Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, chikwata chepasi rose chevanachipangamazano vemhuka chave chichitevera zvakanyanya nharaunda inozivikanwa zvikuru yemachimpanzee emusango pasi rose: Ngogo, muKibale National Park (Uganda)Zvakatanga semuenzaniso wekugarisana kwakasimba kwave chimwe chezviitiko zvakanyanya zvemhirizhonga yemukati meboka zvakanyorwa mumhuka idzi.
Vaongorori vakatsanangura chokwadi "hondo yevagari" pakati pemachimpanzeeMukurwisana uku, vanhu vakakurira pamwe chete, vakabatana, uye vakaumba hukama hwepedyo vakazopedzisira vapatsanurwa kuita mapoka maviri asingawirirane. Kusawirirana uku, kwakaongororwa zvakadzama mumagazini yeScience, hakuna kungozunungusa nzanga yesainzi yepasi rose chete asi kwakavhurazve gakava pamusoro pezvinobatanidza uye zvinotiparadzanisa nehama dzedu dzepedyo dzinoshanduka-shanduka.
Kubva munharaunda yakabatana kusvika kumativi maviri anopikisana
Ngogo yakava nemukurumbira pakati penyanzvi neveruzhinji nekuda kwekugara vanhu vakawanda zvikuru: chimpanzee dzinosvika mazana maviri, nevarume vakuru vanopfuura makumi matatu, chimwe chinhu chiri pamusoro pezvakajairika mu mhando iyiDunhu ravo, riri pakati pesango reKibale, rine chikafu chakapfuma uye rakachengetedzwa zvishoma kubva kuvanhu nezvikara zvakaita sembada.
Pasinei nehukuru hwadzo, kwemakore chimpanzi dzekuNgogo dzaishanda senzvimbo imwe chete, dzichitevera shanduko yemazuva ano ye "kusanganiswa kwefission"Vakakamurana kwenguva pfupi kuita mapoka madiki kuti vafambe, vafambe-fambe, kana kuti vadye, asi vakaramba vaine hukama hwakasimba uye vakabatanazve nguva nenguva. Kusangana kwevanhu vanobva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo kwaiwanzova kweushamwari, nekuchinjana kwekushambidza, kutamba, uye kushandira pamwe mukudzivirira miganhu.
Zvese zvakachinja 24 June we2015Zuva iroro, vaongorori vakaona kekutanga maitiro akavavhiringidza: machimpanzi anobva kunzvimbo inonzi "nzvimbo" yekumadokero akanzwa mamwe marudzi ari pedyo, achibva pakati, uye pachinzvimbo chekusvika, akaramba akanyarara, aine nyonganyonga, nezviratidzo zvekutya uye achibata-bata muviri kuti adzikamise mumwe nemumwe. Vakaita sekunge avo vaiuya vaive vanhu vasingazivikanwe zvachose.
Apo chimpanzee dzepakati dzakaswedera pedyo, dzekumadokero dzakatiza uye kudzingirirana kwakatevera. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, Kusangana pakati pemapoka maviri aya kwakadzikira zvikuruUye kusawirirana kwakaramba kuripo kwemavhiki. Chinhu chakaita sechiitiko chimwe chete chakava kutanga kwekuparadzana kuri kukura munharaunda yepamusoro.
Kupatsanurwa kwechigarire: nharaunda mbiri uko kwaimbova neimwe
Pakati pa2015 na2017, masayendisiti akanyora kuti hukama hwaNgogo hwaigadziriswa sei. Kubatana kwerudo—sekushongedzana, kupuruzirana, uye kutamba—pakati pemachimpanzi munzvimbo dzepakati nekumadokero kwakaonekwawo. Vakatanga kubva pakuva vanowanzogara kusvika pakuda kunyangarikaMasocial network emukati, ayo aimbobatanidza nharaunda yese, akapatsanuka kusvika aratidza macore maviri akasiyana zvakajeka.
