France inopfuura kungova macroissant, mamiziyamu nemigwagwa mikuruSeri kwezvivanze zvinoyevedza uye zvivakwa zvinozivikanwa pasi rose kune nyika yakazara nenzira dzakafukidzwa, nzira dzakavanda, nhare dzekare dzinenge dzisina kukuvadzwa, uye makona echisikigo uko nguva inoita kunge yakamira. Kana uchikwezvwa nenzvimbo dzakanyura munhoroondo, ngano, uye chakavanzika, uchawana zvakawanda pano zvekuti fungidziro yako imhanye.
Guta guru, Paris, ndiro muenzaniso wakanakisisa wechiedza nerima.Kune rumwe rutivi, guta rerudo nechiedza; kune rumwe rutivi, nzvimbo yekuurayiwa kwevanhu, denda, zvipoko, nemhosva dzinotyisa. Asi runako rweFrance rwakavanzika harungogumiri kuGuta reMwenje chete: kubva panzira dzisinganzwisisike dzeParisian dzakafukidzwa kusvika kuguta rakakomberedzwa nemasvingo reCarcassonne kana zvitsuwa zviri kure zveBrittany, nyika izere nenzira nezviitiko zvinoita sezviri kubva mungano yezviitiko.
Paris, guta rine nzira dzakavanzika nemumvuri
Paris inotengeswa kunyika senzvimbo yerudoAsi pasi pemufananidzo iwoyo wakanaka pane guta rakakuvadzwa nematambudziko, hondo, madzimambo ane huwori, kuurayiwa kwevanhu, uye nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotyisa. Kuurayiwa kwevanhu nechisimba, kuurayiwa kwevanhu pachena, uye kurwisana kwechitendero zvakasiya mavanga asingaonekwe pazvivara zvakawanda zvemazuva ano nezvivakwa.
Nhasi unogona kuwana divi iri rakavanzika reguta parwendo rwakagadzirwa nedingindira dzinopinda mumigwagwa yakavanzika, makona ane mumvuri, uye zvivakwa zvine nhoroondo ine ropa. Nzira idzi dzinovakazve kuponda kunotyisa, maonerwo anoshamisa, ngano dzemumaguta, uye zviitiko zvenhoroondo zvakaumba ndangariro dzevanhu vemuParis.
Nzira dzakafukidzwa dzeParis: maberere emuzana remakore rechi19 akaomeswa nechando munguva
Kana zvasvika kumaguta eFrance azere nenzira dzakavanzika, Paris ndiyo inotora mubairo.Nzira dzakakurumbira dzakafukidzwa idzo dzinofamba nemumabhuroko ari kumahombekombe ekurudyi kweSeine, zvichiita kuti pave nenzvimbo dzakaita sedzakasiyana-siyana dzemakoridho ekutengeserana, macafe nezvitoro zvemazuva ano zvakadzivirirwa kubva kunyonganyonga nemvura.
Zvizhinji zvezvikamu izvi zvakatanga kubva muna 1830 zvichienda mberi.Zvakavakwa panguva yekushanduka kwemaindasitiri, zvivakwa izvi zvinosanganisa zvivakwa zvesimbi, zvishongedzo zvematanda, nematenga makuru egirazi. Basa razvo rekutanga raive rekushanda zvakanyanya: kubvumira mabhurugwa kuti afambe-fambe, atenge, uye ataurirane nevanhu vasina kutambudzika nematope, kunhuwa kwakashata, uye nyonganyonga yemigwagwa yakashama yeParis isina hutano.
Nhasi uno, kuyambuka musuwo weimwe yemikoto iyi kunoita sekunge uri kufamba kare kare.Pasi pematombo kana kuti pemifananidzo, mahwindo ezvitoro akashongedzwa zvakanaka, zvitoro zvemabhuku ekare, zvitoro zvematoyi ekare, makamuri etii, uye makamuri egirazi anosefa chiedza chakapfava, chinenge chemafirimu. Ruzha rwemotokari runopera, uye mhepo inokoka kufamba-famba zvishoma nezvishoma, vachiongorora kona yega yega.
Pakati penzira dzinonyanya kuratidzwa, Passage Colbert inoonekwa zvakanyanya.Inozivikanwa nedome rayo rakanaka repakati, iro raishandiswa sechiratidzo chemamwe magallery ekuEurope. Kuenzana kwayo uye kushongedzwa kwayo kwakaita kuti ive muenzaniso wenzvimbo dzemitambo mumaguta akadai seBrussels kana Milan.
