Ongorora nhaka netsika dzechivanhu cheLatin America Zvinoreva kunyura mune mosaic yenhoroondo, tsika uye matambudziko emazuva anoVanhu veKaqchikel neKichwa, vane midzi yakadzika muGuatemala neEcuador zvakateerana, mienzaniso yakajeka yehupfumi nekusiyana kwemagariro ekutanga ekondinendi, pamwe nematambudziko avari kuramba vachisangana nawo. Nyura mune dzavo nhoroondo, maitiro ayo emagariro, tsika, mutauro uye mipiro yetsika Inotibvumira kuona kwete chete hukuru hwekare, asiwo simba uye kusimba kunozviratidza mune ikozvino.
Muchikamu chino tinotora rwendo rwakadzama kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama nhaka yevanhu veKaqchikel neKichwa.Isu tinoongorora nhoroondo yavo, magariro, zvitendero, tsika, hunyanzvi, gastronomy, mutauro, uye mamiriro azvino, kusanganisira matambudziko ekusabatanidzwa munharaunda uye kuedza kumutsiridza tsika nemitauro. Zvese izvi kubva munzira inonakidza, yakadzama uye nechinangwa chekuunza chokwadi chavo pedyo nenzira yakatendeka uye yevanhu..
Kupfuma kwetsika dzechivanhu: ongororo
Vanhu vekuLatin America vanomiririra hupfumi hwetsika., kuchengetedza chiyeuchidzo chemireniyamu uye maonero akasiyana enyika. MuGuatemala, kuvapo kwevanhu vanopfuura 22 veMayan, kuwedzera kumapoka eXinca neGarifuna, kunoratidza. kusiyana kunoshamisa kwemadzinza yenyika. Pakati pevaMayans, maKaqchikel anomira kunze kwavo kubatana kwakadzama nenyika, nhaka yemitauro yayo uye kusimba kwayo kwenhoroondo. Nekuda kwavo, Kichwa yeEcuador inomiririra boka guru revanhu vemunharaunda mudunhu reAndean, vane isina kukanganiswa nhaka yemadzitateguru yakakwanisa kuenderana nenguva pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu hwayo.
Kunzwisisa nhoroondo uye zvazvino zvevanhu ava zvinoreva kutarisa chokwadi chekudzvinyirirwa, kusabatwa, asiwo nesimba, hunyanzvi, uye kuvaka patsva. Vese vari vaviri Kaqchikel neKichwa vakakunda koloni, kusarudzika, uye kuparadza kwemazuva ano, kuchengetedza mitauro yavo, tsika, uye pfungwa yenharaunda.
Mavambo uye kuumbwa kwevanhu veKaqchikel neKichwa
Nhoroondo yeKaqchikel neKichwa yakapfuma, yakakura uye yakanyura mune ngano uye tsika dzemuromo.Marudzi ese ari maviri akavaka kuzivikanwa kwavo pahwaro hwenguva yakapfuura uye zviitiko zvakakosha zvakaumba ramangwana ravo.
Kubva pakusikwa kwengano kusvika kusangano revanhu
Pakati peKaqchikel, ngano pamusoro pekusikwa kwenyika uye vanhu dzakadzika midzi muMayan worldview.. Vanotaura nyaya yebasa rakabatanidzwa remusiki Tepeu neshamwari yake Gucumatz, uyo akaumba zvinhu zvose uye vanhu vokutanga kubva muchibage, zvinhu zvitsvene zvevanhu. Iyi nyaya, yakapfuura kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa, inosimbisa hukama hwepedyo pakati peKaqchikel nenyika, uye chiratidzo chekukosha kwechibage muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva, zvese zvenyama nezvemweya.
