Wanga uchiziva here kuti bhuku rekutanga kudhindwa muSpain rakanga risiri ringano guru kana chirevo chehuzivi, asi gwaro rechechi? Vazhinji vangashamisika kuwana kuti mavambo omuchina wokudhinda munyika yedu ane chokuita nezvikonzero zvorudzidziso uye, zvikurukuru, kudikanwo yokusiya chinyorwa chezvisarudzo zvedare rechechi rakaitwa mutaundi duku reCastilian. Ichi chiitiko chinoitika panguva yekuchinja kukuru kuEurope, panguva chaiyo Chinjo yokudhinda yakatanga kushandura kuparadzirwa yeruzivo mukondinendi yose.
Muchinyorwa chino tichaongorora nhoroondo inonakidza yebhuku rekutanga rakadhindwa muchiSpanish (uye kuSpain), iro rine mukurumbira 'Sinodal de Aguilafuente', asi isu tichaongorora zvakare. zvimwe zviitiko zvekutanga zve typographic art munharaunda yeSpanish, mamiriro ezvinhu akaipoteredza, vanhu vanobatanidzwa uye basa remuchina wokudhinda munzanga panguva iyoyo. Kana wakambozvibvunza kuti sei, rini uye nei mabhuku akatanga kudhindwa munyika yedu, Tinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga kuti udzidze zvese zvakavanzika uye anecdotes nezve yekutanga Spanish incunabula.
Nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zvekudhinda muSpain
Kusvika kwomuchina wokudhinda unotakurika muSpain kwakaitika makore makumi matatu chete pashure pokunge Johannes Gutenberg agadzirwa muMainz, Germany, muna 1440. Kunyange zvazvo Gutenberg akachinja Europe nehunyanzvi hwake hutsva, zvakatozosvika muna 1472 apo muchina wokudhinda wakatanga kushanda munyika yedu, uchitungamirirwa nevadhindi vedzimwe nyika uye pasi pesimba reChechi nevakuru venzvimbo.
Munguva iyi, Spain yaive mifananidzo yehumambo nematunhu mukuita kwekubatana. Nzira dzekufambira, kunyanya iyo Camino de Santiago, yakashanda senzira yevatsva vanosvika kubva kuCentral Europe. Uyezve, kusimukira kwehupfumi hwemaguta akaita seSegovia, Valencia, neSeville kwakafambisa kugadzwa kweshopu dzekudhinda.
Muchina wokudhinda waimiririra kusvetuka kwequantum mukufambiswa kwezivo, zvichiita kuti zvinyorwa zvibudiswe nokukurumidza, zvakarurama, uye mumabhii makuru. Kufambira mberi uku kwaive kwakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwetsika, dzidzo, uye hutungamiriri muhumambo hweHispanic.
The Aguilafuente Synod: bhuku rekutanga kudhindwa muchiSpanish nemuSpain
Rukudzo rwekuonekwa sebhuku rekutanga kudhindwa muSpain inowira pane inonzi "Sinodal de Aguilafuente", muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa zvechechi zvakagadzirwa panguva yedare redhiocesan rakaitwa muzhizha ra1472 mutaundi reAguilafuente, Segovia. Iri basa rine nhoroondo isingapokane kukosha nekuti rakadhindwa mu musangano uchangobva kuisirwa weGerman printer Juan Parix weHeidelberg, uyo akasuma muchina wokudhinda muSegovia pakukumbira kwaBhishopi Juan Arias Dávila.
'Aguilafuente Synod' ine mapeji makumi mana nemasere akadhindwa uye gumi nemana mapeji asina kunyorwa, anoitirwa kurekodha mamwe manotsi zvichitevera sarudzo dzeSinodhi. Chimiro chayo idiki, 235 x 175 mm, uye bepa rakashandiswa rakagadzirwa kubva mumucheka werineni. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti gore kana zita remudhindi harionekwi pabhuku, iro kwemazana emakore rakaunza kusahadzika kukuru uye gakava pamusoro pezuva raro rechokwadi rekudhinda.
Panyaya yezvirimo, Sinodhi inoburitsa mirau, zvisungo, uye kodzero dzaifanira kutevedzerwa nevafundisi nevatendi, maererano nezvinodiwa nabhishopi. Chinangwa chakanga chiri chokunyora—nokuda kwounyanzvi hutsva hwomuchina wokudhinda—mirau yaizobetsera kudzivisa pembedzo nemhaka yokusaziva mukati mechechi yomunzvimbomo.
