Kwemamiriyoni emazana emakore, kwave kune nzanga yakapa mipiro isingaperi kunhoroondo yevanhu, iyi yave iri Greece yekare. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvishoma nezve Greek architecture, mavambo ayo, maitiro uye zvimwe zvishoma, usazeza kugara uye kudzidza nesu.
Chii chinonzi Greek Architecture?
Chivako chechiGiriki chinonzi chimiro chezvivakwa chakagadzirwa uye chakagadziridzwa nevanhu vanobva kuGreece yekare, senge vanhu vechiGiriki, semuenzaniso. Tsika dzavo dzakabudirira muPeloponnese peninsula, zvitsuwa zveAegean, uye mumakoroni eAsia Minor neItaly panguva kubva 900 BC. C. uye XNUMXst century AD. c.
Zvisinei, rudzi rwekuvandudzwa kwechiGiriki uye mavambo maererano nemabasa ekuvaka, zvakaitika kubva mugore ra 600 BC. Zvivako zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvetsika iyi yaiva temberi dzayo dzinofadza, idzo shoma shoma dzinoramba dzakasimba, sezvo makuru nhasi ari matongo. .
Parthenon muenzaniso wakajeka wezvivako zvayo zvakapfuura denga, zvinorangarirwa kuva tembere tsvene yakakurumbira uye inofananidzira yorudzi. Nzvimbo yechipiri seyakanakisa mhando yekuvaka inogarwa nemitambo yemitambo yakavhurika, iyo chengetedzo ichiripo munyika yose yeHellenic uye mabviro ayo anotanga kutenderera 350 BC.
Pakati peakasiyana mafomu ekuvaka anogona kuonekwa nhasi, tinogona kutaura nezvemusuwo wakakura nemakoramu, anonziwo Propylaea, nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uko vagari vaiwanzoungana (agoras), zvivakwa zvinoumbwa nemutsara wemakoramu (aya), pakati pezvimwe. .
Nekudaro, kune mamwe anowanzo kuwanikwa, akadai semahoro emataundi (bouleuterion), zviyeuchidzo zveveruzhinji kana makuva makuru (mausoleums) nenzvimbo dzakakosha dzemitambo (nhandare). Imwe neimwe yaive, nenzira yayo, yakamisikidzwa zvakanyanya hunhu hweGreece Yekare, zvese muchimiro nekushongedza.
Pfungwa iyi ndeyechokwadi kunyanya muchiitiko chetemberi, sezvo zvichiita sekuti chivako chimwe nechimwe chakaitwa sechinhu chipenyu chiri mukati menyika. Zvaitove zvakajairika kuti ivo vagare panzvimbo yakakwirira, kuitira kuti vawane mhedzisiro iri nani.
Kukwirira kwacho kwakaunza hunyoro hukuru mukuenzana kwayo, pamwe nemhedzisiro yechiedza chepamusoro pane zvese zviri pamusoro, kuitira kuti zvionekwe kubva kune chero kona. Munyori wenhoroondo weGerman-British, mutsoropodzi uye theorist, Nikolaus Pevsner, anovarondedzera semabasa ane hunyanzvi uye hwakanyanya huvepo hwemuviri huri nani kune hwemazuva ano.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvivako zvechiGiriki, kusiyana neazvino, kubvira pakutanga zvakatorwa kuti zviyemurwe kubva kunze. Nenzira iyi, kukosha kukuru kwakapiwa kune kunze, pane izvo zvakawanikwa mukati. Ndosaka pakave nekuedza kwepamusoro mukusikwa kwezvivakwa zveveruzhinji, temberi nenzvimbo tsvene.
Tsika dzechiGiriki dzaipa ukoshi huduku zvikuru kumisha yavagari vemowo zvavo, nemhaka yokuti dzakanga dzine mamwe marudzi ezvaikosha. Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti vakaronga kuti zvivakwa zvavo zviitwe kusvika pachiyero chemunhu, nguva dzose zvichibva pane pfungwa yezvose.
Iyo pachayo, zviri pamutemo izwi reGreece yekare, kunyanya kupatsanurwa kwemaitiro ekuvaka, inotsanangurwa mumirairo mitatu yakanyatsosimbiswa: iyo Doric, Ionic uye Korinde mirairo, imwe neimwe iine mhedzisiro yakadzama pakuvaka kwekuMadokero.
Zvakanyanya zvekuti mavakirwo eRoma yekare akatorawo zvinhu zvisingaperi kubva muchiGiriki, asi zvichigara zvichichengeta pesvedzero yayo yakajeka yeItaly kusvika nhasi. Muchokwadi, kubva panguva yeRenaissance, pakanga paine rumutsiridzo rwakawanda rweClassism art movement, iyo yakashandisa chikamu chayo.
Iwaya aichengeta mafomu chaiwoiwo ari mapenyu, pamwe chete nenhevedzano youdzame iyo mavakirwo echiGiriki ekare aiva nawo. Saizvozvowo, kugamuchirwa kweiyo pfungwa yerunako rwekuvaka yakavakirwa pachiyero uye chiyero inowedzerwa. Iyo mitsva yeRenaissance uye neoclassical masitayipi akatevera akaenderera mberi neaya ma paramita uye akaagadzirisa nenzira yavo.