Ivo Kichwa, kune chikamu chavo, vane cosmology umo Pachamama (Amai Pasi) ndiyo axis yemweya inoronga hupenyu uye kutenderera kwezvisikwa. Maonero enyika eKichwa anobatanidza: marudzi ese ehupenyu anoera uye akabatana.Chiratidzo ichi chakapona kuburikidza nengano dzavo, ngano, uye kuremekedza huacas (nzvimbo dzinoyera), kuchengetedza huMwari hwakadzama hunozviratidza muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Nhoroondo yekare uye kutama
Iyo Kaqchikel, inogarwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzepakati peGuatemala, dzine midzi yemhuri yeMayan uye nhoroondo yakanyorwa inotangira muzana ramakore rechitatu BC.Vakavamba nzvimbo dzemhemberero nemaguta akaita seIximché, rakazova guta ravo uye imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzeMayan pamberi pekusvika kweSpanish.
Munguva yekubudirira kwavo, vaKaqchikel vakatanga mibatanidzwa, kukwikwidzana, uye masangano nemamwe marudzi eMayan akadai seK'iche' neTz'utujil, izvo zvakakurudzira kuchinjana kwetsika. Nekudaro, kusvika kwevapambi veSpain muzana ramakore rechi 16 kwakamiririra kuputika kunotyisa: mibatanidzwa yehungwaru, kunyengera, uye kudzoreredzwa kwakatevera kwakachinja sangano ravo. kuzvidza nekushandisa nharaunda dzechivanhu.
Iyo Kichwa inobva pakuwedzera kwe Tsika dzeQuechua munguva dzeTahuantinsuyo, umambo hukuru hweInca. Izwi rekuti "Kichwa" rinoreva misiyano yeQuechua inotaurwa mudunhu rekuchamhembe kweAndean, kunyanya muEcuador. Mushure mekukunda kweInca kwenzvimbo iyi, uye gare gare kusvika kwevaSpanish, vaKichwa vakagadzira kuzivikanwa kwavo. kuenzanisa zvinhu zvemuno uye tsika dzeInca kugadzira musanganiswa wetsika unoenderera nanhasi.
Chimiro chemagariro uye sangano rezvematongerwo enyika: madzinza, ayllus uye madzishe
Mamiriro emagariro eKaqchikel neKichwa agara ari pamwe chete, nesangano repamusoro rakavimbisa kubatana nekushanda kwenharaunda dzavo.
Mhuri dzeKaqchikel nemhuri yakakura
Mumusha weKaqchikel, Sosaiti yakarongeka maererano nemarudzi anonzi 'b'atz'Aya mapoka emhuri dzine tateguru mumwe anoumba hwaro hwenharaunda, uye rudzi rumwe norumwe rune ruzivo rwarwo, mabasa, uye tsika. Nhengo yedzinza inosarudza mukurumbira, kuwana mamwe mabasa uye kutapurirana kwetsika.Kupfuurirazve, mhuri yenyukireya, inoumbwa navabereki, vana, uye vanasekuru, ndicho chikamu chikuru chine mutoro wedzidzo yemitezo midukusa uye muitiro wemiitiro inokosha.
Mhuri dzeKaqchikel dzakaita basa rekuchengetedza ruzivo rwemadzitateguru uye kuronga zviitiko zvehupfumi zvakaita sekurima nehunyanzvi. Aya makutano network Vanosimudzira kubatana kwenharaunda nekutsigirana, zvinhu zvakakosha pakurarama nekufambiswa kweruzivo rwechinyakare..
Hutungamiri nemasimba echivanhu
Hutungamiri hweKaqchikel hunosanganisa hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji uye hwechinyakare. "Ajq'ijab" (vaprista kana varume vakachenjera) vanoita sevatungamiri vezvemweya nevematongerwo enyika, vachiyananisa pakati pemunhu nemweya.Nzvimbo yavo inotsamira kwete chete pamadziteteguru, asiwo pauchenjeri, ruzivo, uye ruremekedzo rwunowanwa mukati menzanga. Ndivo vane mutoro wetsika, dzidzo yevechiduku, uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwemukati.
Nzira yekuita sarudzo ndeyekutora chikamu, yakavakirwa pamagungano umo mapoka akasiyana-siyana nemhuri dzine inzwi. Iri sangano renharaunda rinosimbisa kubatana uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vose, kunyange zvazvo zvichirevawo kusawirirana pakati pemadzinza ane simba rakasiyana.
