El Popocatepetl Ndiyo imwe yemakomo anoputika anonakidza uye anotyiwa zvikuru muMexico. Chimiro chayo chakakwana, chinowanzo shongedzwa neguruva reutsi huchena, chinotonga muganhu wenyika dzakasiyana siyana uye chave chiratidzo chakajairika sezvachisinganzwisisike. Pakutanga, chakafanana nehofori yakarara, asi utsi hwese hunoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chekuti pasi pegomo iroro pane moyo wemoto.
Anozivikanwa nerudo se "Don Goyo" nenharaunda dziri pedyoDutu iri rinosanganisa sainzi, nhoroondo, tsika, uye ngano zvakasiyana. Panguva imwe chete irabhoritari yechisikigo yevanoongorora geology, sosi yekuzvipira kune vanhu veko, gamba guru rengano dzerudo, uye, zvechokwadi, gomo rinoputika rine kutariswa kuri pamberi pevakuru veMexico.
Popocatépetl: gomo rinoputika riri pakati peMexico
Popocatépetl i gomo guru rinoputika riri pakati peMexicoInogovaniswa nenyika dzePuebla, Morelos, neState of Mexico. Pakakwirira kupfuura mamita 5.400 pamusoro pegungwa, ndiyo gomo rechipiri pakukwirira munyika, rechipiri mushure meCitlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba), uye rinoumba chikamu cheTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.
Zita racho rinobva kuNahuatl uye rinoreva "Gomo rinoputa"Tsananguro iri nyore asi yakarurama yemaitiro ayo aripo iye zvino: gomo rinoputika, rine utsi hwemvura, magasi, uye madota zvinoonekwa kubva makiromita makumi maviri kubva pano. Utsi hwejena ihwohwo hwave hwakanyanya kupararira munzvimbo iyi zvekuti vagari vazhinji vanoti vachangonetseka chete zuva raro richanyangarika.
Popocatépetl inogovera nzvimbo inoyevedza nemuvakidzani wayo, gomo Iztaccihuatl, achiumba makomo maviri anoputika anoratidza nzvimbo nenzvimbo yenzvimbo iyiPakati pavo pane Paso de Cortés, nzira yemugomo yekare iyo, maererano netsika, Hernán Cortés akafamba-famba asati adzika akananga kuMupata weMexico neTenochtitlán yekare.
Kubva mumipata nemaguta akapoteredza, gomo rinoputika rinoonekwa segomo chimiro chakanaka kwazvo, chakakwana muchimiro chayo chekonaPamazuva akajeka, kuvapo kwayo kunotonga denga uye kunoshanda senzira yechisikigo yemamiriyoni evanhu vanogara pedyo nayo. Asi shure kwemufananidzo iwoyo wakanaka kune nhoroondo yakaoma yezvepasi uye hupenyu hwemukati hwakasimba.
Mavambo epasi uye kuumbwa kwehofori
Como todos los makomo makuru anoputika enyikaPopocatépetl imhedzisiro ye maitiro e geological akakura kwemazana ezviuru zvemakoreKwakatangira munguva yePleistocene, apo mhuka huru dzinoyamwisa, idzo dzava kutsakatika, dzairamba dzichifamba-famba munzvimbo iyi uye nzvimbo yacho yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru neyanhasi.
Ongororo dzePaleomagnetic neGeological dzakaitwa munzvimbo iyi dzinoratidza kuti gomo rinoputika riri pedyo makore angangoita 730.000Hazvina kubva pasina chinhu, asi semugumisiro wekutevedzana kwenguva refu kwemakomo anoputika akakura, akadonha ndokupa nzvimbo kune zvivakwa zvitsva zvinoputika izvo zvaizozopedzisira zvaumba koni yatinoziva nhasi.
Popocatépetl isati yasvika paiva ne zvivako zvitatu zvikuru zvakatangira makomo anoputika izvo zvakaratidza kushanduka kwenzvimbo iyi: Nexpayantla, Ventorrillo, neEl Fraile. Chimwe nechimwe chaive nehupenyu hwacho, nezvikamu zvekushanda kwakasimba uye nguva dzerunyararo, kusvika pakuparadzwa zvishoma kana zvachose kuburikidza nekuputika kukuru.
Chekutanga chemakomo aya aiputika chaive Nexpayantla, iyo yakaputika makore angangoita 400.000 apfuurazvichisiya hwaro hwaizotevera kukura kwemakomo anoputika. Gare gare, Ventorrillo, imwe stratovolcano hombe, yakashanda kusvika makore angangoita 23.000 apfuura, panguva yayakadonha. Pakupedzisira, El Fraile, iyo yakaguma makore angangoita 14.500 apfuura, yakapedzisa kutevedzana uku kwemakomo makuru akatangira.
