Kana ukakumbirwa kufungidzira dinosaur ine zvombo, ungangofunga nezvayo mahwendefa ane mapfupa, nyanga, kana miswe yakaita sekirabhuZvakafanana neankylosaurs kana maceratopsians makuru ekare. Zvisinei, chisaririra chakawanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina chasvika pakuputsa chinyorwa ichocho chekare ndokutanga hurukuro: iguanodon diki yakafukidzwa neminhenga isina chinhu muganda rayo, chimwe chinhu chisina kumbobvira chanyorwa muboka iri remhuka dzinodya zvinomera.
Uyu gamba guru, akabhabhatidzwa sa Haolong dongiZvachinja zvataiziva. pamusoro pemuviri weiguanodonts uye, zvinosuwisa, pamusoro pekusiyana kweganda mumadinosaur asiri eshiri. Nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwakakwana kwenyama dzavo dzakapfava uye kushandiswa kwetekinoroji dzakanaka kwazvo dzemifananidzo, masayendisiti akakwanisa kudzidza ganda ravo zvakadzama, kusvika pakusiyanisa masero eganda rimwe nerimwe akachengetedzwa kwemakore mamiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri nemashanu.
Haolong dongi: iguanodon ine minzwa isina kuonekwa ichiuya
Kwemakore anoda kusvika mazana maviri, MaIguanodont ave ari boka re "classic" re herbivorous dinosaurschikamu chakakosha chekunzwisisa kuti mhuka huru dzinodya zvirimwa dzeEarly Cretaceous dzaive dzakaita sei. Mapfupa ayo, mazino ayo akaita semashizha akafanana neeiguana dzemazuva ano, uye maitiro ayo ekudya zvinoenderana ne mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwaAsi hatina kana ruzivo rwakakwana nezveganda rake.
Zvese izvi zvakachinja nekuwanikwa kwakaitwa muChina kwe mapfupa evana ava anenge akwana uye achiri kuumbwapamwe chete nenzvimbo huru dzeganda rakachekwa. Chisaririra ichi chakaonekwa mumadhaka eLower Cretaceous, kubvira kare 125 mamirioni emakore, mumamiriro ezvinhu epasi pevhu aifarira kuchengetedzwa kwakaoma zvikuru kwenyama dzakapfava.
Chikwata chepasi rose chakatungamira tsvakurudzo iyi chinotungamirwa nemasayendisiti kubva ku Nzvimbo yeFrance yeSainzi yeKutsvagurudza (CNRS), pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekuChina. Muenzaniso uyu uri kudzidzwa pa Anhui Geological MuseumMuguta reHefei, mune musiyamu yakazvisimbisa senzvimbo yekucherechedza pasi rose mukuchengetedzwa kwezvisaririra zveMesozoic zvemhando yepamusoro.
Rudzi rutsva rwakapihwa zita Haolong dongi vachikudza nyanzvi yezvemapfupa Dong ZhimingMunhu akakosha mukukura kwe dinosaur paleontology muChina. Nezita iri, vaongorori havangozivi chete basa rake, asiwo basa guru renyika yeAsia mukuwana kukuru kwemakumi emakore achangopfuura.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, maIguanodont airatidzika kunge ari boka rinozivikanwa zvikuru pahunhu hwemuviri, asi pane zvinhu zvishoma zvinoshamisa zvasara kuti zviratidzwe. Zvisinei, ganda remwana uyu rakaratidza kuti Nyaya yeIguanodontia yakanga ichiri nemakadhi asina kutamba.kunyanya maererano nezvivakwa zvakapfava zvisingambofi zvakachengetwa muzvinyorwa zvezvisaririra.
Ganda rakaumbwa nemapfupa zvakadzama: makwati, matubercles uye mitsipa isina chinhu
Chii chinoshamisa zvechokwadi nezvezvisaririra zve Haolong dongi Hazvisi zvakanyanya mumapfupa asi zviri mugandaGanda racho rakachengetedzwa zvakanaka zvekuti rinotibvumira kuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzemakwara uye maumbirwo aro, chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitika mumadinosaur eornithischian.
Vaongorori vanotsanangura kuvapo kwe makwande makuru ane zvidimbu, akabatana nemuswevachigadzira rudzi rwe "zvombo" zvinochinjika, uye makwande akafanana neakaita sematuberculate akakomberedza mutsipa nechipfuva. Maitiro aya akasiyana zvakajeka neaya akaonekwa mune mamwe ma iguanodont, umo maratidziro eganda anozivikanwa anowanzoratidza makwande akafanana uye asina kusiyana zvakanyanya.