Kutanga
Zvinozivikanwa kuti chikamu chakanaka cheruzivo rwezvino rwemavakirwo echiGreek runobva kune inodaidzwa kuti nguva yekupedzisira, pakati pe550 ne500 BC. C., zana remakore rePericles pakati pe450 ne430 a. C., uye nguva yekare yeGreece pakati pe430 ne400 BC
Mienzaniso yakapihwa inodzidzwa mukambani yenguva dzakakurumbira dzechiHellenistic neRoma, sezvo mavakirwo echiRoma angori dudziro yechiGiriki, pamwe nekunonoka kunyorwa zvinyorwa, senge zvemugadziri wechiRoma, munyori, mainjiniya uye munyori weiyo XNUMXst. zana remakore BC. C., Vitruvius.
Somugumisiro wemuenzaniso wakadaro, pakanga pane tsika yakakosha yekugadzirwa kwetemberi, zvivakwa chete izvo nhamba yakakura ichiripo nhasi. Kuti tinyure zvakadzama muchidzidzo, tinogona kupatsanura kukura kwayo kuita matanho akati wandei, kunyanya matatu. Izvi ndizvo zvinotevera:
Nguva yekupedzisira yeArchaic Period
Musoro wenhanho yekutanga yezvose unonzi wakapihwa nguva yekupedzisira, inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvine maitiro akacherechedzwa. Izvi zvinotanga pakutanga kwemireniyamu yekutanga Kristu asati auya, uye zvinopera nekusvika kwekutanga kwechitatu muzana ramakore rechishanu BC. c.
Mavakirwo ayo, ayo akatsanangurwa sezvivakwa zvakaitwa pahwaro hwekunzwisisa aesthetic dhizaini, nepo yakagara yaive nguva yenhoroondo inoratidzirwa nekusingaperi kugadzirwa. Yakave nekunyangarika kwayo muGreece pakupera kwenguva yeMycenaean (inenge mugore ra1200 BC) uye muzana ramakore rechinomwe BC. c.
Kutsakatika kwakaitika apo hupenyu hwemudhorobha uye budiriro yenharaunda dzakaumba dunhu zvakawanazve simba razvo zvekuti nharaunda dzese dzakange dzave kutokwanisa kuvaka zvivakwa zvekushandisa zvakajairika.
Zvisinei, kubva ipapo, nhamba huru yezvivako zvechiGiriki panguva yeinonzi colonization era (XNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore BC), yakagadzirwa nematanda, adobe kana ivhu. Hapana chaicho chakasara cheizvi, kunze kwezvishoma zvirongwa zvepasi, uye mashoma akanyorwa zvinyorwa pamusoro pekutanga kuvaka uye tsananguro.
Around 600 BC, mbiru dzemapuranga dzaive chikamu cheTembere yekare yeHera paOlympia yakatsiviwa nembiru dzematombo. Iyi nzira inonzi "Petrification". Zvishoma nezvishoma dzimwe nzvimbo dzetemberi dzakaparadzwawo kusvikira pakupedzisira chinhu chiri chose chaitwa nematombo.
Apo kuchinjwa kwezvinhu kuburikidza nenzira iyi kwakaitwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo tsvene, zvose matemberi nezvivakwa zvinokosha, kubva muzana remakore rechitanhatu B.C. C. kubva zvino, akavakwa zvikuru nematombo. Pane izvi, zvienzaniso zvishoma chete zvakakwanisa kurarama mumakore apfuura.
Saizvozvowo, kuparara kwemadziro ematombo kunyika yevaGiriki yekuvaka kwakaita kuti matenga euswa atsive mataira. Nenzira iyi, matiles akashanda senzira itsva yekuvandudza kupisa moto.
Pamusoro peizvi, panguva iyi kurongeka kweDoric kwakabudirira, panguva imwechete iyo Ionic order yakatanga. Muenzaniso wakanaka wechikamu cheshanduko pakati penguva dzechinyakare uye dzechinyakare ndiyo Temberi yePoseidon muPaestum, inozivikanwawo seTembere yeHera II, inoumbwa nerectangular, peripteral uye hexastyle chirongwa.
Classical nguva
Danho rechipiri iri rinoenderana nekufamba kwenguva pakati pezana ramakore rechishanu nerechina BC. Kufanana nependi uye chivezwa chenguva iyoyo, chivakwa chechiGiriki chakabuda muhafu yekutanga yekare yekare art movement yakanga isiri "ars gratia artis" kana "art for art's sake" mupfungwa yemazuva ano yekutaura.
Kunyangwe nhasi mutsara uyu unoreva kuzvisarudzira uye rusununguko rwehunyanzvi urwo maartist anarwo, kare ikako, mugadziri wezvivakwa akanga asiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwemhizha iri nyore yakanga yabhadharwa nehurumende kana mumwe munhu akapfuma akazvimiririra. Pakanga pasina musiyano pakati pemuvaki nemuvaki.
Basa guru romugadziri wepurani rakanga riri rokugadzira zvivako uye kuhaya vashandi nemhizha vaizozvivaka. Saizvozvo, ivo vaifanirawo kuve nemutoro kune vese bhajeti yavo yekupedzisira uye kupera kwayo nenguva. Iyi nzira yekubata basa iri yakagara mukondinendi yeEurope kusvika pakupera kweMiddle Ages.
