Chikamu chechina chezana remakore rapfuura, the November 2 we2000Pa [zuva rakashaikwa], hatch yevashandi venguva refu paInternational Space Station (ISS) yakavhurwa kekutanga. Kubva ipapo, kuvepo kwevanhu pane iyi orbital laboratori kwave kuri isina kukanganiswakubatanidza chirongwa chine masangano nenyika dzakabatana zvisinei nekunetsana kuri panyika.
Ipo chiitiko ichi chiri kurangarirwa, NASA iri kugadzirira inodzorwa kubvisa pakutanga kwe2031 uye inovhura nzira yezviteshi zvekutengesa. Europe-ine ESA uye mupiro wakakosha weItaly mumamodule anogona kugarika-yave uye icharamba iripo chidimbu chakakosha mune ino shanduko.
Vashandi venguva dzose kubvira 2000
Rwendo rwekutanga rwaisanganisira Bill Shepherd (USA) uye cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev y Yuri Gidzenko, uyo akasvika muchikepe cheSoyuz, chikamu che soviet space programuye akaramba ari pedyo mwedzi mishanu (mazuva 136)Kutanga ikoko, muchiteshi chichiri chakaoma, kwakatanga kubatana kusati kwamboitika.
Kubva ipapo, maererano nekuverenga kweNASA, vakapfuura nepakati peISS vanenge 290 vanhu vanobva kunyika 26nezvikwata zvazvino zvino zvinosanganisa United States, Russia, Japan, uye vekuEurope vadyidzani. Kudyidzana pakati pemasangano-NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, uye CSA-inoenderera mberi. kushanda uye mvura pamwero wehunyanzvi.
Orbital tourism yakapinda munguva itsva apo Dennis Titus Akabhadhara rwendo rwake pachake muna 2001. Russia yakaramba ichitora vatengi vega, uye nekufamba kwemakore NASA yakabatana navo. vashandi vezvokutengeserana vane mvumo kwekugara kwenguva pfupi. Mhare Peggy Whitson, mukadzi wekutanga kuraira chiteshi makore apfuura, achangobva kutungamira mamishini ega.
Basa reEurope rave rinoshamisa: chikamu chikuru cheakamanikidzwa modules aive Ivo vakagadzirwa muItaly. nevazivi vemuchadenga vakadai Umberto Guidoni, Roberto Vittori, Paolo Nespoli, Luca Parmitano o Samantha Cristoforetti Dzava zviratidzo. Spain, senhengo yeESA, inotora chikamu kuburikidza zvirongwa uye payloads uye zvinotsigira Spanish astronaut mukati meEuropean framework.
Hupenyu pabhodhi: maitiro, maekisesaizi uye nguva dzevanhu
Chiteshi chaenda kubva pakuva nzvimbo rima uye kunyorova Mukutanga kwayo, yaive yakaoma saizi yenhandare yenhabvu ine marabhoritari akawanda. Nhasi zvaita Panoramic hwindo (Dome) yekuona Nyika nefoni ine internet kuti uzvishandise wega, zvekuti vazhinji vanoitsanangura se "a hotera yechina-nyeredzi"mu orbit."
Kuti ugare uine hutano mune microgravity, vashandi vanodzidzira kutenderera maawa maviri pazuvaVanoshandisa midziyo yakadai se ARED (kupikisa pasina uremu), the treadmill T2 nemahanisi uye bhasikoro CEVISPasina simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, muviri anorasikirwa nemapfupa —approx. Poshi 1% pamwedzi- uye kurovedza muviri kunova kwakakosha.
Hazvisi zvese zvekunyaradza: kuchine kwete shawa kana kuwacha Pabhodhi, mabhati esiponji anoshandiswa uye mbatya dzine tsvina dzinoraswa. Greenhouses dzakapa ruvara uye kudya kunovaka muviri kuburikidza nekurima chili mhiripiri uye zinniasVakatoedza muchina we espresso uye diki cookie oveni.
ISS yakagadzirawo nzvimbo yetsika uye zviratidzo zvekufananidzira. The Canadian Chris Hadfield Airidza mumhanzi ari mudome, uye nhabvu ine nhoroondo-yakabatana ne Challenger- yakayangarara sendangariro uye mutero. Pakave pasina kushomeka kwezvinetso zvekutamba zvisingaite, nguva dzose pasi pemitemo yakasimba yekuchengetedza.