Passage Choiseul ndeimwe nzvimbo inofanirwa kuonekwa, inozivikanwa nekureba kwayo kwemamita angangoita 190. iyo munguva yavo yaiwanzoshanyirwa nevadetembi, vanyori, uye vaimbi. Mahwindo avo ezvitoro anoramba achichengetedza mabhizinesi ane hunhu uye achichengetedza mweya webohemian unokwezva vanoda mabhuku nenhoroondo.
Panguva iyi, Passage Jouffroy yakashandurwa kuita nzira ine simba uye ine vanhu vakawanda.Yakazara nezvitoro zvekare, matoyi anounganidzwa, uye nzvimbo dzinoyevedza. Kufamba-famba mairi kwakafanana nekufamba-famba muchitoro chidiki chakafukidzwa uko chitoro chega chega chinowana zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi.
Kuti unyatsoona nyika ino yemagalari, unogona kutevera nzira dzakanyatsotsanangurwa.Imwe nzira ndeyekubatanidza nzira dzakanaka kwazvo dzinobva kuMadeleine kuenda pedyo nePalais Royal, nepo imwe ichitevera nzira yenhoroondo iri kuchamhembe, ichiyambuka dunhu reNotre Dame de Lorette ichizoguma munzvimbo yeLouvre. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, kufamba-famba munhoroondo yeGuta reMwenje pasi pedenga regirazi.
Zvakavanzika, ngano uye zvipoko mumoyo weParis
Rutivi rwakaipisisa rweParis runoratidzwa kana ukabva pamigwagwa mikuru. uye kupinda mumigwagwa yakamanikana uko zuva risinganyatsopinda. Ndipo panozvarwa nyaya dzakadai sedzemugeri nemubiki weRue Chanoinse, vanhu vaviri vane "kushanda pamwe chete" kwemhosva kwaizofuridzira ngano yaSweeney Todd uye, gare gare, firimu rakakurumbira rine Johnny Depp.
Zvinoenderana netsika, mugeri aitumira vamwe vevatengi vake kukamuri rekumashure rechitoro chemubiki.avo vakashandisa mitumbi iyi nenzira inotyisa kugadzira makeke anonaka aionekwa seakanakisa muParis. Chakavanzika chekubudirira kwavo, hongu, chaive chinhu chisingataurwi zvachose. Nyaya yacho inosanganisirawo kuti mhosva idzi dzakafukunurwa sei: nekuda kwemumwe munhu wechitatu uyo, netsaona kana fungidziro, akawana izvo zvisina munhu akashinga kufungidzira.
Imwe nzvimbo ine nhoroondo yechisimba zvikuru iHôtel de VilleHoro yeGuta reParis. Chivako ichi chakamboona dzimwe dzezviitiko zvekutanga zvekuurayiwa kwevanhu pachena munyika, chikava chimwe chezvimbo dzakanyanya kuteurwa ropa muguta guru. Kuratidzira, mhirizhonga, uye kurangwa kwemuenzaniso kwakaitika pamberi pechiso chayo kwemazana emakore.
Nyaya dzezvishamiso nemadhimoni dzakazarawo pamberi peNotre Dame Cathedral.Zvidhori zvechimera ne gargoyles zviri pamberi pechiso, izvo zvinomiririrwa mamiriyoni emakamera, zvave zvichikurudzira nyaya dzakawanda nezvemabasa ekudzivirira, kutukwa, uye zvisikwa zvinochengetedza guta kubva pakakwirira. Vashanyi vanowanzoudzwa kuti mifananidzo iyi yematombo inotidzivirira pai uye kuti yakaita basa ripi mukufungidzira kwekare.
Paris inewo zvipoko zvinozivikanwa, seyakaitwa naDom Perlety, nyanzvi yezvemakemikari nekatsi yake nhema isinganzwisisike, yakabatana nekuyedza kwakavanzika uye zvibvumirano zvisingatauriki. Kunyangwe vaimbi vemazuva ano vakaita saPablo Picasso vakataura kuti vakasangana nezviitiko zvisinganzwisisike uye zviratidzo zvakazopesvedzera mamwe emabasa ake akakurumbira.