Mutsetse wese wezvivakwa zvinoputika, kuputika, uye kudonha kwemakomo zvakazopedzisira zvaita kuti koni yemazuva ano yePopocatépetlGomo ratinoona nhasi ndiro danho rekupedzisira renhoroondo yakaoma yezve geology, rinoratidzwa nekuputika kwemakomo, kuyerera kwelava uye madota akaumba nzvimbo yacho nevhu renzvimbo yakapoteredza.
Gomo rinoputika riri kushanda: fumaroles, kuputika, uye kugara uchitarisa
Chitarisiko chakanaka chePopocatépetl hachifaniri kunyengedza: ndizvo rimwe remakomo anoputika ane ngozi uye anonyanya kushanda muMexicoKubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, kushanda kwayo mukati kwave kuchiwedzera, nezviitiko zvakawanda zvekubuda kwedota, kuputika kuri pakati nepakati, uye kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvinopenya kubva mugomba.
Chimwe chezviratidzo zvinonyanya kuoneka zvechiitiko ichi ndechekuti utsi huchena hunobuda zvachose Kubva pamusoro pegomo. Kune avo vanogara pedyo, gore iroro remhepo negasi rave chinhu chezuva nezuva munzvimbo iyi. Pane chitendero chakapararira chekuti njodzi chaiyo ichaonekwa pazuva iro mhepo inonyangarika, sekunge gomo rinoputika riri kuwedzera simba chinyararire.
Mumakumi emakore apfuura, Popocatépetl yakanyoresa zvikamu zvakati wandei zvinozivikanwa zvekuputikaSemuenzaniso, pakati paMay naChikunguru 2013, kuputika kwakaitika kwakaburitswa mbiru dzedota Pakukwirira kwakakwirira, yakabata maguta ari pedyo uye yakatosvika kuMexico City. Panguva iyoyo, ndege dzakamira kuBenito Juárez International Airport nekuda kwekuvapo kwemadota mudenga.
Muna Mbudzi 2014 naKukadzi 2015, zvakadzokororwa kuputika kutsva nekudzingwa kwedotaIzvi zvakasimbisa kuti gomo rinoputika rakanga richiri muchikamu chebasa guru. Zvisinei, rimwe remagomo anoyeukwa zvikuru raive raZvita 2000, apo madutu emoto akanyorwa uye zvakava zvakakodzera kuti vanhu vabve mumaguta ari pamakomo egomo iri nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza.
Nekuda kwekusanganiswa uku kwekuva pedyo nenzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda uye simba remukati, Popocatépetl inoonekwa se gomo rinoputika rine njodzi huru munyikaIzvi hazvirevi kuti iri pedyo nenjodzi huru nguva dzese, asi zvinoreva kuti chero shanduko mumaitiro ayo inofanira kutariswa zvakanyanya nevakuru.
Kutarisa kwesainzi uye nzira dzekudzivirira vanhu
Kutarisa zvinoitwa naDon Goyo ibasa rinokosheswa zvikuru Nzvimbo yeNyika yeKudzivirira Njodzi (Cenapred)Sangano iri rine basa rekutarisa gomo rinoputika nguva dzose richishandisa makamera, masensa ekudengenyeka kwenyika, kuongorora gasi, uye kuongorora satellite. Ruzivo urwu rwese rwunounganidzwa kuita mishumo yezuva nezuva inoshanda sehwaro hwesarudzo dzekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.
MuMexico mune sisitimu yekuzivisa nezvekuputika kwemakomo ine mavara akasiyanaSisitimu iyi inoratidza mwero webasa uye mhando yematanho anokurudzirwa vanhu. Kana gomo rinoputika rapinda muchikamu chinoshanda zvakanyanya, maitiro akasiyana-siyana anotanga kushanda: kubva pamiganhu yekusvika kunzvimbo ine njodzi huru kusvika kuzvirongwa zvekubuda kwevanhu munharaunda dziri pedyo.
Mumakore achangopfuura, vazhinji vekare Mabasa ekuzvivaraidza ari pedyo negomba rayo ave mashoma zvikuru. kana kuti zvakarambidzwa zvachose. Makumi emakore apfuura, zvaive zvakajairika kuona nzendo dzehondo kubva mapaki enyika ari pedyo avo vaiedza kusvika pamusoro, asi nhasi kukwira kugomo guru kwarambidzwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza, kunze kwevashandi vane mvumo.