The Kichwa ayllu: the community as the axis
Mu Kichwa society, Mamiriro emagariro evanhu anobva pane ayllu, boka revanhu umo munhu wose anobatana mubasa rekurima, mhemberero uye tsika.. Iyo ayllu inovimbisa kugovaniswazve kwezviwanikwa, basa rekubatana uye kuita sarudzo mugunganoSabhuku kana mutungamiri wechivanhu anoronga hupenyu hwenharaunda, asi anotsigirwa nguva dzose nevakuru uye neizwi reayllu yese.
Kuzivikanwa kweKichwa kunopindirana nekugarisana, kushanda pamwe chete (minka, ayni) nekubatana.Aya maitiro, akagarwa nhaka kubva kuAndean worldview, akave nechokwadi kusimba kunoshamisa kune ekunze kudzvinyirirwa, zvichibvumira tsika yeKichwa kuchengetedza chimiro chayo chakaungana nhasi.
Tsika, tsika uye zvemweya: hupenyu hwenharaunda
Mhemberero, tsika uye tsika dzeKaqchikel neKichwa dzinoumba hwindo rakasiyana mukuona kwavo kwenyika., zvichiratidza kuti vanobatanidza sei zvinhu zvezuva nezuva nezvitsvene muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.
Mhemberero dzeKaqchikel: pakati penyika neumwari
- Mutambo weMuchinjikwa (Chivabvu 3)Imwe yemitambo yakakosha yeKaqchikel. Michinjikwa, yakashongedzwa nemaruva uye zvinhu zvechisikigo, inomiririra kuchengetedzwa nekubatana nenyika. Miitiro yekutenda inoitwa uye kudya kwakakosha kunogoverwa, kusimbisa hukama pakati penharaunda nemasikirwo.
- Zuva reVasande Vose (November 1-2)Mhuri dzinoshanyira kumakuva kuti dziremekedze madzitateguru avo, kushongedza makuva nemaruva uye zvokudya zvechivanhu zvakaita sefiambre (rudzi rwenyama). Zororo iri rinoratidza kusanganiswa kwezvitendero zveMarudzi neKatorike uye kukosha kwekurangarira avo vakagadzira nzira.
- Holy WeekMusanganiswa wetsika dzechiKaturike nedzechivanhu, uko midungwe nemakapeti euswa nemaruva anopenya mumigwagwa. Mafungiro enharaunda anoonekwa mukubatana kuronga zviitiko izvi uye kutora chikamu kukuru kwemhuri dzese.
- Miitiro yezvekurimaNguva yekudyara nekukohwa inoperekedzwa nemitambo yekutenda nyika, kunyengeterera kubereka uye kudzivirira kwezvirimwa. Aya maitiro anosimbisa kubatana kwemweya nemhoteredzo yechisikigo.
Chimiro cheAjq'ij, shaman kana mutungamiri wemweya, inokosha kune tsika uye kuendeswa kwehuchenjeri hwemadzitateguru.Mhemberero dzavo, dudziro dzezviroto, uye kuonana nemidzimu kunovimbisa kugarisana kwenharaunda uye kuenzana nemasimba echisiko.
Mhemberero nemitambo yeKichwa
- Inti Raymi (Mutambo weZuva)Inopembererwa munaJune, mutambo uyu unoratidza nguva yechando uye kutanga kwekutenderera kutsva kwekurima. Madhanzi, mipiro kuna Pachamama, netsika dzokunamatira kubudirira kwegore rinouya zvinoitwa.
- Pawkar Raymi (Mutambo weRuva): Inopindirana nemwaka wemaruva muAndes uye kucherechedzwa kwekuorera kwenyika. Pamhemberero idzi, vagari vemuKichwa vanoronga makwikwi emitambo yechivanhu, mimhanzi, pamwe nekupanana zvirimwa zvekurima.