Chinokosha pakudzidza ndechekuti, zvakasanganiswa pakati pezviyero izvi, zvinoonekwa mitsipa yeganda inochengetwa kunyange padanho remaseroKuti vaone chimiro chayo chemukati, chikwata chakashandisa maX-ray scans ane resolution yepamusoro uye zvikamu zvitete kwazvo zve histological, izvo zvakavabvumira kudzidza ganda rakaumbwa pasi pemaikorosikopu nekunyatsoongorora.
Ongororo idzi dzakaratidza kuti imwe neimwe yemitsipa iyi yakaratidza chimiro chakaita sedenderedzwa uye chisina chinhuYaiva ne stratum corneum yakakora zvikuru yakafukidza epidermis ine mativi akawanda. Mukati, misana yacho yakanga yakakomberedza ganda repakati rine chitarisiko chine maburi, zvinoratidza kuvapo kwenyama yakapfava yakavharirwa kana kuti isina kuvharwa mukati mehupenyu hwemhuka.
Mukutaura kwezvimiro zve microstructure, mitsipa iyi Hazvina kutomboenderana nemapapiro emhuka anotsanangurwa mune mamwe ma theropods Uye hadzifanani nemapfupa ane makwande ezvinokambaira zvemazuva ano, zvichiratidza kuti dzakatangira zvakasiyana. Hadzifananiwo nemapfupa emapfupa kana mapundu ari muganda; inhengo dzeganda, dziri pedyo nepfungwa ye "cutaneous spike" pane yezvombo zvemazuva ano zvemapfupa.
Rudzi rwekudzivirira rusina kumbobvira rwaonekwa mumadinosaur anodya miriwo
Kusvika pakaburitswa basa iri, Pakanga pasina humbowo hwakasimba hwemitsipa yeganda yerudzi urwu mumadinosaurMhuka dzinodya zvinomera dzichishandiswa kuzvidzivirira nehukuru hwadzo, miswe yakasimba, maplate ekudzivirira, kana mapundu akajeka emapfupa, asi kwete ne "ganda" remitsipa yeganda seyaishandiswa nemwana wechidiki we Haolong dongi.
Vanyori vechidzidzo ichi vanoenzanisa mashandiro angangoita ezvimiro izvi neaya ezvigunwe zvenungu zvemazuva ano: nzira yekudzivirira zvikaraKunyange zvazvo tisiri kutaura nezvemhuka yakarova misana yayo kana chimwe chinhu chakadaro, ganda rakafukidzwa nepfungwa dzakasimba, dzisina chinhu raizoedza nepese parinogona kuruma mhuka dzinodya nyama.
Rudzi urwu rwekudzivirira rusina kupindira rwaizova nemusoro chaiwo mune nzvimbo ine huwandu hwakawanda hwemadhinosaurs madiki etheropodVachikurumidza uye vachifarira mikana, vaigona kuona mhuka diki inodya zvinomera semhuka iri nyore kubata. Pakumanikidzwa uku, chifukidziro chakaita seminzwa chaizobatsira zvikuru, kunyanya vasati vasvika pahukuru hwakakura hunowanzoitwa neshiri dzakawanda dzeiguanodont dzakura.
Maitiro ekudzivirira Haolong dongi Zvichida chaive chikamu chezvirongwa zvakawanda: kuchinja kwechimiro, kutiza nekukurumidza, kugara pamwe chete, uye kushandisa chifananidzo che "conical thumbnail"Izvi zvakanyorwa zvakanaka mune dzimwe mhando dzeiguanodonts, sechishandiso chekupedzisira. Mitsetse yeganda inowedzera dziviriro, zvichiita kuti kurwisa ganda zvakananga kuve pfungwa yakaipa.
Kuwanikwa uku kunowedzera huwandu hwemhinduro dzekudzivirira dzakanyorwa mumadinosaur anodya zvinomera, zvichiratidza kuti Zvaisangova zve "kuwedzera mapfupa" kana "kuwedzera uremu hwemuviri"Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yakaongororawo dziviriro yakavakirwa panyama dzakapfava dzakaoma, dzatisingawanzo ziva uye dzinongoonekwa chete muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki seizvi.
Zvinopfuura nhumbi dzekudzivirira: kudzora kupisa kwemuviri uye kunzwa kwezvakatipoteredza
Kuwedzera pabasa radzo sedziviriro inogona kubva kuzvikara, chimiro chemhino chemusana chakaita kuti vaongorori vataure kuti mabasa echipiri ane chekuita nekupisa kwemuviriSezvo zvikamu zvemachubhu zvakazara nemhepo uye zvakabatana neganda, zvaigona kubatsira kubvisa kana kuchengetedza kupisa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze.
Mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana, sisitimu ye spike yakaita seiyi inogona kushanda se chinochinja-chinja kupisa chinoshanda zvakanakakuwedzera nzvimbo yemuviri pasina kuwedzera huremu hwakawandisa. Pamwe chete nekuyerera kweropa kuganda, zvinogona kunge zvakabatsira kudzora tembiricha yemukati memhuka, zvakakosha kuti mhuka irambe ichishanda nguva dzose munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzine shanduko huru.