Zvinokurudzirwa nevepamutemo zvinosimbisa kuti, vasati vashanyira nzvimbo yakapoteredza Popocatépetl, Nguva dzose tarisa ruzivo rwakagadziridzwa kubva kuCivil Protection neCenapred.Kunyangwe kana dota riri kure, rinogona kukanganisa hutano, zvirimwa, mota, uye zvivakwa, saka zvakakosha kutevedzera gwara rekupfeka masiki ekumeso, kuchengetedza matangi emvura, uye nzvimbo dzekuchenesa.
Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu aya enjodzi inodzorwa, Popocatépetl ichiripo gomo rinoputika rinodiwa zvikuru uye rinoremekedzwa nenharaunda dzenharaunda iyiVanozviona sechikamu chehupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva, mamiriro avo emanzwiro, uye ndangariro dzavo pamwe chete, izvo zvinonyanya kutsanangura huwandu hwe ngano, tsika uye mazita ekudanana ane rudo izvo zvakaripoteredza.
Popocatépetl naIztaccíhuatl: ngano yerudo rusingaperi
Kuvapo kwakabatana kwePopocatépetl neIztaccíhuatl kwakakurudzira imwe yengano dzerudo dzinozivikanwa zvikuru mutsika dzeMexicoNyaya iyi, yakaberekerwa munharaunda yevanhu vechiNahua, yakaedza kupa zvinoreva chimiro chemakomo uye kuti rimwe rawo rinoshanda uye rimwe rinoramba rakanyarara uye rakafukidzwa nesinou.
Mumavhezheni mazhinji, Iztaccíhuatl imambokadzi ane runako rukuru uye njere.Mwanasikana washe ane simba. Varwi vakati wandei vanosvika muumambo vachida kushanda muuto, uye pakati pavo panobva Popocatépetl, jaya rakashinga uye rinoyevedza iro rinokurumidza kuremekedzwa nemunhu wese uye mwoyo wemuchindakadzi.
Vaviri ava vanodanana zvikuru, uye hukama hwavo hunoonekwa. Baba vaIztaccíhuatl, vachiziva nezverudo rwavo, vanovimbisa kupa ruoko rwemwanasikana wake muwanano kumurwi ane chinodiwa chimwe chete chaicho: anofanira kutungamira hondo yekurwisa vanhu vevavengi uye odzoka akunda aine humbowo hwekukunda kwake.
Mune dzimwe shanduro zvinotaurwa kuti mambo anoda Popocatépetl uuye nemusoro wemuchinda anokwikwidzana akarovererwa papfumoMuzvimwe zviitiko, zvakakwana kukunda musha unopandukira. Chero zvazvingava, shoko racho rakafanana: kana akadzoka zvinobudirira, muchindakadzi neumambo zvichava zvake. Jaya racho rinobvuma risingazenguriri uye rinoenda kuhondo, rakatsunga kuzadzisa vimbiso yaro uye kusanganazve nemudiwa waro.
Njodzi, shanduko uye zvinoreva ngano dzemakomo anoputika
Mukati mengano, zvinotevera zvinotanga kushanda kutengesa, godo, uye kusaziva chokwadiMune dzimwe shanduro, muvengi ane godo waPopocatépetl anoparadzira makuhwa enhema ekuti murwi afa muhondo. Mune dzimwe, mambo pachake ndiye aneta nekumirira, anosarudza kurega jaya iri ndokumanikidza Iztaccíhuatl kuti agamuchire mumwe muchato.
Muchindakadzi, paakanzwa kuti mudiwa wake akanga awira muhondo, Anonyura mukusuwa kukuruAsingakwanise kutsungirira fungidziro yehupenyu husina Popocatépetl, anorwara zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika moyo wake wamira. Mune dzimwe nhoroondo, anofa neshungu asati aroorwa zvekumanikidzwa; mune dzimwe, anofa mushure mekunge aramba kuroorwa nemumwe murume.
Zvichakadaro, Popocatépetl inoramba ichirwa iri kure neumambo uye, mushure mehondo yakaoma, Anodzoka akunda neuchapupu hwekukunda kwakePaanosvika, anoona kuti zvese zvachinja: mambo aputsa shoko rake, guhwa rerufu rwake rapararira, uye Mambokadzi Iztaccíhuatl afa asina kumbokwanisa kumumbundira zvakare.
