Musoro we piramidhi yekare kwazvo munyika inokurukurwa zvakanyanya kupfuura nakare kose. Panguva iyo Guinness rekodhi anoziva the Nhanho Piramidhi yeDjoser MuEgypt, ongororo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti chikamu chesaiti ye Gunung Padang (Indonesia) yakatanga makumi ezviuru zvemakore, ichivhurazve gakava rakanyanya kupomerwa zvedzidzo.
Tsvakurudzo, inotungamirwa na Danny Hilman Natawidjaja uye yakabudiswa mumagazini Archaeological Prospection, inotsanangura musimboti we andesite lava modelling uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvikamu zvekuvaka overlapping. Vanyori varo vanoratidza kuti chimiro chekare chakatanga sechikomo chinoputika chaizove chakashandurwa nekuveza uye kuvharira kuronga maitiro.
Chii chinozivikanwa uye izvo chidzidzo chitsva chinounza patafura
Kune masangano epamutemo, nzvimbo yekutanga inoramba iri piramidhi yakatsikwa ye djoser, in the Saqqara necropolisIchi chivakwa, chakaverengerwa mugadziri Imhotep uye chakanyorwa kutenderedza 2630 BC C., rakanyorwa sepiramidhi rekare rine kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo, chiitiko chakakosha icho Guinness rekodhi inotsigira nhasi.
Basa riripo Gunung Padang inoratidza, zvisinei, kuti pasi pemateru anooneka pane akavigwa akaturikidzana ekare zvikuru. Maererano nechikwata, the andestic musimboti ingadai yakave yakavezwa nekudzikamiswa, uye geochronological dating yemasendi inonongedzera zviuru zvemakore pamberi pekurima; mamwe masampuli evhu anosvika mazera anosvika anenge 27.000 makore, uye vanyori vanoisa kupindira kwevanhu kwekare kumativi ose makumi ezviuru.
Techniques, chronology uye kufanana kwekuchera matongo
Chikumbiro chinoratidza kuvepo kwehunyanzvi hwekuita zvekuti, kana hwasimbiswa, hwaizodzokera kumashure nguva yekupedzisira yechandoIzvi zvaizopikisa nhoroondo yakajairika yekuti kuvaka kukuru kwakazvarwa neNeolithic yezvekurima, sezvo yaizoisa maitiro epamberi pamberi peiyo. 11.000 makore zvine chekuita nekuwedzera kwekurima.
Vanyori vanobatanidza iyi hypothesis nemamwe ma enclaves akaomarara, akadai Göbekli Tepe (Türkiye), kuenzanisira kuti dzimwe nzanga dzakakwanisa kutarisira ruzivo rwehunyanzvi zvinozivikanwa kare mabhuku asati ataura. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, Gunung Padang ingave yakanyanyisa nyaya, uko gomo rinoputika ringadai riri akashanda kusvika kumisa imwe akatsika architecture.
Zvirambidzo kubva munharaunda yezvidzidzo uye ongororo inoenderera
Kutsoropodza hakuna kunonoka kuuya. The archaeologist Flint Dibble, kubva kuCardiff University, akaudza muzvarirwo uyo anoona pasina humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti zvidimbu zvakavigwa zvave yakagadzirwa nevanhuZvinoenderana netsananguro yake, mamwe maitiro ekumisikidza anogona kuoneka kana zvinhu zvinokunguruka pamateru, pasina kupindira.
Mutsara mumwe chete, Bill Farley, kubva kuSouthern Connecticut State University, inobvuma izvozvo mazuva evhu vakura vanowirirana murabhoritari, asi kusavapo kwe zviratidzo zvekuita kwevanhu (semarasha, zvimedu zvemabhonzo kana zvimwe zvisaririra) muchikamu chemazuva.
Tichifunga nezve gakava, iyo co-edition ye Archaeological Prospection akasimbisa kuti a yakatovhurwa tsvakurudzo yekunyora pachinyorwa. Iyi nhanho haikanganisi basa, asi inosanganisira imwe ongororo yemaitiro, data uye mhedziso zvakaunzwa nechikwata.
Kuvhurika kwekuongorora uye zvazvingazoreva kune prehistory
Kune rumwe rutivi, Natawidjaja akasimbirira kuti chirongwa ichi chakavhurika kuongororwa nenyika dzese: timu inoti inoda kugamuchira vaongorori kubva kune chero nyika kuti vadzidze. Gunung Padang pasi. Iko kukokwa kunotsvaga kuwedzera mukana kune samples, marekodhi emunda, uye maitiro ekuongorora.
Kana basa remangwana richisimbisa kupindira kwevanhu kwekare, kuwanikwa kwacho kunomanikidza rongazve kuverengwa kwenguva ye monumental architecture uye kufunga patsva hukama pakati pekuvaka kuoma uye sedentarization. Kana, pane zvinopesana, zvichiratidzwa kuti maficha anoteerera maitiro echisikigo uye pekugara dzinotevera, rekodhi inochengetwa mu djoser uye nhaurirano ingadai yakashanda kunatsiridza humbowo uye kufambidzana.
Nharo haina kuvharwa: pakati pea rekodhi yepamutemo kuti nhasi inotsigira Djoser uye fungidziro yekuda pamusoro peGunung Padang, kiyi ichave yekuunganidza yakasimba, inodzokororwa uye nevezera-yakaongororwa humbowo hunozotibvumidza kumisa, pasina kujeka, chimiro chipi chinogona kutakura zita rekuti piramidhi yekare kwazvo munyika.