Hupenyu hwega hahumire kana: mumakore ese aya, mamwe astronautas vakaroora kana kuti vave vabereki panguva yekugara kwavo. Pakati pavo, Mike Fincke Akasangana nekuzvarwa kwemwanakomana achitenderera Nyika.
Sayenzi mune microgravity
Izvi zvinotevera zvakaitwa paISS zviuru zvekuedza izvo zvaisazogoneka pasi: zvinhu sainzi, biology, physiology yevanhu, fluid fizikisi, nezvimwe. Europe yakatsigira akawanda mapurojekiti murabhoritari yeColumbus uye mumaraki akagovaniswa, ane migumisiro inoshanda hutano, indasitiri uye zvakatipoteredza.
Mushonga uri mu orbit wakatora matanho ekutanga, akadai sekuongororwa kure uye kurapwa kwe kugwamba kweropa mutsinga yejugular chemuchadenga, anotariswa kubva paNyika kusvika vadzoka vakachengeteka. Nyaya idzi dzakakwana kliniki protocol kuitira mishoni dzenguva refu.
Pakati pezviitiko zvakakosha, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukosha: mapatya kudzidza kubva kuNASA, tichienzanisa pamusoro pegore kugadziriswa kwe Scott kelly panzira nemukoma wake maka panyika. Uyezve, iyo particle spectrometer Yakaiswa kuburikidza neshuttle, yakawedzera chiyero chepamusoro-simba fizikisi uye yakaramba ichivandudzwa.
Zviitiko, kuchengetedza uye kuchembera kwechiteshi
Ma Operations haasi emazuva ese. Pakati pezvipingamupinyi zvakakomba ndezve pedyo nekunyura chemuchadenga panguva yekufamba muchadenga, the kurasikirwa kwechinguvana kwekutonga mushure mekubatana, diki kutsemuka nekudonha mhepo uye kutyisidzira kuri kukura kwe nzvimbo isina basa, izvo zvinomanikidza kutiza.
Nokufamba kwenguva, radiation uye micrometeorites Vanosimbisa zvinhu uye vanowedzera zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza. Extravehicular zviitiko (EVA) zvave zvakakosha kuunganidza, kugadzirisa, uye kusimudzira iyo yakaoma, kuyedza kunoenderera kune vanobatana-kusanganisira. Europe- vakapa ruzivo uye hardware.
Shanduko kune yakazvimirira chikamu uye basa reEurope
NASA yakapa SpaceX kondirakiti yechishandiso che deorbiting, ine kukosha padyo mabhiriyoni emadhora, mukati megadziriro ye nzvimbo inotangaUrongwa uhwu hunosanganisira kubatanidza mota inokwanisa kukwirira uye kutungamira chiteshi kune a controlled reentry pamusoro pePacific mukutanga kwa2031, kudzivirira kusiya marara munzira.
Mukufanana, Axiom Space achabatanidza a module iyo, isati yapera yeISS, ichatora kuti ive musimboti wechiteshi chekutengesa. Mamwe makambani ari kugadzira yavo pfungwa, nepo Crew Dragon Yakatsiva shuttle muna 2020 uye Soyuz Vanoramba vachishanda mukutenderera uye kutakura.
Europe inoshuvira kuchengetedza kuenderera kwevanhu kuvepo munzvimbo yakaderera yePasi orbit: ruzivo rweindasitiri - kunyanya mu Italian modules- uye nhaka ye European ATVPamwe chete nerabhoritari yeColumbus, vanoisa ESA semubatsiri akakodzera mune ino hupfumi hutsva hwe orbital, ine sarudzo dzezviridzwa, masevhisi uye zvivakwa zvenguva yemberi.
Chikamu chechina chezana remakore mushure mekusvika kweExpedition 1, ISS inofananidzira kubatana, kushandisa sainzi, uye kuchinjika. Pakati zviitiko zvesainziNehupenyu hwakasarudzika hwezuva nezuva uye kuronga pamudyandigere, chirongwa ichi chakateya hwaro hwechikamu chinotevera: zviteshi zvekutengesa, mishoni dzepasirese, uye kugadzirira kwetekinoroji kuenda. kure, kuMwedzi neMars.