Kopi imwe chete yepakutanga yasara, yakachengetedzwa negodo muSegovia Cathedral. Kuwanikwa kwayo muna 1930 nemuchengeti wezvinyorwa Cristino Valverde kwakagumisa mazana emakore ekuregeredzwa, zvichitibvumira kuzviziva nekuzvikoshesa nhasi mukukosha kwayo chaiko.
Kukosha kwechiratidzo uye nhaka yebhuku iri zvekuti gore rega rega, mutaundi reAguilafuente, chiitiko chekare chinoitwa chinomutsidzira mhepo uye mavara ekutanga sinodhi. Chiitiko ichi chinokwezva vashanyi vazhinji uye chinobatsira kuchengetedza ndangariro dzeichi chiitiko chakakosha mutsika dzeSpanish.
Mamwe mabasa okupayona: mabhuku uye mifananidzo mukutanga kudhindwa kweSpanish
Nokukurumidza pashure pokutsikirirwa kweAguilafuente Synod, mamwe maguta eSpain akavamba kutanhamara mundima yokutaipa. Valencia, semuenzaniso, akaona kuzvarwa kwebhuku rekutanga rekunyora rakadhindwa muSpain muna 1474: "Trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria".
Muunganidzwa wenhetembo uyu une nziyo makumi mana neshanu (kunyanya muchiValencian, pamwe nedzimwe muchiSpanish nechiItalian) yakatsaurirwa kusimudzira chimiro cheMhandara. Yakabudiswa naLambert Palmart pasi pehutungamiriri hwaViceroy Lluís Despuig uye mudetembi Bernat Fenollar, munhu anozivikanwa zvikuru muValencian tsika dzetsika.
Kunyangwe zuva chairo rekudhinda uye zita reprinta zvisina kutsanangurwa mucolophon, vatsoropodzi vakaratidza kuti inofanirwa kunge yakaburitswa gore rimwe chetero, 1474. Ikopi imwe chete ndiyo inopona, inogara muYunivhesiti yeValencia Raibhurari, iyo inowedzera kuwedzera zvinyorwa zvayo uye kukosha kwekunzwa kwevaValencian.
Fasciculus temporum
Kana zviri zvemufananidzo, Bhuku rekutanga rakadhindwa muSpain rine zvinyorwa "Fasciculus temporum", rakagadzirwa muSeville muna 1480 mumusangano weBartolomé Segura uye Alonso del Puerto. Iri bhuku rakanyorwa nenyanzvi yeGermany Werner Rolenvick rine mukurumbira nekugadzirwa kwaro kwehuni, gumi acho ari epakutanga uye mana akadzokorora, anoratidza zviitiko zvebhaibheri nezvengano. Hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye hwehunyanzvi hwemifananidzo iyi hwaive hwekuti hunoonekwa semuenzaniso wehunyanzvi hutsva hwenguva yayo.
Kuwedzera kwemuchina wokudhinda muSpain nemaitiro ayo etsika
Zvichitevera kubudirira kwemusangano waJuan Parix weSegovia, muchina wokudhinda wakatanga kuvambwa mune mamwe maguta anokosha paupenyu hwepfungwa uye hwechitendero. MuBarcelona neValencia, basa rekudhinda rakanyorwa kubva muna 1473, richisvika muSeville muna 1477 uye muSalamanca muna 1488, iro guta rekupedzisira richifanirwa kuve nzvimbo inotungamira yeyunivhesiti panguva yeRenaissance.
Vadhindi vekutanga vaiwanzova vokune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya vokuGermany neveItaly, kunyange zvazvo vatenzi veko zvishoma nezvishoma vakapinda. Tsigiro yeChechi nokudzivirirwa kwemadzimambo, zvikurukuru Madzimambo eKaturike, zvaikosha pakubatanidzwa kwomuchina wokudhinda, uyo waifarikanyawo mibayiro yemitero nokupinza munyika mukati mamakore awo okutanga, sezvinoratidzirwa mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana.