Pakazosvika gore ra2017 zvakanga zvatove pachena kuti kupatsanurana uku kwakanga kwakomba. Mapoka maviri akasimba akabatanidzwa: boka repakati neboka rekumadokeroBoka rekutanga rakaramba riine nhengo dzakawanda (vanhurume vakuru vanosvika makumi matatu nevakadzi vakuru vanosvika makumi mana), nepo boka rechipiri raiva nenhengo shoma asi rairatidzika kunge rakabatana. Mafambiro akatanga kupatsanurana nenzvimbo, uye kutenderera kwenzvimbo kwakarega kuitwa pamwe chete.
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chinotaurwa nevaongorori ndechekuti mwana wekupedzisira anobva mukubatanidzwa kwevakaroorana —murume wekuMadokero nemukadzi wekuboka repakati— akaberekwa muna 2018. Kubva ipapo, hapana kumwe kuroorana kwakaonekwa pakati pevanhu vanobva munharaunda mbiri itsva idzi, zvichiratidza kuti kupatsanuka kwehukama kwakaguma nekuparadzana kwekubereka.
Kupatsanuka kwacho kwakabatana nekuchinja kwakati wandei kwemukati: muna 2014, [mazita evanhu] akafa. varume vakuru vashanu nemukadzi mumwe chete Vanhu ava vaishanda sevanhu vanobatanidza mapoka madiki, uye muna 2015 pakava nekuchinja muhuwandu hwevarume vane alpha. Izvi zvakawedzerwa nedenda rekufema muna 2017 rakabata chikamu chevanhu. Zvese izvi zvinoita sekunge zvakabatsira mukuputsa kuenzana kwakabatanidza nharaunda.
Kubva pakusava nekuvimbana kusvika kumhirizhonga inouraya
Kunyange zvazvo mhirizhonga yairamba ichiitika zvishoma nezvishoma, mhirizhonga yakazotanga nechisimba. Muna Ndira 2018Varume vatatu vekuboka rekumadokero vakarwisa chimpanzi chine makore gumi nemashanu ekuberekwa chekuboka repakati, chinozivikanwa nevaongorori saErroll. Vakamubata pasi, vakamurova, ndokumuruma kusvika afa. Vacherechedzi vakatsanangura kuti, mushure mezvo, vapambi vacho vaiva nezvidimbu zvidiki zvenyama mumuromo mavo.
Uku ndiko kwaiva kurwiswa kwekutanga kwakanyorwa kwakauraya vanhu pakati pemapoka maviri matsva aya, asi kwete kwekupedzisira. Pakati pa2018 na2024, boka rekumadokero rakaita kanenge Kupinda kwemauto makumi maviri nemana munzvimbo yepakatiKurwiswa uku kwaiwanzotevera kufamba kwakarongeka kwemapurisa pamuganhu. Varume vakuru vanomwe nevana gumi nemanomwe veboka repakati vakaurayiwa mukurwiswa uku.
Vaongorori vanofungidzira kuti huwandu chaihwo hwevanhu vakaurayiwa hwakakwira, nekuti vechidiki vakawanda nevakuru vakanyangarika pasina chikonzero chakajeka. Sezvo mhuka dzacho dzaive dzakagwinya kare, fungidziro inogona kunge iri yekuti dzakafa nekuda kwekurwiswa kusina kuonekwa zvakananga mumunda.
Kurwiswa kwacho kwaityisa. Kana vari vakuru, pakati pegumi nemaviri negumi nemashanu echimpanzee Vaibata munhu wacho nepamusuwo, vomubata, vomurova nekumuruma kwemaminitsi gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu. Havashandisi maturusi kana zvombo zvekunze; rufu runowanzokonzerwa nekukuvara kwemukati uye kukuvara kwakakomba kwakawanda. Panyaya yevana vadiki, munhu mukuru mumwe chete aiwanzokwana kuvabvuta mumaoko aamai vavo vovauraya nekurohwa kana kurumwa mumasekonzi mashoma.