Imwe fungidziro inonakidza ndeyekuti basa rinogoneka rekunzwa kana remechanoreceptorKuvapo kweganda remukati meganda kunoratidza kuti misana yacho inogona kunge yakachengetwa kana kuti, zvirinani, yakabatana nemagumo etsinga dziri muganda. Izvi zvinovhura mukana wekuti ganda rinzwe zvakanyanya kana rabatwa, kudedera, kana kufamba kwemhepo.
Dai zvakadaro, taizotarisana nerudzi rwe "Kunzwa kwechitanhatu kwekugunzva" mudhinosauri rinodya zvinomeraYaikwanisa kuona nemazvo zvaiitika zvakaipoteredza, kungave zvikara zvaiuya zvichivande, shanduko mumiti, kana shanduko mumhepo. Yaisazova yakanyatsonaka sendebvu dzemhuka dzinoyamwisa, asi yaizova nzira yekuwedzera yekunyevera.
Kushanda kwakawanda kwemidzi iyi—kudzivirira, kudzora kupisa, kunzwisisa nharaunda—kunoenderana zvakanaka nepfungwa dzekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu: Zvivakwa hazvigari kwenguva refu kana zvichingoshanda chinangwa chaicho.Zvakajairika kuti hunyanzvi humwe chete hushande zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana panguva imwe chete kana, nekufamba kwenguva, "hunogona kudzokororwa" kuita mashandisirwo matsva, anobatsira zvikuru.
Nhevedzano yevechidiki ine mibvunzo yakawanda isina mhinduro
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza pamusoro pemafossil ndechekuti Zviri pachena kuti ndeyavanhu vechidiki.Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakatevedzana iyo, parizvino, isina mhinduro chaiyo: Ko vakuru vari mu Haolong dongi Vakachengeta mitsetse iyi, vakairasikirwa nayo panguva yekukura, kana kutoikudziridza zvakare?
Mumhuka dzakawanda nhasi, zvivakwa zvinodzivirira kana zvinoratidzira zvinosiyana nezera: Zvigadziko, nyanga, uye misana zvinogona kuoneka, kushanduka, kana kutetepa. sezvo chipenyu chichikura. Zvinogoneka kuti mitsipa yeganda iyi yaikosha zvikuru panguva dzekushaya simba kukuru, dzakadai sehucheche hwedinosaur nekuyaruka kwayo.
Vaongorori vanobvuma kuti, pasina mienzaniso yevanhu vakuru iri mumamiriro akafanana ekuchengetedzwaHazvigoneki kuziva zvechokwadi. Zvinowanikwa nemhedzisiro iyi ndezvekuvhura nzira itsva dzekutsvaga: kuongorora zvakaunganidzwa zvakambocherwa, kuongorora zvimwe zvisaririra zveiguanodont zvakanyanya, uye kushandisa matekiniki epamusoro ekufungidzira uko kwakangoitwa zvidzidzo zvepamusoro chete kare.
Kuchengetedzwa kwemasero kwakasimudzira nyaya iyi kusvika pachikamu che "hwindo rakasiyana" rekareKuchengetedzwa kwe keratinocytes, zvikamu zvakasiyana zve epidermis, uye kunyange chikamu chekurongeka kwemukati meganda reganda kunoita kuti chisaririra ichi chive chinhu chakakosha pabasa remangwana paganda redinosaur.
Kusvikira mimwe mienzaniso yaonekwa, ontogeny ye Haolong dongi Zvicharamba zviri chakavanzika, asi chokwadi chekuti ndakanyora nezvemitsipa iyi mumwana mudiki chinoratidza kuti Matanho ekutanga ehupenyu angangodaro aive "akachengetedzwa" zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaifungwa kusvika pari zvino.
MaIguanodont: kubva kuvavambi vepanguva yekare kusvika kune vanhu vanonyanya kutaurwa nezvavo
MaIguanodont chikamu che madinosaur ekutanga akatsanangurwa nesainziKubva muzana remakore rechi19, dzave dziri chinhu chakakosha mukuvakazve nzvimbo dzeMesozoic, kunyanya idzo dzeEarly Cretaceous dzeEurope neAsia, uko vamwe vevamiriri vadzo vaisvika kureba kwemamita gumi nemaviri kana gumi nematatu uye huremu hwaisvika matani matatu.