MaCatacombs eParis ane nzvimbo yakakosha pamepu iyi yenzvimbo dzinovhiringidza. uye ivo ndevamwe ve zvakavanzika zvikuru zvekuchera matongoPakutanga zvaifungidzirwa senzira inoshanda yekugadzirisa dambudziko remakuva akazara nevanhu, zvakazopedzisira zvava nzvimbo huru yepasi pevhu umo mapfupa ezviuru zvevanhu anounganidzwa. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinotsanangura kuti akawanda emapfupa aya ndeaani uye kuti kutamiswa kwemitumbi kwakaitwa sei.
La Conciergerie, aimbova jeri paÎle de la Cité, anowedzera imwe chikamu chemutambo.nekuti musungwa ane mukurumbira wechivako ichi, akabatana zvakananga nezviitiko zvakadeura ropa zvakanyanya zveFrench Revolution, akaitirwa ipapo. Ngano dzakasiyana-siyana nenharo dzenhoroondo dzakabatana nehupenyu hwake neramangwana rake.
Kushanya uku kwezvakavanzika nengano kunoratidzawo zvinhu zvinoshamisa chaizvo.zvakaita senzvimbo chaiyo yenzvimbo inonzi Kilometer Zero muFrance, iyo inoyerwa daro munyika, kana zuva iro munhu wekupedzisira akaurayiwa neguillotine muParis. Izvi zvinotsanangurawo kuti sei Louis XIV aizivikanwa se "mwana wezvishamiso" uye kuti chirango chaive chei kune avo vaiita alchemy muMiddle Ages.
Pfuma yakavanzwa: misika, makona akavanzika nenzvimbo dzisinganyanyo shanyirwa
Kupfuura nzira dzakafukidzwa uye ngano dzinotyisa, Paris ine makona ezuva nezuva akazara munhoroondoImwe yacho iMarché des Enfants Rouges, iri pakati pedunhu reMarais, inoonekwa semusika wekare wakafukidzwa muguta guru. Runako rwayo rwakaramba rwakavimbika kune tsika, ine nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzakazara nevanhu uye mamiriro ekunze emuno.
Kwakatangira zita rayo ndiko kunoshamisa zvikuruZita iri rinoreva imba yaimbova nherera ine vana vaipfeka mbatya dzvuku, chinhu chakazopedzisira chapa musika wese zita rayo. Nhasi, nzvimbo iyi yakakodzera kudya zvakanaka pasina kuwira mumisungo yevashanyi, ine nzvimbo dzekudya dzepasi rose dzinotangira pakudya kweJapan kusvika kumidziyo yeMorocco kana mabikirwo echinyakare echiFrench akatsanangurwa patsva.
Marudzi aya emakona anomiririra rutivi rwepedyo uye rwechokwadi rweFrance nzvimbo dzinotsvagwa nevafambi vazhinji senzira yekutsiva nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda. Inzvimbo dzauchiri kunzwa chiFrench chichitaurwa nevavakidzani, uko mitengo isingakwidziridzwe, uye uko kufamba kwehupenyu kunoita sekunge kwakasununguka zvishoma.
Kubva kuParis kusvika kumagumo enyika: zvitsuwa zviri kure nemahombekombe emusango
Kana ukasarudza kubva muguta guru, nyika yacho inopa muunganidzwa unoshamisa wenzvimbo dzechisikigo dzakavanda. izvo zvinopesana nekumhanya-mhanya kwemaguta. Pakati pazvo pane chitsuwa chidiki cheMolène, muchikamu cheFinistère, kumahombekombe eBrittany, nzvimbo yaunonzwa chaizvo kuti uri pamugumo wenyika.
Molène inosanganisa mahombekombe machena ane jecha, mvura inotonhora uye yakajeka uye zvisikwa zvisinganyanyi kubatwaNerombo rakanaka, zvinokwanisika kuona zvisimbiso zvegrey pedyo, zvichiita kuti rwendo urwu ruve chiitiko chakakosha kune avo vanofarira mhuka dzesango uye nzvimbo dzakaoma asi dzechokwadi.
Kuchamhembe, Opal Coast ine mawere, madutu ejecha, uye mahombekombe akazaruka.Nzvimbo yeDeux Caps ndiyo inonyanya kukokwekwa. Kubva pamaonero ayo, pamazuva akajeka, unogona kutoona mahombekombe eUnited Kingdom mhiri kweEnglish Channel.
Iyi nharaunda yegungwa yakakodzera mitambo yakaita sekitesurfingNekuda kwemhepo inogara ichivhuvhuta, yakakodzera kufamba-famba kwenguva refu mumahombekombe asina kumbobatwa. Mataundi akaita seWimereux anowedzera runako rwakanaka, ane dzimba dzine mavara uye kunzwa kwemuzana remakore rechi19 kunokwezva avo vanotsvaga nzvimbo dzegungwa nehunhu hwavo hwakasiyana.