Munguva yakapfuura, nyanzvi mumunda dzakanga dzisina nzvimbo yakakwirira iyo vagadziri vemazuva ano vane nhasi. Kusanganisira, kusimbisa ruzivo rwakataurwa, zvinokwanisika kusimbisa chokwadi chekuti pamberi pezana ramakore reXNUMX BC. C., mazita evagadziri vezvivakwa anokosha akanga asingazikanwi zvachose.
Muvaki wemapurani ane mukurumbira saIctinus, aitarisira mabhuku makuru matatu echiGiriki (kusanganisira Parthenon muAtene), uyo nhasi anonzi muvaki wezvivako ane mukurumbira uye akasiyana, muupenyu aingoonekwa somutengesi anokosha chete. Kwenguva ino kusimuka kweDoric neIonic mirairo kwakaitika.
Nguva yeHellenistic
Ndiyo chikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira cheunyanzvi hweGreece yekare, iyo inotanga muzana remakore rechitatu BC. C. uye inopera pakati pezana remakore rechipiri BC. C. Munguva iyi yenguva, gore 146 BC rinotorwa sezuva rekufananidzira rekupedzisa. C., panguva chaiyo apo vaRoma vakakwanisa kukunda guta reKorinde.
Mutoro unorema webudiriro yeunyanzvi wakasuduruka zvikurukuru kuMabvazuva. Panguva ino, zvivakwa zvakajairwa zvakaonekwa munguva yeClassic Period zvaive zvichiri kugadzirwa, chete nezvitsva zvishoma, zvakaita se:
- Kushandiswa kwevaKorinde seanonyanyo ratidza kanoni.
- Kunyanya kushandiswa kwemusanganiswa wemaodha, chete nevaKorinde vachitungamira.
- Kunyanya kududzira kuchinjika kwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka.
- kupindirana kunomuka.
- Kubudirira kwakakosha mumapeninsulas eAsia Minor.
Nekusvika kwezvivakwa zveHellenistic, kwakave nekuwedzera kwezvivakwa zvinokatyamadza muAtene (The Olimpeion uye Shongwe yeMhepo), Pergamoni (Atari yaZeus), Alexandria (Iyo Lighthouse yeAlexandria) neRhodes (The Colossus yeRhodes). Mukuwedzera, iyo inoyevedza Mausoleum yeHalicarnassus yakagadzirwa.
Saizvozvowo, hwaro hwakateyiwa kune akatanhamara mapurojekiti emudhorobha seaya akaitwa naHippodamus weMiletus, uko kurongeka kwaro mugridi kunomira pachena, zvinhu zvayakaramba ichishandisa mumazana emakore akatevera. Nekudaro, iyo yakaomarara maitiro eDoric yakasiiwa zvachose uye kushandiswa kwemaitiro evaKorinde kwakave kwakajairika.
Zviratidzo
Nekuda kwekuoma kwayo uye hunyanzvi, dhizaini yeGreece yekare ine akati wandei maitiro. Naizvozvo, kuti uwedzere kunyura mukati mavo, zvinonyanya kukosha kuakamura kuita akati wandei mapoinzi. Pakati pezvinonyanya kukosha tinowana zvinotevera:
Greek Architectural Orders
Pasinei nokuti kuchine kukakavara kwakawanda kwakapoteredza nyaya iyi, budiriro yechiGiriki ndiyo yaikonzera zvikuru kuvandudza basa rokushongedza kwemakoramu, maumbirwo ezvivakwa zvakagara zviripo kare.
Aya ndiwo aive mafambisirwo makuru ekumisikidza zvisungo zvekugadzira kana canons mumataera matatu akasiyana, anonziwo ma classical orders: Doric Order, Ionic Order uye Corinthian Order. Nepo vaviri vekutanga vaigara vari protagonists, mumwe nemumwe aive nemhedzisiro yakakura pakuvakwa kweWestern panguva iyoyo.
Munguva yese yeHellenistic capital capital inooneka, musanganiswa we classical order yaive isiri chikamu cheboka rataurwa pamusoro. Nekufamba kwemakore, nzanga yeRoma yakagamuchira iyi typology pachayo, ivo chete vakaunza misiyano nayo.
Makoramu acho aive nechigadziko, capital uye shaft, zvikamu zvekutanga zvinogadzira. Pavari pakanga pagere entablature, iyo yaisanganisira architrave, cornice uye frieze. Pamusoro pemafacade makuru, akagadzirwa nedenga rakavharwa, pakanga pane mativi.
Zvitaera zvakadaro zvaizivikanwa pamusoro pezvese nemazita makuru akasiyana emakoramu. Nekudaro, pane kumwe kusawirirana mune zvakawanda zvekugadzira uye zvekushongedza zvikamu pakati pemirairo, senge reshiyo pakati pehurefu uye dhayamita yekoramu uye mafomu ayo entablature.
Vaitove vaGiriki pachavo vaishandisa mazita ekuti Doric naIonic, zvichiratidza rutendo rwekuti masitayera aive madzinza evaDorian neIonian Greeks venguva yeRima Ages, izvo zvisingaite zvakanyanya kuve chokwadi.