The mukurumbira iguanodon Semuenzaniso, yekuEurope yaive ornithopod hombe inodya zvinomera. yairarama pakati pemakore mamiriyoni zana nemakumi matatu kusvika zana nemakumi maviri apfuura. Yaizivikanwa nekusimba kwayo, makumbo ayo ekumashure ane simba, mazino ayo akanyatsokodzera kugadzirisa miti yakaoma uye, kunyanya, nenzara yakapinza uye ine denderedzwa pagunwe rayo iro ringangodaro raishanda semudziyo wekudzivirira.
Kusiyana nemufananidzo iwoyo wakasimbiswa, kuwanikwa kwe Haolong dongi Zvinotiyeuchidza kuti Kunyangwe mumapoka e "mabhuku ekudzidzisa", zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvinoramba zvichionekwa.Kunyorwa kwemapfupa emusana asina chinhu, akapararira pamusoro pemuviri wese, kunotimanikidza kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwatinogona kufungidzira patinotaura nezvemaiguanodonts.
Kusvika pari zvino, pavaikurukura nezvekudzivirira mumadinosaur anodya zvinomera, vanhu vaifunga nezve nhumbi dzekudzivirira mapfupa dzinorema, miswe inopwanya, kana saizi yemuviri yakakura senzira huru. Nyaya yeiguanodon iyi diki inoburitsa imwe nzira: "zvombo" zvakareruka, zvakagadzirwa neganda izvo zvinoti fananei nemhinduro dzinoonekwa nhasi mumhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakadai senungu.
Kuwanikwa uku kunotimanikidzawo kuti tigadzirise pfungwa dzekare pamusoro pe kushanduka kweganda mumadinosaur eOrnithischianKana imwe nhengo yeIguanodontia yakashandisa mitsipa yeganda yakasarudzika, zvinogoneka kuti mamwe marudzi eboka racho akagadzirawo ganda rakafanana neratisati ratiwana kana kuti risati rachengetedzwa.
China senzvimbo yekurabhoritari yechisikigo yezvinyorwa zvemafossil zvinoshamisa
Mumakumi emakore apfuura, China yava imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kushaikwa kwemvura yenhoroondo yepasi rose yezvakasikwa. Kubva panzvimbo dzayo kwakauya madinosaur ane minhenga, mifananidzo yakadzama yeganda, mafossil ane nhengo dzemukati dzakachengetedzwa uye muunganidzwa wese wezviyero zvakachinja zvachose maonero edu eMesozoic.
Nzvimbo yakabereka Haolong dongi Izvi zvinotevera mutsetse mumwe chete iwoyo: Mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ezvakatipoteredza akabvumira kuti muviri uvharwe nekukurumidza., zvichinonotsa kuora kwenyama dzakapfava. Zvinhu zvakaita sekushaikwa kweokisijeni, kudonha kwemvura muganda uye mamwe maitiro e geochemical zvingadai zvakabatsira kuti ganda ritange kucheneswa, zvichidzivirira kuora kwaro.
Nekuda kwenzvimbo idzi dzine zvisaririra, nhasi tinokwanisa kuwana Ruzivo runowanzo nyangarika mumazuva mashoma ekutanga mushure mekufa yemhuka: chimiro chidiki cheganda, kurongeka kwemasero, chimiro chezvikamu zveganda uye kunyange zviratidzo zvekuti mvura yaifamba sei muhupenyu.
Chikwata ichi, chichitungamirwa nevaongorori vanobva kuCNRS nevamwe vavo vekuChina, vakabatana X-ray tomography uye zvikamu zve histological zvine resolution yepamusoro kuti uwane zvakawanda kubva mumuenzaniso uyu. Kusanganiswa kwenzira iyi kwave kuri chinhu chakakosha pakusimbisa kuti tiri kutaura nezve epidermal spines kwete pamusoro pemapfupa kana zvinhu zvakagadzirwa panguva yekugadzirwa kwefossili.
Kuchengetedzwa kweganda remadinosaur "kusvika pamasero" chinhu chinoshamisa chinoita kuti Anhui Geological Museum nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza zvive zvakasiyana. nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuwana zvinhu mune ramangwanaHazvingashamisi kana, mumakore anotevera, zvinhu izvi zvikaramba zvichiburitsa zvisaririra zvinokwanisa kunyora patsva zvitsauko zvese zvenhoroondo yemadinosaur.
Zvese zvarinoburitsa Haolong dongi pamitsipa yeganda, kusiyana kweganda, uye dziviriro yeMesozoic herbivores Izvi zvinotiyeuchidza kuti tichiri kure nekunzwisisa hunyanzvi hwese hwekushanduka-shanduka kwemadinosaur. Mwana mudiki akafukidzwa nematombo asina chinhu akakwana kuti apidigure mufananidzo wekare wemaiguanodons uye kutiratidza kuti, pasi pemakwara nemapfupa atinowanzoona mumamiziyamu, pakanga paine nyika yemagadzirirwo, maumbirwo, uye mabasa atiri kutanga kuaburitsa pachena.