Maparadhiso echisikigo uye zviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki muFrance
Kure nenzira dzekare, France inokoshesa nzvimbo dzekumaruwa nedzemakomo dzinoita sedzakagadzirirwa kurasika.Dunhu rega rega rine mhando dzakasiyana dzezviitiko, kubva kumahombekombe akavanzika kusvika kumasango akakora uye nzizi dzinofambika dzinokukoka kuti utore rwendo rwacho zvishoma nezvishoma.
Semuenzaniso, Corsica ichitsuwa chine makomo akaomarara nemakoronga anoyevedzaKumahombekombe ayo ekumaodzanyemba kune gungwa reRoccapina, jecha rine mvura yakachena sekristaro rinotariswa nedombo guru regranite repingi iro, nekufungidzira kudiki, rakafanana neshumba yakarara. Nzvimbo yacho yakakodzera kushambira, kusnorkeling, kana kungorara pasi uchiyemura nzvimbo yacho.
Munharaunda yeCharente, gamba guru ndiro rwizi rwezita rimwe chete.Mvura dzayo dzinofamba nechikepe chekare chinozivikanwa semabhawa, uye dzinopa mukana wekuona minda yemizambiringa, nzvimbo dzekugadzira doro, nemataundi ekare akadai seCognac kana Angoulême nekukurumidza kunonoka, kunenge kurapa.
Dordogne, kune rumwe rutivi, ine mifananidzo yemipata yakasvibira, nhare nemisha yematombo.Nzvimbo inonzi Green Périgord inopa nzvimbo yakanyarara panzvimbo penzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda dzakadai seSarlat. Ikoko, unogona kuwana zviitiko zvakasiyana zvakaita sekudya kwegoridhe munzvimbo yeJumilhac-le-Grand, pamwe nekudya zvekudya zvemunzvimbo iyi, kusanganisira foie gras nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvedhadha negoose.
Dhipatimendi reLozère ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakanaka dzekuzorora kune avo vanotsvaga kuva vega.Ndiyo nzvimbo isina vanhu vakawanda muFrance. Nzvimbo dzayo dzakadzika, mipata yakadzika, nemasango makuru zvinokwezva vanofamba-famba vanofarira chaizvo kunzwa kukuru uye kuzviparadzanisa. Gévaudan Wolf Park iri pano zvakare, chiyeuchidzo chengano dzechikara chakakurumbira chakatyisa nzvimbo iyi muzana remakore rechi18.
Nzvimbo dzakanaka muFrench Basque Country, French Riviera neJura
Nyika yeBasque yeFrance inopa musanganiswa usingadzivisiki wemakomo akasvibira netsikaNzvimbo yeLoya Bay nemusha weSaint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry mienzaniso yakanaka yeFrance yakavanzika asi yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka, uko dzimba dzacho dzinoyeuchidza nezvemagadzirirwo eNavarrese, dzine madziro machena uye mafuremu matsvuku kana egirini.
Kune rumwe rutivi rwenzvimbo iyi, French Riviera inozivikanwa nemaguta ayo akanaka kwazvo.Asi inewo makona akawanda emusango. Île Verte, chitsuwa chidiki chisina vanhu chiri pedyo negungwa reMediterranean, chine nzvimbo dzakavanda uye nzira dziri nyore dzinokutendera kuti utambe seRobinson Crusoe yemazuva ano usingatsauke kure nenyika huru.
Kana uchida mhepo yemugomo, nzvimbo huru yeJura yakakumirira ine madhamu ebhuruu nemapopoma anoshamisa.Mapopoma eHérisson ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukwezva vanhu, ane mapopoma akawanda akakomberedzwa nemiti yakasvibira inokukoka kuti ufambe kwemaawa akawanda. Mvura yakachena, masango, uye runyararo zvinoita kuti nzvimbo iyi ive nzvimbo yakanaka yekusasangana nevanhu.
Kumaodzanyemba, muAlpes-de-Haute-Provence, guta reDigne-les-Bains rawana zita rekuva guta guru remaruva elavender.Munguva yemwaka, nzvimbo yakapoteredza inozadzwa neruvara rwepepuru rwakadzama, uye mhepo inozadzwa nekunhuhwirira kwayo. Wedzera pane izvozvo kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzinopisa dzekuzorora, nzira dzekufamba netsoka, uye mamiriro ekunze akasununguka, uye une nzvimbo yakakwana kune avo vanotsvaga hutano nezvisikwa murwendo rumwe chete.