Kubva muna 2021, mhirizhonga yakawedzera zvakanyanya nekubuda kwe kuuraya vacheche kakawandaHuwandu hwevacheche vakafa kana kunyangarika hwakaita kuti nharaunda yepakati ive imwe yenzvimbo dzemusango dzechimpanzee dzine huwandu hwakaderera hwekupona hwakanyorwa kusvika pari zvino. Zviratidzo zvese zvinoratidza kuti, kubva pamaonero eboka rekumadokero, kubvisa vacheche veboka rinokwikwidzana navo kwakaderedza kukwikwidzana mune ramangwana kwezvekudya, nzvimbo, uye mikana yekubereka.
Zvinhu zvingave zvakakonzera hondo yevagari vemo
Vanyori vepepa rakaburitswa muScience vanongwarira pavanotaura nezve zvikonzero zvakasiyanaAsi, vanotaura nezvemusanganiswa wezvinhu izvo, kana zvabatanidzwa pamwe chete, zvingadai zvakasunda nharaunda kuti iparare uye ive nemhirizhonga. Pakati peizvi, zvinotevera zvinoonekwa pachena: boka rakakura zvisingawanzoitiki, yakasimba makwikwi ezviwanikwa, kufa kwevanhu vakakosha, shanduko dzehutungamiriri, uye zviitiko zvekurwara.
Mumarudzi mazhinji emhuka dzerudzi rwechikadzi, mapoka makuru anowanzo patsanurana kakawanda kuderedza makwikwi emukati. Zvisinei, kuputika kwechigarire hakuwanzoitiki mumachimpanzee. Zvidzidzo zvemajini zvinoratidza kuti maitiro akadaro anogona kuitika, paavhareji, kamwe chete pamakore mazana mashanu ega ega mumapoka emusango.
Muenzaniso unonyanya kutaurwa nezvawo inyaya yakakurumbira yakanyorwa na Jane Goodall muGombe, Tanzania Mumakore ekuma1970, nharaunda yemachimpanzi yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri izvo zvakaguma nehondo inouraya. Chiitiko ichocho chakakonzera gakava nekuti mhuka dzaipihwa chikafu nevaongorori, izvo zvingave zvakachinja maitiro adzo. Zvisinei, muNgogo, machimpanzi haana kumbobvira apihwa chikafu, izvo zvinopa kukosha kwakanyanya kune zvataurwa pari zvino.
Nyanzvi dzezvetsika dzechivanhu dzakadai senyanzvi yezvevanhu Brian Wood dzinotaura nezvetsananguro ine chekuita nezvakatipoteredza nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu: muboka guru kudaro, makwikwi enzvimbo uye evakadzi —kuti dzinoberekana makore mashoma ega ega—zvinogona kuva chinhu chikuru. Kugwinya kwe "Darwinian" hakuonekwi chete nekuwanda kwevana vanobereka munhu mumwe nemumwe, asiwo nekuwanda kwevana vevanokwikwidzana navo. Kuderedza mwero wekurarama kweboka rinokwikwidzana ndeimwe nzira yekuwedzera mukana wemunhu.
Dzimwe nyanzvi, dzakadai senyanzvi yezvekutanga kwemhuka Miquel Llorente, dzinosarudza kusimbirira papfungwa yekuti pane chinhu chinogona kuitika. kusaenzana kwezvakatipoteredzaKuchengetedza chimpanzee dzinosvika mazana maviri munzvimbo imwe chete kunoda simba guru uye mari yakawanda pamagariro evanhu. Kubva pamaonero aya, kuparadzaniswa kwacho kwaisazova "sarudzo yemagariro evanhu" asi kunokonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwenguva refu kwezvinhu, izvo zvingadai zvakaita kuti kubatana kweboka kusarambe kwakasimba kwenguva refu.
Hondo yevagari vemo kana chimwewo chinhu? Nhaurirano pamusoro pemutauro
Kunyangwe izwi racho "hondo yevagari" Kunyange zvazvo zvakakwezva kutariswa kwenhau, nyanzvi dzinoverengeka dziri kukurudzira kuti vanhu vangwarire. Aaron Sandel, munyori mukuru wechidzidzo ichi, iye pachake anobvuma kuti haana kugutsikana nezita iroro, kunyangwe chiitiko ichi chakafanana nekusawirirana kwevanhu mukati.