Nekudaro, hunhu hwemirairo iyi hunosimbisa zvinhu zvakakosha mukati mekuvaka kweGreek sezvizvi:
doric order
Kurongeka kweDoric kwaive kwekutanga kwemaitiro matatu akazvarwa muGreece yekare. Izvi, kunze kwekuve yekare uye yakapfava, inoratidzirwa nekuve nembiru inotsigirwa yakananga pasi petembere isina hwaro. Kufanana neguta guru risina chero rudzi rwekushongedza, kuitira kuchengetedza hukuru hunogona kuoma.
Doric anopindura kune imwe yemidzi miviri yemaitiro echinyakare echiGreek anonzi Doria, ayo ane hukama zvakanyanya netsika dzesimbi dzekondinendi yeEurope. Iyo ine yakatenderedza 16 kusvika 20 longitudinal grooves ine micheto yakapinza. Kutanga kubva pasi, mbiru inoderera muhupamhi kusvika yasvika kuguta guru, kuitira kuti chimiro che entasis chiumbwe.
Nheyo yaro inoumbwa nerubatsiro rwenhanho yenhanho nhatu, iyo yakaderera inonzi "stereobates" uye yepamusoro se "stylobate". Saizvozvowo, inozivikanwa nekora yayo ine chidimbu mugomba, iyo inozove ine equinus uye sikweya abacus.
Pamusoro pembiru inotsigirwa ne entablature inoumbwa ne architrave, frieze uye cornice. Izvo zvakanambwa seDoric architrave inomiririrwa sedanda rakakura rakazorora pamusoro pemakoramu, asi risina kushongedza.
Iyo frieze inoumbwa ne triglyphs uye metopes izvo zvinochinjana. Nezve cornice yayo, inobuda kubva kune frieze uye inowanzoshongedzwa nemútulos, kureva, nematombo ane rectangular ane basa rekushongedza nemitsara yemadonhwe matatu kana matanhatu.
Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti mavambo ayo anotangira pakuvaka kwakaitwa nematanda, ayo maitiro ayo akatangira dombo. Nenzira iyi, matriglyphs aizopindura kumisoro yematanda akachinjika muzvivako izvi zvemapuranga.
Nemhaka yokuti wakanga uri chimiro chetsika nechakaoma, chainyanya kushandiswa mutemberi dzavamwari vechirume. Izvi zvakaonekwa muContinental Greece uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvakapararira kumakoroni echiGiriki muItaly. Chikamu chakanaka chetemberi dzenguva iyoyo, idzo dzichiri kuchengetedzwa zvakanyanya kana kushoma, ndedzehurongwa uhu.
Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura Temberi yeHera muOlympia (600 BC), Temberi yaApollo muKorinde (540 BC), Temberi yaHera I uye II muPaestum (437th century BC), Tembere yaApollo kuDelphi (432th. zana remakore BC) uye Temberi yeHephaestion uye Propylaea muAthens (XNUMX-XNUMX BC).
Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti chimiro chinopera nekuguma kweParthenon yeAthens muna 432 BC, temberi yakatsaurirwa kune mudziviriri weguta, Athena Parthenos, uye imwe yeiyi octostyles uye peripters apo kushandiswa kwekurongeka kunoratidzwa nenzira yakanakisisa. .
Nekuvakwa kwayo, Ictinus ane tarenda akatora chikamu, mukambani yemubatsiri wake ane tarenda, Calícrates. Kana iri yekushongedza kwayo, iyo yakanyatsogadzirwa frieze uye pediments inomira pachena, basa remuvezi anozivikanwa zvikuru weAncient Greece, Phidias. Nemhaka yekuputika muHondo yeChibatanwa Chitsvene muna 1687, chikamu chakanaka chetemberi chakaparadzwa.
Ionian Order
Kune avo vasingazivi, kurongeka kweIonic kune kwakabva kune imwe mudzi wechiGiriki art, pamwe chete nenharaunda yegungwa pakati peAsia Minor, Ionia. Munzvimbo iyoyo, yava kunzi mhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumadokero kweTurkey uye zvitsuwa zvishoma zveAegean, kwakawanikwa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekare dzechiGiriki.
Kurongeka uku kwakagadzirwa muIonia pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu BC, ndokutamira kuContinental Greece muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC. Yakanga iine preponderance yakakura munguva yeHellenistic, sezvo yaive yakanyanya kushongedza uye yakajairwa kune yayo aesthetics, kusiyana neiyo Doric yakasimba. .
Zvisaririra zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza kuti kushanduka kweIonian kwakasangana nekupikiswa munyika dzakawanda dzechiGiriki, sezvo dzainzwisiswa semumiriri wenzvimbo yeAtene. Pakati pemienzaniso yekutanga iripo yeguta guru reIonia pane yakanyorwa votive column paNaxos, inotangira kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechinomwe BC.
Chinonyanya kucherechedzwa chechimiro iguta rayo guru, iro rine mipumburu miviri kana spirals inoumba equinus. Kune chikamu chayo, iyo entablature inosimbisa chokwadi chekuti architrave yayo inowanzo ratidzwa yakakamurwa kuita matatu akachinjika mabhendi, anozivikanwa zviri nani semaplatband.
Iyo frieze yainayo inonyanya kuenderera bhendi, isina chero mhando yemametopes kana triglyphs. Makoramu acho anowanzoita kunge akatetepa, uye dzimwe nguva anotsiviwa nezvidhori zvevasikana zvinonzi caryatids, sezvazviri paErechtheum. Kuenzaniswa neiyo Doric kurongeka, iyi ine base inotsigira iyo column.