Carcassonne: nhare yepakati pekare yakaita semashura
Kana paine rimwe guta reFrance rinoratidza rudo rwekare uye nzira dzakasimba, iCarcassonne.Madziro ayo ematombo egrey, shongwe dzakapinza, uye magedhi ane zvombo zvakafadza vafambi vanobva kumativi ese epasi, kusanganisira vanyori vezviitiko zvemafaro vezana remakore rechi20.
Kune vazhinji, chiitiko chekurota kwaive kufamba nemadziro ayo husiku hwematsutsoKana mhute ichipinda pakati peshongwe uye runyararo rwunongoputswa nemhepo chete. Vanyori vakaita saRichard Halliburton vakarondedzera nemufaro zvavakaona pakutanga pavakasvika kuCarcassonne muma1920, vachitsanangura kuti, pavakayambuka zambuko rekare pamusoro peRwizi rweAude ndokutarisa kuguta repamusoro, zvakaita sekunge mazana mapfumbamwe emakore anyangarika panguva imwe chete.
Nyaya yake inoyeuchidza nezvenhare isina vanhu, isina mwenje kana imbwa dzinohukurauko dzimba dzekare dzairembera zvisinganzwisisike pamusoro pemigwagwa yakamanikana, ine migwagwa yakawanda. Munguva yehusiku hwekuongorora ari ega, akati ainzwa kuvapo kwevarwi vechiKristu, maSaracens, nemaVisigoth, sezvipoko zvinodzokera pasi pevhu mambakwedza kuti zvichengetedze pfuma yengano.
Makumi emakore gare gare, vamwe vafambi vanotsanangura chiono chinoshamisa zvakafanana mushure mekutendeuka kona iri nyore yeguta remazuva ano.Kamwe kamwe, parinokwira rwizi, guta rakakomberedzwa nemasvingo rinoita seriri kuyerera pamusoro peminda yemizambiringa neminda, semashura. Hapana mufananidzo unoratidza kunzwa kwekusangana chiso nechiso nemakiromita emadziro neshongwe dzakawanda dzakachengetedzwa zvakanaka.
Nzvimbo yeCarcassonne, iri pagomo rine matombo rakatarisana neAude, yakasimbiswa kubva kare kare.Zvingangodaro kuti paiva nedziviriro kunyangwe maRoma asati asvika, avo vakavaka nhare yekutanga ipapo. Chimiro chatiri kuona nhasi chakatora chimiro chayo chekupedzisira pakati pezana remakore rechi13 nerechi14, panguva yekutonga kwaSaint Louis nemutsivi wake Philip the Bold, avo vakasimbisa nzvimbo dzakasimba neshongwe kuti ive nhare isingapindiki.
Guta rakasimbiswa rakaramba riripo kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi19.Izvi zvakanyanya nekuda kwekufarira kweuto reFrance, iro rakaramba richirishandisa pakudzivirira. Gare gare, kugadziriswa kwakazara kwakaitwa, kwakatungamirirwa nemugadziri wezvivakwa Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, anozivikanwa nebasa rake pazvivakwa zvakawanda zvepakati nepakati.
Kunyange zvazvo paine gakava pamusoro pekururama kwemamwe mashoko ekudzorerwa kwechivako —semuenzaniso, matenga ematombo ematombo akatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemataira evhu, akavimbika kune tsika dzemuno—, hapana anopikisa kuti zvese zvinoratidza zvakarurama kuti nhare huru ingadai yakaita sei mazana masere kana mapfumbamwe emakore apfuura, pakati peHondo dzechiKristu nenguva yehushingi.
Kupinda munhare: masuo akamanikana uye nzira dzinobva kune imwe nguva
Chimwe chezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki muCarcassonne kutyaira mukati memasvingo eguta. Kana wakabhuka pane imwe yemahotera mashoma ari mukati meguta. Zvinonzwika zviri nyore pafoni — "unogona kutyaira mota yako kusvika kuhotera" —, muchokwadi zvinova dambudziko rinokunetsa.
Gedhi guru renhare rakagadzirwa kuti ribvumire varwi vaviri vakapfeka nhumbi dzehondo kupfuura.Haisi mota yemazuva ano yevashanyi. Kutyaira mota nepamadziro ane ukobvu hunopfuura mamita mashanu, uchipfuura nepaburi rekunze, wobva waenderera mberi nepaburi rechipiri, rakareba kupfuura mamwe, rakapfekedzwa neportcullis, kunoda kudzorwa kwakanyatsojeka kwekufamba kwese.