Chinonyanya kutaurwa ndechekuti chirwere chinouraya chinotanga panguva ino. Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yezvemhuka dzekare, Josep Call, chisimba chinotanga kana mapoka maviri aya atopatsanurwaHazvisi nyaya yekuti vanhu vanogara pamwe chete pasi pehurongwa humwe chete hwevanhu, kubva pazuva rimwe kusvika kune rinotevera, vanotanga kurwisana pachena, asi inyaya yekuti vanhu vanotanga kupatsanuka vozopinda muhondo.
Uyezve, shoko rokuti "hondo yevagari vemo" rine pfungwa dzevanhu chaidzo: pfungwa, zviratidzo, hunhu hwenyika kana hwechitendero, zvinangwa zvematongerwo enyika. Hapana chimwe chezvizvi chiripo mumachimpanzee sezvatinonzwisisa mumarudzi edu. Mhirizhonga yavo inonyanya kukonzerwa nenzira dzezvinhu zvipenyu zvakananga, dzakadai sekudzivirira nzvimbo, makwikwi ekubereka, kana kudzivirira zviwanikwa zvakakosha.
Nyanzvi dzakadai saAna Fidalgo, purezidhendi weSpanish Primatological Association, dzinosimbisa chimwe chinhu: kukosha kwekusaderedza kukosha kwe kuomarara kwevanhu vemhuka idziKunyangwe vangasava nemafungiro akafanana, vane mambure ekubatana, masisitimu ekutsigirana, kuyanana, uye kupatsanuka kwevanhu kunogona kuwedzera kana kuderedza kusawirirana. MuNgogo, kuputsika kuri kuita hukama uhwu kunoita sekunge ndiko kwakatangira mhirizhonga.
Nhaurirano yemashoko haisi nyaya diki. Vaongorori vakati wandei vanonyevera nezvenjodzi yekuwira mumusungo we anthropomorphismKureva, kuratidza mapoka evanhu pamaitiro emhuka. Kana tikataura nezve "mauto," "maitiro ehondo," kana "ruvengo rwemadzinza" mumachimpanzee, tiri pangozi yeku tsanangura zvisizvo maitiro acho zviri panjodzi uye kurerutsa chiitiko icho, pachacho, chakaoma zvikuru.
Kufanana uye kusiyana nechisimba chevanhu
Muedzo wekuenzanisa Ngogo ne hondo dzevanhu Zviri pachena. Chimpanzee nebonobos ihama dzedu dzepedyo dzinoshanduka-shanduka, uye kwemakumi emakore kwave nekukakavadzana pamusoro pekuti kurwiswa kwemhuka idzi kunogona kutibatsira sei kunzwisisa kwedu. Zvisinei, vanyori vechidzidzo ichi pachavo vanosimbirira kuti mifananidzo inofanira kubatwa nekungwarira.
Nyanzvi yezvevanhu John Mitani, munyori weongororo iyi, anotaura kuti, kunyange hazvo vanhu vachitamburawo nehondo nezviitiko zvechisimba chakanyanya, Nguva zhinji tinogara pamwe chete nenzira ine rugarekunyangwe munharaunda huru dzine mabhiriyoni evanhu. Anotaura kuti izvi zvinotiita rudzi rwevanhu vasina rusarura uye vanoshandira pamwe, vachiwanzobatsira kunyange vanhu vatisingazive.
Kusiyana neizvi, chimpanzee dzinowanzoona vanhu vekunze—kunyangwe kana vaimbova chikamu cheboka ravo—sevanhu vavengi vanogonaDzinowanzo chengetedza hukama hwehasha uye dzimwe nguva hune njodzi pakati penharaunda. Kusiyana neizvi, dzimwe mhando dzemhuka dzine hukama hwakasimba, dzakadai sebonobos, hadziratidzi mhirizhonga inouraya pakati pemapoka uye dzinoonekwa sedzinoshivirira zvakanyanya.
