Chokwadi"paleolithic kudya” Murume weNeanderthal (Neanderthal) anotiudza, kuburikidza nemasara echikafu kubva ku70.000 makore apfuura, chakawanikwa mubako reShanidar, muIraq. Ndicho chikafu chakabikwa chekare kudarika chambowanikwa munyika.
¿Ndechipi chikafu chaidyiwa nevaNeanderthals?? Kusvikira ikozvino, tagara tichitenda kuti kudya kwemarudzi akararama kusvika makore anenge 40 XNUMX apfuura muEurope neAsia aisanganisira chikamu chepamusoro chenyama, uye kukosha kwekudya kwemiriwo kwakaderedzwa. Ichi chikamu chechokwadi, asi kuongororwa kwezvakatsva zvakasara zvechikafu chekare chinowanikwa pasirese chinoratidza kudya kwakashanduka uye kwakaoma pane kwaimbotendwa.
Mafungiro ekutanga uye kukanganisa kweNeanderthal
Haisi chokwadi kuti vavhimi vePaleolithic vaidya zvinenge nyama chete: sZvokudya zvavo zvaisiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo uye mwaka.
Zvino, ichokwadi kuti vaivhima uye vakadya nyama. Muchokwadi, mavanga ezvombo pamapfupa emhuka anoratidza kuti Homo aibayira nyama kare semamiriyoni maviri emakore apfuura. Asi kudya kwavo kwakanga kwakakura zvikuru uye kwakaoma zvikuru.
Tine chokwadi chekuti vavhimi vePaleolithic (makore 2,5-10 emakore apfuura) vaidya nyama uye macarbohydrates mashoma? Aka hakasi kekutanga kuti nyanzvi dzibvunze mubvunzo uyu (uye vakapindura zvisina kunaka). Herman Pontzer, an evolutionary anthropologist paDuke University (USA), akasvikawo pamhedziso dzakafanana kune vamwe vake: l.Zvokudya zvemadzitateguru edu zvakanga zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvaipesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira mamiriro okunze, nzvimbo, uye mwaka wezvokudya.
Chisvusvuro cheNeanderatl…
Neanderthal yedu "cousin" yaive nyanzvi yechokwadi mukuvhima mhuka hombe, senge mhuka huru nenyati. Padzaingobatwa, mhuka dzacho dzaiurayiwa, dzopatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu, dzoendeswa kumisasa. Ukuwo mubako umu maive nevaya vari mubishi rekuvesa moto. Nekubatsirwa kwematanda kana mapfupa akareba (ayo akashanda se skewers), "steaks" kana zvidimbu zvine pfupa zvakaunzwa pedyo nemoto unopisa. Pamativi emoto, iyo offal (mitezo yemukati) yakabikwa zvishoma nezvishoma, ichionekwa sechinhu chinonaka chechokwadi.
Kubata kwemubiki? Zvipikiri matavi emiti inonhuhwirira akakandwa mumoto kuti awedzere kunaka. Chikafu chacho chainge chatogadzirwa, kunyange zvazvo zvaisazonyanya kunetsa pazvatinoda iye zvino, munhu wese aibva angobata nhindi yenyama oruma, obvarura bhonzo nemazino nemaoko. Zvidimbu zvakaomesesa zvaigona kuchekwa nema scrapers (ndicho chega chekucheka panguva iyoyo), vamwe vanhu vakatyora mapfupa marefu kuti vatore mwongo unovaka muviri. Iyi irondedzero yakanaka chaizvo yezvakaitika pakudya kwemanheru kweNeanderthal, asi nhasi tinoziva kuti paive nezvakawanda pazviri kupfuura izvozvo chete…
Kune vanoda hutano
Kuchera kwakaitwa neboka revasayendisiti, rinotungamirirwa naChris Hunt, purofesa wetsika paleoecology paLiverpool John Moores University, paShanidar Cave, nzvimbo yekare yeNeanderthal, iri mujinga meMakomo eZagros (800 km kuchamhembe kweBaghdad), muIraq. , inotimanikidza kuchinja pfungwa dzedu nezvekudya kwavo, kusvika zvino yaionekwa seyakashata uye ichinyanya kudya nyama.