Kana wapinda mukati, unofamba zvishoma nezvishoma mumigwagwa ine matombo isina upamhi hwemamita matatu chete.nedzimba dzinenge dzichingogunzvana nekuda kwedzimba dzavo dzechipiri dzakaita semaburi. Kutyaira nepanzira idzi, kuyambuka nzvimbo huru ine tsime rayo rekare rakagadzirwa kuti rigone kutsungirira kukombwa, kupfuura nepashongwe yenhare uye kusvika pachechi huru yakakomberedzwa nemagaro, zviri nyore, zvinoshamisa.
Manzwiro acho ndeekuti uri kupinda mumapeji enyaya yemunguva iyoyo.Zvinoita sekunge mufambi wemazuva ano akaendeswa kunzvimbo yengano yaArthur. Zvese, kubva pamatombo asina kuenzana kusvika kuchimiro cheshongwe dziri mudenga, zvinobatsira mukufungidzira kuti akabuda munguva yemazuva ano kwemaawa mashoma.
Languedoc, matroubadour uye kuberekwa kwe "rudo"
Dunhu riripo Carcassonne, Languedoc, kwemazana emakore raive rimwe renzvimbo dzetsinga dzetsika dzeEurope.Pakati pezana remakore rechi11 nerechi13, yakava nzvimbo yepamusoro yemagariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye yeunyanzvi, ine tsika yekufunga yakavhurika uye inoshivirira maererano nezvinodiwa nenguva iyoyo.
Nzvimbo idzi dzakaita kuti pave nevanyori venziyo dzema troubadour, vadetembi, uye vaimbi vaifamba-famba. izvo zvakakonzera chimiro chemabhuku chatinodaidza kuti "rudo". Vaiimba nezverusununguko, kururamisira, ushingi uye, pamusoro pezvose, pfungwa itsva yerudo rwedare, yakasiyana zvikuru nemaonero anoshanda kana ezvematongerwo enyika emuchato wekare wepakati.
Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekumaodzanyemba kweFrance, dzakadai sePuivert kana Les Baux, vakadzi vane chiremera vakaronga "matare erudo" anozivikanwaMairi, nyaya dzakakodzera kunyora nhetembo dzakakurukurwa, mitemo yekushandiswa kwemutauro wechiOccitan yakasimbiswa, mitemo yegirama yakasimbiswa, uye, zvechokwadi, mazano erudo akapihwa kuvarwi nevaya vaidanana.
Makwikwi enhetembo aiteverwa nechido chechokwadi Uye matroubadour akakunda akapihwa mibairo yezviratidzo zvemukurumbira, zvakaita semakorona eminhenga yepikoko. Mhepo iyoyo yakanatswa, pamwe chete nenhare dzakasimba nenzvimbo dzeminda yemizambiringa nemakomo, ichiri kusimbisa chifananidzo cherudo chine chekuita nekuchamhembe kweFrance nhasi.
Kunyengera kweCathar nehondo yeAlbigensian Crusade ine hutsinye
Pamwe chete nekubudirira kwetsika, sangano rezvemweya rinozivikanwa seCatharism rakapararira muLanguedoc.Akafuridzirwa nepfungwa yekuchena (kubva kuGreek katharos), akataura kuti nyika yechokwadi yaMwari ndiyo yemweya, nepo nyika yezvinhu zviri matiri yaive yaDhiyabhorosi, nezvose zvairehwa neizvi.
Kune vaCathar, zvese zvine chekuita nemuviri—kudya, kunwa, kuroorana, kubereka, kuunganidza zvinhu—zvaiva zvakaipa kana kuti zvakaipa chose.Vanhu vepamusoro veboka iri, vanonzi perfecti, vakapfeka zvichena uye vaitevera mitemo yakaoma kwazvo yakavakirwa pamabhuku evhangeri: kurambidzwa zvachose kwekuuraya, kudya miriwo chete, kutsanya nguva dzose, uye kusaroora kana kusaroorwa.
Chechi yeKaturike yakaona kuwedzera uku nehanya kukuru.Kunyanya mumaguta akaita seAlbi, uko kwaiitwa nharo dzakakurumbira pakati pevafundisi nevatungamiriri veCathar. Papa Innocent III akatuma muparidzi ane hunhu, Dominic Guzmán—aizova Saint Dominic weramangwana uye muvambi wehurongwa hweDominican—kuyedza kumisa kupararira kwe“Albigensian Heresy” kuburikidza neshoko.