Chidzidzo chaNgogo chinopesana nepfungwa yekuti mhirizhonga yevanhu pamwe chete Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa zvakanyanya nezvinhu zvetsika zvakaita sechitendero, rudzi, kana mafungiro. Kana muzvimupanzi, zvisina zvinhu izvi zvekufananidzira, kugadziridzwa kuri nyore kwehukama hwevanhu uye kurasikirwa kwezvinobatanidza zvakakosha zvakakwana kukonzera kurwiswa, pamwe mumarudzi edu munewo nzira dzakadzama dzehukama dzinoshanda nezvinhu zvetsika.
Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinoverengeka dzekuSpain dzinosimbisa kuti Chimpanzee hadzigone kushandiswa sechikonzero kururamisa mhirizhonga yevanhu vemazuva ano, inozivikanwa nezvombo zvekuparadza vanhu vazhinji, mazano akaomarara ezvematongerwo enyika, uye huwandu hwekuparadza husina kumboonekwa mune dzimwe mhuka. Nyaya yaNgogo inogona kupa zviratidzo nezve hwaro hwepolarization, asi haibvisi vanhu mutoro.
Zvinoratidzwa naNgogo nezvekubatana, kupatsanuka, uye rugare
Kupfuura hunhu hunoshamisa hwenyaya iyi, vazhinji vanoongorora nezvekutanga kwemhuka vanoona Ngogo senzira yakanaka yekunzwisisa kuti nyaya iyi yakapararira sei. Kubatana kwevanhu kwakaomaKwemakore, chimpanzee munharaunda iyi dzaigovana nzvimbo, kufamba-famba, kuvhima, uye kuchengetwa kwevana. Kuparadzana uku hakuna kuitika kamwe chete; kwakakonzerwa nekuderera kwehukama zvishoma nezvishoma, kurasikirwa kwevanhu vakakosha, uye kusawirirana kwakaungana.
Sezvinotaurwa nenyanzvi dzetsika dzemhuka, chidzidzo chinonyanya kubatsira chingave chisiri chekuti chisimba hachidzivisiki, asi chakasiyana zvachose: Runyararo runoda kugara ruchigadziriswaMumachimpanzee, kuyanana, kurongeka, uye kubatana kunochinjika zvinobatsira kuderedza kusawirirana. Kana nzira idzi dzikasashanda zvakanaka kana kuti dzikarega kushanda, kupatsanurana kunogona kusagadzirisika.
Kune vesainzi vekuEurope neSpain, nyaya yeNgogo inoratidzawo kukosha kwe zvidzidzo zvenguva refu mumhuka dzerudzi rweprimatesDai pasina makumi matatu emakore ekutarisa nguva dzose, neruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemafambiro, hutongi, hukama, uye masocial network, zvingadai zvisina kuitika kugadzirazve nenzira chaiyo nzira yakatungamira kubva kuboka guru revanhu vakabatana kusvika kumapoka maviri anorwisana.
Panguva iyo mapoka mazhinji emhuka dzerudzi rweAfrica ari kutyisidzirwa ne kurasikirwa nepekugaraKuvhima vanhu zvisiri pamutemo uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, rudzi urwu rwekutsvagisa runopa ruzivo rwakakosha kwete nezvemaitiro avo chete, asiwo nezve mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti ichengetweKunzwisisa kuti hukuru hweboka, kuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa, kana chirwere zvinokanganisa sei kugadzikana kwevanhu kunogona kubatsira kugadzira nzira dzekudzivirira dzinoshanda.
Muchidimbu, nyaya yehondo yevagari vemo pakati pemachimpanzi ekuNgogo inoratidza kuti Muganho uripo pakati pekushandira pamwe nekusawirirana unogona kuva mutete.Kunyangwe pakati pevanhu vakagara hupenyu hwavo hwese, iyo yaimbova nharaunda yakabatana yakashanduka kuita mapoka maviri anodzivisana, anotenderera miganhu isingaoneki, uye, kakawanda, anorwisana nechisimba icho dzimwe nguva chinoyeuchidza kusawirirana kwedu, kunyangwe ichipindura kune pfungwa dzakasiyana. Kune vesainzi, girazi iri riri kure rinoshanda kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mhuka idzi uye kuti tifungisise nezvekuenzanisa kwakasimba kunochengetedza nzanga dzedu.