Arwadziwa nekurasikirwa, murwi anotora mutumbi wemudiwa wake usina upenyu mumaoko ake ndokuutora famba naye kuenda kumakomo marefu yedunhu iri. Ikoko anogadzirira mubhedha wemariro pamusoro pegomo, anoradzika muchindakadzi pasi ndokupfugama padivi pake nemwenje wakabatidzwa, akatsunga kumuchengeta nekusingaperi.
Vachikurudzirwa nerudo rwavo rwakasimba uye kuvimbika kwavo kusingazununguki, vanamwari vanosarudza kupindira. Husiku ihwohwo vanoshandura vadikani kuita makomoIztaccíhuatl anova chitarisiko chakareba, chakafukidzwa nechando chakafanana nemuviri wemukadzi akarara ane bvudzi rake rakapararira; Popocatépetl inova gomo rinoputika riri pedyo, murwi anokotama anoramba achikanda utsi nemoto achichengetedza muchindakadzi wake.
Kufananidzira, tsika uye dudziro yetsika yengano
Nyaya iyi, iyo yave nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana nekufamba kwenguva, inoshanda se zvinopfuura nyaya yerudo yakapfavaMumaonero emunyika yemuno, makomo anoputika nemakomo haasi mirwi yematombo chete, asi zvisikwa zvine hupenyu, hunhu nechido, zvakabatana nenyika yevamwari uye nekurongeka kwenyika.
Iztaccíhuatl, ane zita rinowanzo shandurwa sekuti "mukadzi muchena" kana kuti "mukadzi akarara"Inomiririra kuchena, runyararo, uye zororo risingaperi. Chimiro chayo chakarara, chakafukidzwa nechando chinomiririra runyararo rwerufu, asiwo kugara kwenguva refu: inoramba iripo, isingafambi, sechiyeuchidzo cherudo rwakaomeswa nechando munguva.
Popocatépetl, kune rumwe rutivi, ndiyo "Gomo rinoputa"Uye kuputika kwayo kwegomo kunoratidza shungu, simba, uye kurwa nguva dzose. Utsi nemoto zvinobuda mugomba rayo, sezvinoonekwa kuburikidza nepfungwa dzengano, ndiwo mwenje wakaramba kudzima murwi, murazvo unopfuta paanenge akamirira kuti muchindakadzi wake amutse rimwe zuva.
Panyaya yetsika, ngano iyi inosimbisa pfungwa dzakadai sekuvimbika, kuzvipira, uye migumisiro yekutengeswaPopocatépetl anoonekwa semuenzaniso wekuzvipira kwakazara, anoda kutarisana nehondo uye kuramba zvese nekuda kwerudo. Baba vemuchindakadzi, kune rumwe rutivi, vanomiririra zvipikirwa zvakaputswa, chinangwa chezvematongerwo enyika, uye kushaya rukudzo, avo vane zvisarudzo zvinosunungura njodzi.
Kubva pamaonero etsika, nyaya iyi yakashanda ku kutsanangura zviitiko zvechisikigo nenzira yakapfupika uye yenhetemboChokwadi chekuti rimwe remagomo maviri anoputika riri kushanda uye rimwe harisi kushanda chinoratidzwa pakarepo mumufananidzo wemurwi akangwarira ari padivi pemukadzi akarara. Saka, ngano iyi inosimbisa nzvimbo yekufungidzira pamwe chete uye inosimudzira hukama hwepfungwa nenzvimbo.
Popocatépetl munhoroondo yeMexico, hunyanzvi, uye kuzivikanwa
Kunze kwengano, Popocatépetl yave iripo mu zviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yeMexicoNhoroondo yacho inotaura nezvekukwira kwegomo rinoputika kunyangwe Umambo hweAztec husati hwasvika pakakwirira: kukwira kunotaurwa pamusoro pegore ra1289, uye gare gare, muna 1519, vakundi veSpain vakakwirazve, vachifarira sarufa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemunzvimbo iyi.
Mufananidzo wegomo rinoputika wakurudzira vapendi, vadetembi, vaimbi nevanyori Kwemazana emakore, ngano yemakomo maviri anoputika yave ichitsanangurwa patsva mumabhuku akawanda, nziyo dzakakurumbira, mifananidzo, uye mifananidzo yakapendwa, ichiva imwe yenyaya dzinozivikanwa zvikuru mungano dzeMexico.
Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, Popocatépetl zvakare nzvimbo yekutarisa hunhu hwevanhu vazhinji vekuPuebla, Morelos neState of MexicoZvinoonekwa muzviratidzo zvemasangano, zviratidzo zvemunharaunda, zviratidzo zvekutengeserana, uye mumakwikwi ekushanya. Kuzviona zviri pedyo, kune vanhu vazhinji, inzira yekuziva kuti "vari kumusha."