Iyo Kichwa inochengetedza mweya umo kuremekedza zvisikwa uye kuwirirana nevanhu vemweya kwakakosha.Upenyu hwavo hwomudzimu hunotungamirirwa nevayachak (varume vakachenjera) uye mamakunas (vakadzi vakachenjera), vanotarira kugara zvakanaka kwenzanga.
Basa remutauro: kuzivikanwa uye kuramba
Mutauro ndiyo tambo inowirirana inochengetedza uye inosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwevanhu veko.VaKaqchikel neKichwa vakatarisana nekumanikidzwa kwakasimba kuti vasiye mutauro wavo wekuzvarwa, asi vanoramba vachirwira kuchengetedza uye kumutsiridza.
Kaqchikel: nhoroondo uye simba remutauro
Mutauro weKaqchikel, nhengo yemhuri yemutauro weMayan, Iine girama yakaoma uye yakapfuma phonology ayo anga ari nyaya yezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemitauro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Matemu uye mataurirwo eKaqchikel anoratidza hukama hwakadzama nemasikirwo, basa rekurima uye kutenderera kwehupenyu.Kune akati wandei ematunhu mataurirwo, ayo anowedzera kupfumisa mukati mayo akasiyana.
- Kuitwa kwe dzidzo yemitauro miviri, kufambisa kudzidza mune zvese Kaqchikel neSpanish.
- Kugadziriswa kwe didactic zvinhu uye mabhuku mumutauro wechiKaqchikel.
- Diffusion mukati media, nhepfenyuro dzenharaunda nemitambo yemitauro.
- Inotungamirwa nemasangano akadai se Kaqchikel Foundation uye Academy yeMayan Mitauro yeGuatemala.
Zvisinei nekuedza uku, Kaqchikel inoonekwa semutauro usina njodzi, izvo zvinosimbisa kukurumidza kwekuenderera mberi kwezvirongwa zvekusimudzira nekudzidzisa kuzvizvarwa zvitsva.
Kichwa: kusiyana-siyana uye matambudziko ekutapurirana kwayo
Kichwa, mumwe mutauro wekuchamhembe kweQuechua, ndiwo mutauro wemuno unonyanya kutaurwa muEcuador. Kutapurirana kwayo kwemarudzi kwakatambura nekumanikidzwa kubva kuSpanish, kunyangwe ichiri mhenyu munharaunda zhinji dzekumaruwa..
SaKaqchikel, Kichwa inodzidziswa muzvikoro zvenharaunda, uye akawanda masangano echivanhu, akadai seConfederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), akarwira kuti ibatanidzwe muhurongwa hwedzidzo uye kucherechedzwa zviri pamutemo.
Mutauro weKichwa mucherechedzo wekupokana uye kubatana.Matauriro emazuva ese, nziyo, tsumo netsika zvichiri kuitwa muKichwa, zvichishanda sembiru yekubatana kwenharaunda nekusimbisa kuzivikanwa.
Tsika dzemagariro uye tsika dzemhuri: mhemberero, michato uye kukudzwa
Hupenyu hwenharaunda yerudzi rweKaqchikel neKichwa runoratidzwa nenhevedzano yetsika netsika dzinosimbisa hukama hwemhuri nehukama.Aya maitiro, vagari venhaka kune tsika dzakareba, vakakwanisa kugadzirisa uye kubatanidza nezvinhu zvehutsika hune simba pasina kurasikirwa kwavo.
Kaqchikel miitiro yekufamba uye mhemberero dzemhuri
- The "Muroora Proposal"Mutsika iyi, mhuri yechikomba inobvunza zviri pamutemo mhuri yemwenga ruoko rwake muwanano. Chiito chinobatanidza mhuri dzose dziri mbiri, apo mashoko eruremekedzo nezvipo zvokufananidzira anotsinhaniswa, uye hukama hwenzanga hunosimbiswazve.
- Zuva revafiPamusoro peZuva reVatendi Vese, veKaqchikel vanokudza madzitateguru avo nezvipiriso, mimhanzi, uye chikafu chechinyakare mumakuva. Iyi tsika inosimbisa kukosha kwendangariro neruremekedzo kune avo vakagadzirira nzira yezvizvarwa zvazvino.