Pakati peakanyanya kuzivikanwa incunabula yakachengetedzwa muNational Library yeSpain Zvakanakisa zvinosanganisira zvidimbu zvakaita saJohannes Balbus's "Catholic", akadhindwa muMainz, kana kuti “Lux bella seu Artis cantus” (bhuku rekutanga rine mimhanzi yakabudiswa muSpain, muna 1492). Iko kuunganidzwa kweSpanish incunabula nhasi ndeimwe yeakanyanya kukosha muEurope, ine zviuru zvemakopi anowanikwa kune vanoongorora uye neruzhinji.
Mabhuku ekutanga ainyanya kunangana nezviri pamutemo, zvechitendero, zvekurapa, zvinyorwa, uye zvinyorwa zvedidactic. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara iGrammar yaNebrija, yakabudiswa muSalamanca muna 1492, yakarangarirwa kuva chinyorwa chokutanga chomutauro wechiCastilian uye chinhu chinokosha munhau yomutauro wechiSpanish.
Kuda kuziva uye nharo pamusoro pebhuku rekutanga rakadhindwa muchiSpanish
Nekufamba kwemakore, kuzivikanwa kwebhuku rekutanga kudhindwa kuSpain kwave kuri nyaya yemakakatanwa pakati penyanzvi. Pakutanga yaifungidzirwa kuti inoshanda se "Grammar" neMates (Barcelona), "Ethica, Oeconomica et Politica" naAristotle (zvichida muZaragoza kana Barcelona), kana kuti "Sacramental" naClemente Sánchez Vercial (yakadhindwa muSeville) inogona kubata uku kukudzwa.
Imwe dzidziso yakapararira yakapa kunaka uku ku "Mabasa uye Trobes muMaawa eVerge Maria", iyo yambotaurwa muunganidzwa wenhetembo dzeValencian. Zvakadaro, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura uye kuwanikwa kwekopi yeSegovia kwakabvisa kusava nechokwadi uye kwakabatanidza 'Sinodal de Aguilafuente' sebhuku rekutanga kudhindwa muSpain.
Zvinofadzawo kuziva kuti “bhuku rokutanga kudhindwa muSpain” rinowanzovhiringidzwa ne“bhuku rokutanga kudhindwa muchiSpanish.” Kunyangwe zvazvo Synod yaAguilafuente iriyo yekutanga mupfungwa dzose mbiri, mamwe ekutanga incunabula muchiSpanish, senge Nebrija's Grammar kana shanduro dzechitendero nezvemutemo, zvakabatsira zvine mutsindo mukuwedzera nekumisikidzwa kweCastilian.
Kutenda kune basa renyanzvi uye kuwanikwa kwemhando dzekutanga, Nhasi isu tinokwanisa kutsvaga uye nemazuva nemazvo kwakabva kudhinda munyika yedu. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwakajairwa kwemacolophons uye data rakadhindwa mumabhuku ekutanga, pane nguva dzose mukana wekuti kumwe kuwanikwa kutsva kunogona kuzunungusa kubvumirana kwazvino.
The Aguilafuente Synod nhasi: kuchengetedza, facsimiles uye kuparadzira
Kopi chete yeSinodhi yaAguilafuente yasara muSegovia Cathedral, asi editions yefakisi yakagadzirwa kuti idzidze nekuratidzwa. Imwe yenguva dzainyanya kufambisa yaive kuratidzwa kwefacsimile muchechi yeAguilafuente pachayo, chiitiko chakamutsiridza ndangariro yeguta uye chakashanda sechikonzero chekuronga misangano, mashopu, uye mitambo yemitambo.
Parizvino, National Library yeSpain inoratidzawo dombo iri. mukati mekuratidzira kwake "Incunabula", yakatsaurirwa kuparadzira iyo typographic nhaka yezana ramakore rechi 15 nerechi 16. Chiratidziro ichi chinosanganisira kusarudzwa kwe3.200 incunabula inoumba kuunganidzwa kwayo uye inoratidza maturusi ekunyora uye zvigadzirwa, kusanganisira mufananidzo wemuchina wokudhinda wemuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Kune vatsvakurudzi uye vanoda mabhuku ekare, digitization yeiyi incunabula inomiririra kubudirira kukuru. Mazhinji acho atovepo online, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubvunza uye kunakidzwa nevateereri pasi rese.