Pasinei nekuedza kwavo, kuedza kutendeutsa vanhu murunyararo kwakakundikanaDominic pachake akabvuma nehasha kuti, mushure mekuparidza, kukumbira, uye kuchema, chinhu chimwe chete chakasara kuita kwaive kushandisa "tsvimbo yekuropafadza," achifanotaura kuparadzwa kweshongwe, kuwa kwemasvingo, uye kusungwa kwevapanduki.
Dambudziko rekupedzisira rakauya muna 1208, apo mumiriri wepapa akaurayiwa pedyo neCarcassonne.Innocent III akashandisa mukana wemhosva iyi kudana hondo yekurwisana nemaCathar iyo yaizozivikanwa munhoroondo sehondo yeAlbigensian Crusade, imwe yehondo dzakaipisisa dzeMiddle Ages panyika yeEurope.
Maitiro echisimba akatanga kare kare, muna Chikunguru 1209, muguta reBéziersuko vakuru vechechi vakaona maCathar angangoita 200. Mushure mekuramba kwenguva pfupi, mauto evapari vechitendero akapinda muguta ndokuuraya vanhu vanosvika 20.000, pasina kusiyanisa pakati pevarume, vakadzi, kana vana, kana pakati pevaCathar nevatendi vechiKaturike.
Vapoteri vakawanda vakanga vazvivharira mukati mechechi huru vakafa vakapiswa vari vapenyu.Mashoko aya anonzi akataurwa nemukuru wechechi yeRoma — “Vaurayei vose, Mwari achaziva vake” — ave chiratidzo chekushingaira kusina rusarura kwakaparadza chikamu chikuru cheLanguedoc.
Kukomba, migodhi uye mumvuri weInquisition muCarcassonne
Carcassonne akachinja maoko ake kakawanda panguva yehondo yeAlbigensian CrusadeAsi kamwe chete ndipo payakafanira kutsungirira kukombwa kukuru. Michina yehondo ine simba yenguva iyoyo—macatapults, shongwe huru dzekukomba, nezvimwe zvombo zvehuni—hazvina kubudirira zvakanyanya pakudzivirira kwakadaro kwakagadzirwa zvakanaka.
Nzira yainyanya kushanda yaive yekushandisa migodhi: kuchera migero pasi pemadziro kuti iparare.Vadziviriri vakapindura nekurwisa zvimbambaira, vachichera migero yavo kuti vadzivise vapambi pasi pevhu. Mumagalari iwayo erima, kurwisana kwemaoko nemaoko kwakaitika, uko kunofanira kunge kwaityisa zvikuru.
Uchifungidzira husiku husina ruzha rwakatsamira pamadziro, zviri nyore kunzwa kutonhora. Pakufunga nezvehondo dzepasi pevhu dze "makonzo nemakonzo", guta rese richivimba nemhedzisiro yehondo idzodzo risingaonekwe nekunze.
Pasinei nekukundwa kwemauto kwenzvimbo dzekupedzisira dzeCathar, pfungwa dzavo dzakaramba dzichipararira.Kuti agumise zvachose sangano iri, Pope Gregory IX akagadzira Dare reKubvunzurudza raityisa, achiisa hutungamiriri hwaro kumaDominican. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, kutambudzwa, kubvunzurudzwa, uye kurangwa kweavo vaipomerwa mhosva yekupanduka kwakaitwa nenzira yakarongwa.
MuCarcassonne, humbowo hwenguva iyoyo yerima huchiripo.: Tower of the Inquisition, uko vaifungirwa mhosva vaibvunzurudzwa zvakaoma vasati vatumirwa kumajeri ari kunze kwemasvingo, uye inonzi Tower of Justice, umo zvinotendwa kuti matura akavanzika evabvunzurudzi aichengeterwa.
Munzira iri kure nenhare, ikozvino kwava nemiziyamu yakatsaurirwa kumidziyo yekutambudza. inoshandiswa mumaitiro aya, kushanya kunogona kushamisa asi kunobatsira kunzwisisa kutya kwakafurirwa nesangano iri muvanhu vepanguva iyoyo.