Kichwa mhemberero dzemumba
Muchikamu cheKichwa, Miitiro yemhuri inotarisana nekudzokorora, kuremekedza vakwegura, uye kupembererwa kwehupenyu hwehupenyu.Kuberekwa, kutangwa, uye tsika dzewanano dzakatanhamara, umo nharaunda yese inotora chikamu uye inopa rutsigiro kunhengo itsva kana varoorani vatsva.
Crafts uye gastronomy: kusika, nhaka uye kuravira
Matauriro ehunyanzvi uye ezvekudya eKaqchikel neKichwa anoratidza hunyanzvi hwavo, kubatana kwavo nenharaunda uye kugona kwavo kugadzirisa.Ose ari maviri art uye gastronomy imotokari dzetsika kutapurirana uye zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa.
Kaqchikel hunyanzvi: machira, ceramics uye huni
Kaqchikel hunyanzvi hwakakurumbira nekuda kwehunhu hwayo uye chiratidzo. micheka yaro, simbi nematanda akavezwa.
- Textiles: Yakagadzirwa pamachira ekumashure nevakadzi, machira eKaqchikel anosanganisa mavara akajeka, geometric motifs, uye madhizaini anozivisa mapoka akasiyana. Nguo imwe neimwe yakasiyana, uye kusikwa kwayo inzira yakareba iyo inobatanidza unyanzvi hwokugadzira uye kugadzira.
- CerámicaKubva pre-Columbian mabviro, Kaqchikel pottery inosanganisira midziyo, zvimiro zvekushongedza, uye zvinhu zvetsika, zvakagadzirwa nemaoko uye kupfurwa muhuni dzechinyakare. Magadzirirwo acho anowanzo ratidza zvimiro zvemazuva ese uye zvinhu zveMayan worldview.
- MaderaKuvezwa kwehuni kubva pamidziyo yemumba kusvika kune yechitendero mifananidzo uye totems. Huni inobatwa sechinhu chinoera, uye kushandura kwayo kunoreva chiito chemweya uye kubatana nemadzitateguru.
Traditional Kaqchikel gastronomy
Kaqchikel cuisine inotenderedza chibage, bhinzi, chilies, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuno zvigadzirwa. Chibage ndicho chiratidzo par kunaka, chiripo mune tortillas, tamales uye atolesMamwe mabikirwo akajairika anosanganisira "jocon," nyama yehuku ine muto mutsvuku wakagadzirwa ne tomatillos nemishonga, uye "fiambre," yakagadzirirwa kunyanya kumhemberero. Panguva yemhemberero, pfungwa yekugovana chikafu inosimbisa kubatana uye mufaro wenharaunda.
Kichwa art uye chikafu: kubva pachirukwa kusvika patafura yenharaunda
Kudivi ravo, Kichwa inobudirira mukugadzira machira eshinda nedonje, tapestries dzine mavara ane mavara, neheti dzemashanga dzetoquilla. Umhizha inzira yekuzviraramisa uye chirevo chekuzivikanwaEmbroidery, ponchos, uye chumpis (mashishi akarukwa) zvinhu zvekare zvekupfeka zvechinyakare. Kichwa cuisine inowanda mundiro dzakadai selocro, quinoa soup, uye chibage chakagochwa, izvo zvinosimbisawo kubatana kwenharaunda kuburikidza ne mingas (mutambo wechinyakare wetsika dzechinyakare dzekuMexico).
Mamiriro azvino, matambudziko uye kurwira kumutsidzira
Nhasi, vese Kaqchikel naKichwa vakatarisana matambudziko makuru anobva murusarura, urombo uye kusabatanidzwa kwevanhuMuGuatemala, 56% yevagari vemo vanogara pasi pehurombo, nhamba inonyatsoratidza kusaenzana kwemaitiro. Kuwana dzidzo, hutano, uye mabasa ekutanga kwakadzikira zvakanyanya kumaruwa nekwavanogara kupfuura mumaguta.