Kunyangwe zita rake remadunhurirwa rekuti, “Don Goyo”, rinoratidza kuti nharaunda dzinomuona sei: kwete chete sechiitiko chechisikigo, asi anenge semuvakidzani ane hunhu hwakeKune mitambo, minamato, uye zvipiriso zvakatsaurirwa kugomo rinoputika, umo rinokumbirwa kuti rirambe rakadzikama kana, zvirinani, kupa yambiro pachine nguva kana richironga kumuka nesimba rakawanda kupfuura zvaragara richiita.
Munyaya dzedzidzo, nyanzvi dzezvepasi, nyanzvi dzemakomo, nyanzvi dzezvekuchera matongo, uye vanyori venhoroondo vanoramba vachidzidza nezvePopocatépetl. Dota rayo nedhaka zvinotibvumira kugadzirisa zviitiko zvekareKunzwisisa mashandiro emukati megomo rinoputika uye kugadzira mamodheru ekubatsira kufanotaura maitiro aro eramangwana ndizvo zvinangwa zvikuru. Panguva imwe chete, nharaunda yaro yechisikigo, ine masango emupaini, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzehuswa, uye nzvimbo dzinenge dziri mwedzi, zvinokwezva kutariswa kwevanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu nevanoongorora zvakatipoteredza.
Nzvimbo dzinokwezva vanhu zvakasikwa uye zvipingamupinyi zvemuenzi
Kwenguva yakareba, nzvimbo yakapoteredza Popocatépetl yaive nzvimbo yezviitiko zvakawanda. nzendo, kufamba-famba uye mabasa emakomoKubva kumasango ari mujinga kusvika panzvimbo dzekuona zvinhu dziri pedyo nekona, nzvimbo iyi yaiva nenzira dzekufamba netsoka, kuona shiri, mapopoma akavanda, uye maonero akanaka emupata uyu.
Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekuputika kwemakomo mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kwakamanikidza kudzikamisa zvakanyanya kupinda munzvimbo dziri pedyo negombaNhasi uno, nzira dzinoenda pamusoro pegomo repamusoro dzakavharwa kune veruzhinji uye zviitiko zvinongobvumidzwa munzvimbo dzinoonekwa sedzakachengeteka nevakuru vakuru, avo vanogara vachiteerera shanduko dziri kuitika pakuputika kwemakomo.
Izvi hazvirevi kuti dunhu iri harichafadzi. Kubva pamaonero akasiyana-siyana nemapaki enyika ari pedyo, zvinokwanisika... kufungisisa nezvePopocatépetl neIztaccíhuatl mukubwinya kwavo kwoseKunyanya mumazuva echando akajeka, apo sinou inoratidza makomo ese ari maviri. Vashanyi vazhinji vanongofamba munzira dzakachengeteka, vanotora mifananidzo, uye vanonakidzwa nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza vasingasvike panzvimbo ine njodzi.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, chero hurongwa hwekushanya hunofanira kuitwa ne kungwara uye ruzivo rwakanaka rwekareZvakakosha kutarisa magwaro epamutemo, kuremekedza nzvimbo dzakachengeteka, kutakura midziyo yakakodzera yemakomo, uye kutevedzera zvinokurudzirwa munharaunda, kunyanya maererano nekudonha kwedota kana kuchinja kamwe kamwe kwekuputika kwemakomo.
Kune avo vanogara kure, Popocatépetl yavewo chiitiko chezuva nezuva kuburikidza nemawebhusaiti uye mishumo yenguva chaiyoNhepfenyuro zhinji nemapuratifomu edhijitari anogovana mifananidzo inogara iripo yegomba iri, zvichibvumira vanhu "kutarisa" gomo rinoputika vari kumba uye kuona kana Don Goyo akadzikama kana kuti asina kugadzikana zuva iroro.
Nezvose zviri pamusoro apa, Popocatépetl inozviratidza se chiratidzo chakaoma apo sainzi, nhoroondo, ngano, nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinosanganaIgomo rinoputika risingangoburitsi utsi chete mupfungwa ye geology, asiwo mukufungidzira kwevanhu vose: rinopa ruremekedzo, kutya, kudada, uye unyoro panguva imwe chete. Avo vanotora nguva yekudzidza nezvekwakabva, kuputika kwaro, ngano dzaro, uye kukosha kwaro mutsika vanoona kuti harisi gomo chete: ihunhu hukuru munyaya yeMexico, hofori mhenyu inoramba ichinyora nhoroondo yaro zuva nezuva.