Kuwanikwa kwemasara akatsva echikafu kubva makore angangoita 70.000 apfuura kunoratidza kuti maNeanderthals aive. "utano paleo conscious". Chokwadi, zvisaririra zvechikafu zvacho zvine zvisaririra zvechikafu chakaoma kunzwisisa, icho chaisanganisira kushandiswa kwezviyo, nyemba, nemiriwo.
Asi ... Ndeipi paleo kudya kana Neanderthal kudya?
Muhurukuro nemagazini Inoziva, Pontzer anotsanangura zvaakadzidza kubva pakuvacherekedza uye kuti ndezvipi zvikanganiso zvakaita kuti tifunge kuti kudya kwepaleo kwaive kwakavakirwa pakudya nyama chete.
Sekureva kwaPontzer, pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti nei kana ukafunga nezvemurume wePaleolithic unobva wamusanganisa nekuvhima uye kudya kwakapfuma munyama yemhuka.
Pakutanga, chaizvo chokwadi chekuti munhu anofunga nezve murume: "Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mabhuku akawanda eethnographic akanyorwa nevarume uye akanangana nebasa revarume," inotsanangura kudaro nyanzvi. Asi kana chiri chokwadi varume vacho kuvhimwa, vakadzi vakaunganidza: nokudaro musiyano uri muzvidzidzo uye kutenda kuti kuvhima ndiko kwainyanya kuwana chouviri.
Chikafu cheNeanderthal chaienderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yavaive
Chechipiri, iyo ethnographic data yatinayo inonyanya kureva vanhu vekuchamhembe (iyo Arctic, semuenzaniso), avo vakadya nyama yakawanda kuti vararame nemamiriro ekunze akaomarara. Asi vanhu vaigara pedyo negungwa kana nzizi vakadya hove zhinji; Avo vaigara mumasango kana kuti nzvimbo dzakapfuma nezvinomera vaidya zvikurukuru zvirimwa.
Maitiro epamberi eNeanderthals
Zvimedu zvekudya zvakatsva, zvakaongororwa nemakorosikopu erekitironi, zvakaratidza kushandiswa kwe zvimedu zvemhodzi, masero ezvirimwa anobva mugorosi nemaruva: Zvichida vaNeanderthals, mushure mekuenzanisa pakati pemari uye zvikomborero, vakanga vakwanisa kuziva miriwo yemiti yakasvibirira, iyo yavakashandisa sezvokudya zvekutanga, zvakapfuma mumakhahydrates, asiwo zviri nyore kuunganidza nekugadzirira.
Uyezve, zvichida kuenderera mberi nekuedza uye kukanganisa, maNeanderthals akanga aita izvozvo kubika zvokudya zvinogadzirwa zvinobatsira: Kutanga, ivo vakaitwa sterilized (kunyange kana vasina kuzviziva), vakava tastier uye kupisa kwakashandura mapuroteni muzvokudya, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanyanya kudyiwa. Kubika muriwo kwaiita kuti sitachi uye mapuroteni anyanye kufananidzwa nemuviri, nepo barbecue yakanaka yemhuka yemusango yakaita kuti collagen irasikirwe nechimiro chayo chine fibrous, zvichiita kuti mapuroteni ave nyore kutora.
Kuenzanisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekubika…
Kusimbisa fungidziro yekuti a kudya kwakasiyana-siyana uye kwakanyatsonakaChikwata ichi chakaongororawo zvimwe zvimedu zvekare zvechikafu chakatsva zvakawanikwa muFranchthi Cave kuGreece, nzvimbo yekuchera matongo yakatanga makore 12.000 XNUMX apfuura. Nekuenzanisa mhedzisiro iyi miviri, masayendisiti akaburitsa kuti maPaleolithic akaomesesa akadii uye akawana zvakare kuti aisanganisira akati wandei matanho ekugadzirira chikafu.