Temberi yakakura yakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Hera pachitsuwa cheSamos, yakagadzirwa nemugadziri anoyevedza Reco, inoonekwa seyekutanga kuvaka kukuru kweIonia, kunyangwe yakaparadzwa imwe nguva gare gare nekudengenyeka kwenyika kunotyisa.
Saizvozvo, mamwe matembere maviri akavakirwa paAcropolis yeAthens ndeaya akarongeka: Temberi yeAthena Nike (427-424 BC) uye Erechtheion (421 BC). Zvivako zveHellenistic zvakachengetedzwa zvakanakisa kusvika nhasi, senge Raibhurari yakakurumbira yeCelsus, inogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeTurkey.
Makuru ndiwo maguta ePergamoni neEfeso. Mune yekupedzisira tinosvika kuTemberi yaAtemisi kana Artemision, inozivikanwa senhengo yezvinoshamisa zvinomwe zvenyika yekare, nekuda kwemaitiro ayo ekuvaka anoshamisa uye fungidziro yeinjiniya yevanhu.
Saizvozvo, vanogona kunzi Hellenistic Tembere yeApollo kuDidyma uye Tembere yaAthena Polias kuPriene. Nekudaro, mumaguta akakosha uye makuru echiHellen seAlexandria, muEgypt, hapana chakasara chezvivakwa zvakamboitwa.
Kuenda zvakadzika muAtene, ipapo iyo Ionic kurongeka kwaizopesvedzera zvishoma zvinhu zveParthenon, kunyanya iyo Ionic frieze inotenderedza tembere sero. Pamusoro peizvi, makoramu eIonic akashandiswawo mukati megedhi repamusoro reAcropolis, iyo Propylaea.
Corinthian Order
Kana tichitaura nezve kurongeka kwevaKorinde, tiri kutaura kune yazvino uye yakagadziridzwa maitiro emaodha echinyakare echiGreek architecture. Zvose mune izvi uye mune imwe yeRoma, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya, asi neine misiyano miduku, iyo yakazoparira kurongeka kwekomboni.
Mavambo ayo anodzokera kumashure ekare, muguta reGreek-matunhu eKorinde. Pamadhorobha ese anozivikanwa eKorinde, yekutanga inotorwa kubva kuTembere yeApollo Epicurus kuBassae, inotangira kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechishanu BC, ingangoita 427 BC.
Mavari, maererano nemuumbi weRoma, munyori, injiniya uye munyori, Vitruvius, muvezi ane tarenda uye muvezi Callimachus, akadhirowa mutsara wemashizha eacanthus akakomberedza dengu rekuvhota. Iyo yakanyanya kushongedza yevaKorinde maitiro inofungidzirwa kuve yakanonoka kukura kweIonic muzana rino rimwe chetero.
Izvo zvinoratidzira kurongeka kweKorinde iguta rakasarudzika uye rakashongedzwa rakavezwa, iro rinosanganisa zvakatowanda zvechirimwa kupfuura muIonic kurongeka. Kutenderedza acanthus, maartist akakonzera mashizha akashongedzwa, akavezwa kuti akure kubva pachirimwa cheacanthus, pamusoro pacho chaigara pasi pebacus.
Kubva pachikamu ichi, patinowana mitsara miviri yemashizha e-acanthus, zvishoma zviduku zvishoma kana madzinde anobuda akapeta zvishoma nezvishoma mumakona mana, sezvazviri, uye kuti mipumburu inozviita sei muDoric, uye mu centers . Mukuwedzera, Korinde, kufanana neIonic, inoshandiswa mukati uye kunze kwetemberi dzakatsaurirwa kuna vamwari vechikadzi.
Nezve frieze, inogona kuve yakashongedzwa kana kwete, zvese zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemugadziri. Mabasa anomiririra zvakanyanya ehurongwa iTembere yaOlympian Zeus (174 BC) neLantern yeLysícrates (335-334 BC), ese akamiswa muAtene. Chechipiri chiyeuchidzo chekuyeuka chakagadzwa nanyanduri Lisícrates kuti aratidze mikombe yake.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, munguva dzekare, vaRoma vaive vakarerekera kukushandiswa kwehurongwa hwevaKorinde mukuvaka zvisingaverengeki. Izvi zvichida zvakakonzerwa nekutetepa kwayo. Pakati pezvivakwa zvayo zvekuvaka zvakawanda tinogona kutaura nezveTemberi yeMars Avenger, Pantheon yeAgrippa uye Maison Carrée muNimes, France.
Zvinhu
Pasina kupokana, budiriro yechiGiriki yakanga ine rusaruro chairwo nokuda kwemarble, zvikurukuru inoshandiswa muzvivako zvayo zvavose. Marble akanakisa aibva kunyika dzakaita seNaxos, Paros neMount Pentelikon, pedyo neguta reAtene.
Zvisinei, huni hwakatanga kushandiswa kwete chete pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzira zvakadai semakoramu, asiwo nekugadzirwa kwakakwana kwezvivakwa. Kubva pairi uye unyanzvi hwevavezi, zvimwe zvinhu zvekushongedza zvemisoro yematombo ematombo uye entablature yakagadzirwa.
