimwa, zvavaishandisa sechikafu chepakutanga, chakapfuma mumakabhohaidhiretsi, asi zvakare chiri nyore kuunganidza nekugadzirira.
Uyezve, zvichida kuburikidza nekuedza nekukanganisa, maNeanderthal akaziva kuti kubika chikafu kwaibatsira : chekutanga, kwaibvisa utachiona muchikafu (kunyangwe vasina kuzviziva), chakawedzera kunaka, uye kupisa kwaichinja mapuroteni, zvichiita kuti zvigayike zviri nyore. Kubika miriwo kwakaita kuti starch nemapuroteni zvinyudzwe zviri nyore nemuviri, nepo nyama yemusango yakagochwa zvakanaka yakaita kuti collagen irasikirwe nechimiro chayo che fibrous, zvichiita kuti mapuroteni ave nyore kugaya.
Kuenzanisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekubika…
Kuti vasimbise fungidziro yekuti kudya kwakasiyana-siyana uye kwakaringana , chikwata ichi chakaongororawo zvimwe zvidimbu zvekare zvechikafu chakatsva zvakawanikwa muFranchthi Cave, Greece, nzvimbo yekuchera matongo inotangira makore angangoita 12.000. Nekuenzanisa mhedzisiro mbiri idzi, masayendisiti akawana kuti kudya kwePaleolithic kwakaoma sei uye vakaonawo kuti kwaisanganisira matanho akati wandei ekugadzirira chikafu.
"Panzvimbo dzese dziri mbiri, kekutanga, tine humbowo hwekuti nyemba dzakanyikwa dzisati dzabikwa uye kuti mbeu dzakapwanywa nekusanganiswa dzisati dzadyiwa , nemaNeanderthals neHomo sapiens dzekare," akadaro Purofesa Ceren Kabukcu, nyanzvi yezvekuchera matongo paYunivhesiti yeLiverpool Centre inonyanya kuongorora archaeobotany, uyo akatungamira chidzidzo chekuenzanisa.
Mapako eFranchthi inzvimbo yekuchera matongo muGreece (Argolida) inotakura zvimiro zvekuvapo kwevanhu kubva kuPaleolithic kuenda kuMesolithic. Zvakawanikwa zvinopa mufananidzo wakadzama we pre-agriculture pakati pe13.000 ne11.000 BC. C. Mapfupa ekaresa anozivikanwa muGreece anotangira kumireniyumu yechipfumbamwe, ari munzvimbo yakagwadama, ufakazi hwomuitiro worudzidziso wakapararira muMediterranean Europe, uye obsidian flakes anobva kuchitsuwa cheMilos, icho chinoumba chimwe chezvisaririra zvekaresa zvekufamba kwegungwa.
gastronomic tsika
"Mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwedu inoshamisa," anogumisa Hunt, uyo akatungamira kuchera kwaShanidar, "ndiwo chiratidzo chekutanga chesarudzo yakaoma yekudya, uye nekudaro kuvapo kwetsika yekudya, pakati pemaNeanderthal . Ini nevamwe vangu takatoedza kugadzira imwe yeresipi, tichishandisa zvataigona kuunganidza pedyo neShanidar Cave. Mugumisiro wacho? Inonaka: rudzi rwefocaccia inonaka sehazelnut."
Uchapupu hwakarasika nekufamba kwenguva
Chinhu chekupedzisira chakatsigira pfungwa yekuti madzitateguru edu airarama nekuvhima humbowo hwezvakacherwa kare hwakaramba huripo kusvika nhasi uno: "Zvishandiso zvematombo nezviratidzo zvezvombo zvine mapanga pamapfupa emhuka zvinotsungirira miedzo yenguva refu ," Pontzer anodaro. Matavi ehuni anoshandiswa pakuchera nekudyara, kune rumwe rutivi, anoora nekukurumidza.
Hazda, hwindo kune zvakapfuura
Pontzer akadzidza zvakadzama tsika dzevaHadza, nharaunda yemazana mashoma evavhimi vanogara kuchamhembe kweTanzania.
Zvakabuda muongororo yavo, zvakaburitswa muAnnual Journal of Nutrition , zvinotsanangura vanhu vairarama sezvavaiita munguva yePaleolithic, vachidya nyama yakavhimwa nezvombo zvekare uye vachiunganidza michero, michero, uye kunyanya huchi. Varume vanovhima nemiseve, ukuwo vakadzi vachiunganidza zvekudya zvezvirimwa nemaoko kana nekuchera netsvimbo. Kuona mararamiro anoita madzinza aya pari zvino kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vairarama sei munguva yakapfuura, nekuti vanhu ava vari kure netekinoroji yemazuva ano uye nyaradzo uye vanoita zvinhu sezvaiitwa nemadzitateguru edu.
Hakuna kudya kumwe kunovaka muviri.
Chikafu cheHadza chinoshanduka zvakanyanya nekushanduka kwemwaka: muna Kukadzi vanonyanya kudya uchi (chikafu chine makabhohaidhiretsi nemacalorie), muna Chikunguru pamabheri uye munaGunyana panyama. Chikuru chatinodzidziswa neHadza inyaya yekuti munhu anogona kuva neutano hwakanaka nekutora kudya kwakasiyana. Zvokudya chete zvekudzivisa kuti ugare uine hutano ndizvo zvatinoziva nhasi sezvokudya zvisina kudya.