"Panzvimbo mbiri idzi, kekutanga, tine humbowo hwekuti mbambaira dzaitota dzisati dzabikwa uye kuti mhodzi dzaipwanywa dzosanganiswa dzisati dzadyiwa, zvese neNeanderthals uye yekutanga Homo sapiens," akadaro Muzvinafundo Ceren Kabukcu, anochera matongo paCenter. Yunivhesiti yeLiverpool inyanzvi mune archaeobotany, akatungamira iyo kuenzanisa kudzidza.
Mapako eFranchthi inzvimbo yekuchera matongo muGreece (Argolida) inotakura zvimiro zvekuvapo kwevanhu kubva kuPaleolithic kuenda kuMesolithic. Zvakawanikwa zvinopa mufananidzo wakadzama we pre-agriculture pakati pe13.000 ne11.000 BC. C. Mapfupa ekaresa anozivikanwa muGreece anotangira kumireniyumu yechipfumbamwe, ari munzvimbo yakagwadama, ufakazi hwomuitiro worudzidziso wakapararira muMediterranean Europe, uye obsidian flakes anobva kuchitsuwa cheMilos, icho chinoumba chimwe chezvisaririra zvekaresa zvekufamba kwegungwa.
gastronomic tsika
"Migumisiro yekuongorora kwedu inoshamisa," anopedzisa Hunt, uyo akaronga kucherwa kwaShanidar, "ndivo chiratidzo chekutanga chekudya kwakaoma, uye nekudaro kuvapo kwechikafu chekudya, pakati peNeanderthals. Ini nevandinoshanda navo takatomboedza kudzokorora imwe yekubika, tichishandisa zvataigona kuunganidza padyo nebako reShanidar. Zvakaguma nei? Inonaka: rudzi rwehazelnut-flavoured focaccia."
Uchapupu hwakarasika nekufamba kwenguva
Chinhu chekupedzisira chakafarira kusimbiswa kwepfungwa yekuti madzitateguru edu airarama zvakanyanya kubva mukuvhima humbowo hwekuchera matongo hwakaramba huripo nanhasi: "Zvishandiso zvematombo uye zviratidzo zvemapanga pamapfupa emhuka zvinoramba zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva", Pontzer anonongedza. Miti yemapuranga inoshandiswa pakuchera nekudyara, kune rumwe rutivi, inokurumidza kuipa.
Hazda, hwindo kune zvakapfuura
Pontzer akadzidza zvakadzama tsika dzevaHadza, nharaunda yemazana mashoma evavhimi vanogara kuchamhembe kweTanzania.
Zvigumisiro zvekudzidza kwake, rakabudiswa muAnnual Nutrition Magazine, taura nezvehuwandu hwevanhu vanorarama sezvavairarama muPaleolithic, kudya nyama inovhimwa nezvombo zvepakutanga uye kuunganidza michero, michero uye kunyanya uchi. Varume vanovhima neuta nemiseve, vakadzi vanounganidza zvokudya zvezvirimwa nemaoko kana kuchera netsvimbo. Kucherechedza mararamiro emarudzi aya zvino kunoita kuti tinzwisise mararamiro evanhu munguva yakapfuura, nokuti vanhu ava vari kure neteknolojia yemazuva ano uye zviri nyore uye vanozvibata sezvaizoita madzitateguru edu.
Hakuna kudya kumwe kunovaka muviri.
Chikafu cheHadza chinoshanduka zvakanyanya nekushanduka kwemwaka: muna Kukadzi vanonyanya kudya uchi (chikafu chine makabhohaidhiretsi nemacalorie), muna Chikunguru pamabheri uye munaGunyana panyama. Chikuru chatinodzidziswa neHadza inyaya yekuti munhu anogona kuva neutano hwakanaka nekutora kudya kwakasiyana. Zvokudya chete zvekudzivisa kuti ugare uine hutano ndizvo zvatinoziva nhasi sezvokudya zvisina kudya.