Iyo huni yakashandiswa kugadzira chitsigiro nedenga, adobe yemadziro, yakakosha yedzimba, uye limestone nemarble yembiru, madziro uye ekumusoro zvikamu zvetembere uye zvivakwa zvevanhu. Kana iri terracotta, iyi yakashandiswa kugadzira zvishongo, nepo simbi (preponderant bronze) yekushongedza zvinhu.
Vagadziri vezvivakwa, zvese munguva dzechinyakare uye zvekare, vakashandisa zvinhu zvakadaro kuvaka zvivakwa zvevagari, zvepamba, zvechitendero, zvekuvigwa uye kunyangwe zvekuvaraidza. Iyo adobe yakachengeterwa chete dzimba dzepasi dzemakirasi emagariro uye pasina kukosha.
Nechekuita netaira, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti masara ekare eGreece akanyorwa munzvimbo ine diki yakatenderedza Korinde, nzvimbo iyo mataira aitsiva matenga euswa pakati pe700 ne650 BC, kunyanya mumatemberi eApollo uye. Poseidon.
Nekukurumidza, maitiro aya akapararira mukati memakore makumi mashanu akatevera, achishanda kunhamba huru yematunhu akapoteredza Eastern Mediterranean, kusanganisira mainland Greece, kumadokero Anatolia, uye kumaodzanyemba nepakati Italy.
Matiles ekutanga akasvika muGreece yekare aive "S" akaumbwa uye akakura chaizvo, achirema anenge 30 kilogiramu imwe neimwe. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ivo vaidhura zvakanyanya kugadzira pane denga rakapfirirwa, saka, kushandiswa kwavo kunotsanangurwa kubva pakupikisa moto, kupa kudzivirirwa kukuru kune temberi.
Kupararira kwedenga rematairi kunofanirwa kuoneka maererano neyakafanana heyday yezvivakwa zvekuvaka muArchaic Greece. Panguva iyoyo, madziro ematombo bedzi akanga achibuda, achitsiva madziro ekare emapuranga namadhaka, akanga akasimba zvakakwana kutsigira uremu hwedenga rine mataira.
Mukuwedzera, hazvigoni kuva nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi chakakanganwa kuti, kazhinji, kutaridzika kwezvivako kwakange kwakasiyana zvikuru nemaitiro avo nhasi. Munguva yakapfuura, vakapendwa nemavara ane simba senge dzvuku nebhuruu, zvekuti vaikwezva zvakanyanya kwete nekuda kwechimiro chavo chete, asiwo nekuda kwepolychromy yavo.
Kutaura idi, chinhu chaifarirwa nomunhu wose chakanga chiri che<em>limestone, icho ipapo chakafukidzwa nerunyoro rwakapfava rwe<em>stucco yeguruva re<em>marble kana kuti, pamwero muduku, marble chena chaiwo. Zvakare, dombo rakavezwa raiwanzoitwa chamois-kukwenenzverwa kuti ripe mvura inodzivirira yepamusoro uye kupa iyo inopenya kubata.
Temples
Sosaiti yeGreece yekare ine mukurumbira pasi rose nekuda kwetembere dzayo dzinoshamisa dzeDoric neIonic, sezvinoonekwa zvakamiririrwa muParthenon muAthens. Iri rakavakwa pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC kuitira kuti pave nekugara chifananidzo chikuru chemwarikadzi Athena, uye kuzivisa kuti Atene yaive nekubwinya nekunaka kwakadii kwavari.
Kunyange nanhasi, chiyeuchidzo chakadaro chichiri kuonekwa sechinhu chinokosha paacropolis yeguta racho. Saizvozvo, kwave kune mamwe matembere anoshamisa anokodzera kucherechedzwa kukuru, asi ari echinyakare chechiGiriki chivakwa.
Pakati pavo pakamira Tembere huru yeOlympian Zeus muOlympia (yakavakwa pakati pe470-456 BC), Tembere yaAtemisi kana Artemision muEfeso (yakavakwa pakati pe575-560 BC), yakakodzera zita rechimwe chezvishamiso zvinomwe zve Nyika yekare, uye Temberi yePoseidon paCape Sounion (yakavakwa pakati pe7-444 BC), yakamira pamawere akatarisana neGungwa reAegean.
Iyi yekupedzisira yakatumidzwa zita, inoratidza zvakajeka chishuwo chechiGiriki chekuti zvivakwa zveveruzhinji zvakadaro hazvingoite basa rekutanga, iro rekugara chifananidzo chakapfava chehumwari, kana icho chekuyemurwa chete kubva pedyo kana kubva mukati, asiwo kuti ivo kuona kure kure nemunhu wese ari kusvika pachitsuwa.
Nyanzvi dzenguva iyoyo, dzakaita nhamburiko huru kuitira kuti chivakwa cheGreece chive chinotungamira kuvaka temberi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepamberi, pamwe nekushandiswa kweiyo yakaoma geometry. Nechinangwa chikuru chekuita kuti chivako chitaridzike chakatwasuka uye chakabatana kubva kure, vagadziri vezvivakwa vakatora basa rekuita maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuona.