Mahotera ane nhoroondo: kurara padyo neshongwe nemidziyo yemumba
Mahotera akasiyana-siyana muFrance akavanzwa mukati memadziro eCarcassonne.Iine makamuri mashoma asi mamiriro ekunze akasiyana zvachose. Imwe yenzvimbo dzinoshamisa zvikuru iri mumuzinda wekare wemabhishopi, pedyo nechechi huru uye inotariswa nemufananidzo weTower of the Inquisition.
Nzvimbo iyi, inoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzine rudo zvikuru pasi rose nevafambi vazhinjiHarina makamuri makumi maviri kana kudarika, ose akashongedzwa nerudo: mahwindo ane tambo anotarisa mativi madiki akavezwa nematombo, maketeni akafanana nezvishongo, maruva matsva mumakamuri ekugara, dzimba dzekugezera dzakaputirwa nematombo ane mashawa makuru nefenicha yekare pamwe chete nemabasa ehunyanzvi pamadziro.
Nzvimbo dzehotera dzakajairika dzakakodzera kushanyirwa kunyangwe kune avo vasingagari ikoko.Imba yekudyira nebhawa zvinonyanya kukosha, zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo mikuru inoratidza Carcassonne munguva dzakasiyana: kubva kunzvimbo dzekare kusvika kumagariro ayo eRoma, Visigoth neFrench dzepakati nepakati.
Dzimwe nguva, musanganiswa wemibhedha inokumbirwa nemufambi hauwanikweHotera iyi inoshamisa nekuvandudzwa kusingatarisirwi kwemakamuri epakona ane maonero akanaka echechi huru kana masvingo eguta. Kuvhura mahwindo mangwanani uye kuteerera ruzha rweguta uri kure uchiona vanhu vachiyambuka nhandare ndeimwe yezviitiko zvidiki zvinogara mupfungwa dzako.
Kudya kunogona kubva pakudya kwemanheru kwepamusoro-soro pahotera pachayo.Kubva pane waini dzakakora sebhuku refoni nemamenyu akagadzirirwa mari yakawanda, kusvika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasununguka mumatavha ari pedyo. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo huru, zviri nyore kuwana maresitorendi madiki anopa cassoulet inopfungaira, waini yemuno isingadhuri, uye, kana uine rombo rakanaka, mimhanzi inoridzwa mhenyu.
Mune imwe yematavha aya, ane magadzirirwo ebohemian, nyaya yemutambi wegitare wekare inotaurwa. Mushure mekuombera maoko nenziyo dzake, akaenda patafura imwe neimwe nengowani yake muruoko, achitanga neavo vainyanya kupemberera kuridza kwake. Akateverwa nemuimbi ane njere dzakati tsva, akazviti aifarira nziyo dzeIrish uye akazopedzisira aimba nziyo dzakapfava sedzaLeonard Cohen.
Mangwanani anogona kutanga nemichato yechechi huru inoonekwa nepahwindo rehoterazvinoteverwa nekudya kwemangwanani padivi pedziva pasi pezuva rakanyorova uye machira machena etafura anopenya. Croissant, brioche, mazai akabikwa, muto mutsva, uye kofi nemukaka zvinova, munzvimbo iyoyo, nzvimbo diki yeumbozha uko munhu anonzwa semunhu mukuru mubhuku ravo rerudo remazuva ano reMiddle Ages.
Seri kwezviitiko izvi nguva dzose kune vafambi nevanyori vakawanda nyaya dzavo dzakaunza mukurumbira kuCarcassonne nemamwe maguta ekuFrance azere nenzira dzakavanzika. Vazhinji vavo, vakaita seHalliburton, vakararama zvakanyanya, vachitanga mafambiro kusvika pakupera kwemazuva avo, uye nekuda kwemabhuku avo vakamutsa kuda kuziva kwezvizvarwa zvese nekuda kwenzvimbo idzi dzakanyura munhoroondo.
Nzira dzeFrance dzakavanda, nhare dzakakomberedzwa nemasvingo, uye nzvimbo dzakavanda dzinoumba mufananidzo unonakidza izvo zvinopfuura kungotaurwa nevanhu vanoshanyira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Kubva panzira dzakafukidzwa dzeParis nemigwagwa yayo yengano kusvika kuzvitsuwa zvakarasika zveBrittany, mipata yakasvibira yePérigord, makomo eJura kana chimiro chisingakanganisike cheCarcassonne pakunyura kwezuva, nyika iyi inopa vafambi vane chido chekuziva nzira dzisingaverengeki uko kona yega yega ine nyaya, chakavanzika kana ruzivo runokoka kutsvagurudzwa kwakawanda.