Mamiriro emadzimai echivanhu akanyanya kutetepa, kubvira Vanofanira kusangana nekusabatanidzwa zvakapetwa kaviri nekuda kwedzinza ravo uye murume kana mukadziChiyero chekuverenga nekunyora chakaderera zvakanyanya pane avhareji yenyika, uye miitiro yerusarura inopfuurira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemagariro.
Collective mhinduro uye revitalization masangano
Pasinei nematambudziko, Nharaunda dzeKaqchikel neKichwa dzakagadzira network yemasangano kudzivirira nekusimudzira mutauro netsika dzavo.MuGuatemala, zvinotevera zvinomira pachena:
- : Inosimudzira zvirongwa zvedzidzo netsika kumutsiridza mutauro netsika.
- : Inotsvaga, inoronga uye inoparadzira mitauro yeMayan, kusanganisira Kaqchikel.
- : Inoshanda mukudzivirira kodzero dzechivanhu uye dzidzo yetsika.
- : Yakagadzirwa nezvikoro zvakazvimirira zvinogadzira zvekudzidzisa uye zvinoshanda nekunyudzwa kwemutauro.
MuEcuador, zviitiko zvakafanana zvakabuda kubva kumasangano echivanhu uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo yemitauro miviri.
Matambudziko makuru uye mitsara yekuita
- Dhizaini zvirongwa zvemutauro zvakakwana nekuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu uye zvinangwa zvakasimba.
- Kusimbisa the community school networks uye kuenderera mberi nekudzidziswa kwevadzidzisi.
- Kugadzira zvakawanda uye kusimudzira ruzivo nezve kukosha kwemitauro yemuno.
- Kutora chikamu mukutsinhana kwenyika uye zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa, senge izvo zvinokurudzirwa neNGO Garabide.
Nhaka yekuzivikanwa kwenyika nekondinendi
Mupiro weKaqchikel neKichwa kuGuatemala, Ecuadorian neLatin America tsika yakakura.Tsika dzavo dzeumhizha, dzezvekudya, dzechitendero, uye dzenharaunda dzinopfumisa nhaka yenyika, uye kurwira kwavo kwezuva nezuva kurarama kwetsika kunoshanda semuenzaniso wedunhu rese.
Mabasa emaoko, mimhanzi, tsika dzekurima uye kushandiswa kwemutauro wemunhu mbiru dzinotsigira pfungwa yekuva munhu., kupa hudzamu uye kusiyana-siyana kune kuzivikanwa kwenyika. Dzakawanda dzetsika dzinokosheswa nhasi, kubva kugastronomy kuenda kusangano renharaunda, dzine midzi yemuno yakasanganiswa nemamwe mipiro yetsika. Kuziva nhaka iyi idanho rinokosha rekusimudzira nzanga yakabatana inoremekedza kusiyana-siyana.
Kuendesa kuzvizvarwa zvitsva kwakakoshaNekuwedzera, vechidiki veKaqchikel neKichwa vanhu vari kubatanidzwa mukudzivirira kodzero dzavo, kudzorera mutauro wavo, kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemaoko, uye kutora chikamu munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Dzidzo yemitauro miviri, mitambo yetsika nemagariro, nenhepfenyuro yemitauro yechivanhu zvishandiso zviri kubereka zvibereko.
Kufungisisa kwekupedzisira
Vanhu veKaqchikel neKichwa vanomiririra simba, hunyanzvi, uye kusimba kwetsika dzechivanhu pamberi pezvinetso zvemazuva ano. Nenhoroondo inotora zviuru zvemakore, Vanoramba vachiratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuchengetedza mitauro, tsika uye zvivakwa zvenharaunda zvipenyu., kuchinjira kunguva pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu hwadzo. Kurwira kumutsiridzwa kwetsika nemitauro hakungopfumise nharaunda dzavo chete, asi inounza kukosha nekusiyana kumunhu wese. Kuswedera pedyo nenhaka yake uye kuziva matambudziko ake, pasina kupokana, ikokero yekukoshesa, kuremekedza uye kudzivirira. tsika hupfumi kugara muvanhu veko.