Kuti izvi zviitike, matipi aishandiswa nenyanzvi dzemifananidzo ndeaya matatu: kukobvura pasi pembiru dzadzo dzose, kora mbiru dzepakona zvakaenzana, uye isa mbiru mukati zvishoma.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chikamu chikuru chekugadzirisa uku hachigoni kuonekwa nyore nyore. Muchokwadi, pari zvino, mashoma mashoma ekuyeresa epamusoro ane kugona kuona misiyano midiki yemakona uye zviyero zviripo.
Idzi kuvandudzwa zviratidzo zvakajeka zvekuti temberi dzechiGiriki dzaive dzakawanda kupfuura zvimiro zvekushanda zviri nyore. Pamusoro peizvi, chivakwa chacho pachacho, sese, chaive chiratidzo chechimwe chinhu chinomiririra uye chikamu chinodarika mune izvo zvakatorwa senzvimbo yevagari vemo.
Mitambo
Sezvatinoaziva nhasi, dzimba dzemitambo dzechiGiriki dzakabuda muzana remakore rechina BC Pasinei neizvi, dzakanga dzatovakwa makore akawanda zvisati zvaitika, chete muzana remakore rechinomwe nerechitanhatu dzakanga dzisati dzanyatsogadziriswa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha kudzokera shure makore zana.
Zvingangodaro kuti nezana remakore rechiXNUMX BC, takanga tatoratidzwa chikamu chikuru cheicho chaizova nhandare dzemitambo yezana remakore reXNUMX BC. Zvisinei, huni dzakashandiswa pakuvaka kwavo, kunyange zvazvo moto wakanga wakawanda, nokuti naizvozvo, hapana kana chimwe chete chakachengetedzwa.
Sezvatakambotaura, zvivakwa zvaimbotsigirwa pamateru ezvikomo kana makomo, kuitira kutora mukana wekusaenzana kwenyika. Zvisinei, kunewo nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nefekitari. Pairi pachayo, vaive neseti yezvikamu zvakagadziriswa, izvi zvinotevera:
- Orkestra: Kubva kuGreek 'orcheisthai' (muchiSpanish kutamba), iyo orkhestra inzvimbo yakatenderedzwa kana semicircular, iri kunze munzvimbo yezasi yetiyetera. Ndipo panotamba kwaya nokuimba.
- Skene: nzvimbo iri pamberi ine rectangular uye nhete chimiro, umo vatambi vanoita. Iine makoroni uye, panguva imwecheteyo, makamuri ari mukati memukati, anoshanda seyekumashure uye makamuri ekupfeka. Iri kuseri kwe "orchestra".
- Proskenion: kazhinji anenge ari pamberi pedariro, nokuti ndipo panomirirawo vatambi voita basa ravo. Zvingangodaro kuti kare chikamu chepasi chaigadzirwa nematombo, nepo chikamu chepamusoro chakaitwa nechinhu chisina simba, ndicho chikonzero chepasi chete chakachengetedzwa.
- Koilon: Iine semicircular chimiro, koilon yaive nzvimbo yetiyeta yakachengeterwa veruzhinji, saka, zvimire. Vanhu vakakosha (zviremera nevapristi veDionysus) uye nzanga yepamusoro vaiwanzogara mumitsara yekutanga, mutengo wavo wakakwira. Zvigaro zvishoma zvakatove zvigaro zvemhando yepamusoro, zvakagadzirwa nemarble, zvakashongedzwa nezvinyorwa zvemunhu.
- parody: inozivikanwa semukoridho kana musuwo wevaoni nekwaya, iri pakati peproskenion nekoilon.
Kwakanga kusati kuri kwechienzi kuti zvivezwa zvakasiana-siana zviratidzike panhambo nenhambo nechokumusoro kana kuti pamusuo weimba yemitambo. Kana zviri zvezvivakwa zveRoma, izvi zvaiwanzofanana, kunze kwezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana.
Hunhu hwakadaro hwaive chimiro che orkhestra nezvimisikidzo, nekuti hazvina kutsigirwa pagomo kana chikomo, asi zvese zvaive fekitori. Iwo matheater akatanhamara achiri kuchengetedzwa nhasi ndeaya eEpidaurus, Delphi, Priene neSegesta, ese ari emuzana ramakore rechina BC.
Nhandare
Nhandare ndeimwe yezvivakwa zvakawanda umo vaGiriki vakakunda. Idzi dzakanga dzakagadzirirwa shoo dzemitambo uye dzakanga dzakarebesa, dziine zviteshi zvakakura izvo zvaiwanzotsigirwa mujinga megomo.
Mitambo yaimboitwa ipapo yaive mijaho yetsoka nekukwevana. Iyo Olympia Stadium inoonekwa seyakakura pane dzese, ine kureba kwakatenderedza 600 tsoka, iyo inonambwa zvakangofanana neiyo, senhandare, sezvo chikamu chekuyera chakasimuka munzvimbo iyoyo chaiyo.
Nhandare yePanathinaikó, inozivikanwawo seKallimármaro, iri muAthens, yakavakwa patsva muna 1896 sekutanga kudhindwa kweMitambo yeOlympic Games. Saizvozvo, avo veEpidaurus, Delphi, Milero naPriene vanoramba varipo.
Delphi, yaive nzvimbo yeMitambo yePythian kubva mugore ra528 BC, uye inozivikanwa nekuve panzvimbo yepamusoro-soro mumupata wenzvimbo tsvene. Kuvepo, zvinokutendera kuti uone nzvimbo tsvene yeApollo uye Delphic landscape. Kusikwa kwayo kunodzokera kuhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechina BC, mushure mekurwisa kwevaGaratia muna 279 BC.
Dzimba nekuronga maguta
Kunze kweizvo zvatinofunga sezvivakwa zvega, chokwadi ndechekuti madhorobha agglomerations mumaguta akasiyana uye anoti akaumba Greece akange asina chero rudzi rwechirongwa chaicho. Migwagwa yerudzi rwacho yakanga yakamanikana zvikuru uye inomonereka, nenhamba huru yezvivako zvichitsvikinyidzana.
Mugadziri, mugadziri wemaguta, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, meteorologist uye muzivi, Hippodamus weMiletus, anonzi zita rebaba vekuronga kwemaguta, sezvo magwaro akasiyana-siyana achiti ndiye aive nepfungwa yekugadzira chirongwa chemaguta mu. grid, iyo "Hypodamic Plan".
Mune mamwe mazwi, murume uyu, akararama kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX BC. C., aive nebasa rekugadzira hurongwa hwemaguta hweGreece yekare, zvichibva pachimiro chegridi kana grid, nemigwagwa ichicheka nguva nenguva pamakona chaiwo.
Pasinei neizvi, kushandiswa kunoshanda kweiyi kuronga kwaibvira bedzi mumaguta akanga achangobva kuvakwa, akadai seayo gare gare akarongedzera Piraeus neThuril. Guta rekupedzisira nheyo, Olinto, inyaya yakasarudzika yeguta rekare rine dhizaini yenguva dzose, nekuda kwekuti inopa simba reHippodamus mukufanana kwemigwagwa yaro nemabhuroko.
Yakanga yatova munguva yeHellenistic apo kutungamira kwaigona kugadziriswa, uye zvakasarudzwa kuenderera mberi nekugara kwechirongwa. Muenzaniso wakajeka weiyi nzira itsva ndeyekuvakwa patsva kwePriene muAsia peninsula yeAnatolia.
Izvi pazvaitika, pakava nokushorwa kukuru kweAgora, sezvo yakanga yakapoteredzwa kumativi ose mana. Saizvozvowo, pakanga paine kuvandudzwa kwezvimwe zvivakwa zveveruzhinji panguva iyoyo, senge vharanda rakakurumbira uye rakakura raitonga Agora yese, Stoa yeAttalus, uyo mupiro waive chikamu chamambo wePergamoni, Attalus II.
Nezve mataipi edzimba, pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechina B.C. C., zvinhu zviviri ndizvo zvainyanya kufarirwa. Dzimba dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa paOlynthus panguva yese iyi, uye dziya dzemuzana ramakore rechipiri kuDelos, dzaive nemakamuri madiki aive akarongwa nerectangular pateni yakatenderedza chivanze chemukati chakaumbwa nemakoramu.
Rudzi rwechipiri rweimba runowanikwa muPriene, uko kuvakwa kwaive kwakavakirwawo patio yemukati, asi nehurongwa hwakasiyana hwepasi. Panzvimbo pokuva nenhevedzano yamakamuri akatsvikinyidzana, nzvimbo huru yekamuri yakanga iri kamuri hombe rine makona mativi mana aienda kuberere rine vharanda kumugumo.
Mukuwedzera kune izvi, sezvatakapinda mumba, mumativi evharanda takawana mamwe makamuri maduku, ose ari maviri ebasa, pamwe chete nedzimba dzokuchengetera zvinhu uye dzokubikira. Mukupesana, dzimba dzenguva yechiGiriki dzaive nemhando yepamusoro-siyana yaionekwa nemaziso.
Kuenzanisira, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vanhu vakapfuma vokuGreece vaiva nenhamba yakawanda yedzimba dzaiva nezvikumbaridzo, makoramu uye madhoo akagadzirwa chose nematombo ematombo. Pamusoro pezvo, pasi payo pakagadzirwa nemifananidzo yaimiririra mifananidzo yevanhu kana yemhuka, uye yakapurasitwa uye yakadhirowewa madziro kuitira kuti aite sedombo.
funerary monuments
Kazhinji, zviyeuchidzo zvemariro echiGiriki zvakanga zviri nyore. Nekudaro, kana vaine mamwe mafomu akataurwa pazasi:
- Kuguta reAtene, dombo rakapfava rine mifananidzo yekuyamura raiva rake.
- KuPeloponnese peninsula, iyo yetemberi diki.
- Dunhu reMakedhonia rakapiwa zita remapako akacherwa, mungave muruware kana kuti pasi, ane marudzi ose ezvivharo nemifananidzo.
- Pakupedzisira, kune peninsula yeAsia Minor, sePeloponnese, temberi kana dzimwe nguva hypogea, seMacedonia.
Pakati pezvese, yakamira zvakanyanya kune iyo yakasarudzika mausoleum yeIonic odha yakashongedzwa neakasiyana matombo uye zviumbwa, zvakasimudzwa muguta rekare reHalicarnassus mukurangarira Mausolus, Mambo weCaria. Izvi zvakatumwa nemudzimai wake Artemis muna 353 BC Pane dzimwe nguva vanhu vaingopiswa uye madota avo aichengetwa muurns kana zvirongo.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: