Nyika yeunyanzvi yekuEurope iri kusiya Georg Baselitz, mumwe wevagadziri vane simba guru venguva yemushure mehondo, akafa ava nemakore 88. Mupendi wekuGermany, mudhirowa, muvezi uye muvezi, ane mukurumbira nekuda kwemifananidzo yake yakachinja-chinja uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, anofa achisiya basa guru rakatora makore anopfuura makumi matanhatu uye rakaratidza nhoroondo yekupenda kwemazuva ano.
Nhau kuti Rufu rwaGeorg Baselitz rwakasimbiswa neThaddaeus Ropac galleryImba yekuchengetera mifananidzo iri muSalzburg, pamwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenhau nemifananidzo yaakashanda nayo zvakanyanya, dzakadai seRopac muEurope, dzakazivisa nezverufu rwake. Sekureva kwemashoko akaburitswa achimiririra mhuri, muimbi uyu "akafa murunyararo," kunyangwe pasina rumwe ruzivo rwakaziviswa nezvechikonzero cherufu rwake panguva ino.
Musiki akabatwa pakati pemaGermany maviri neEurope inozivikanwa nehondo
Akazvarwa se Hans-Georg Bruno Kern muna 1938 muDeutschbaselitz, SaxonyMuimbi uyu akakurira mumatongo. Paaiva mwana, akararama panguva yekubhombwa kwakaparadza musha wake uye, gare gare, pakuvakwazve kwawo pasi peutongi hweSoviet. Iye pachake akayeuka kuzvarwa "muhurongwa hwakaparadzwa, nzvimbo yakaparadzwa, musha wakaparadzwa." Chiitiko ichi chinoshungurudza chehondo nenguva yapashure pehondo chakapinda mubasa rake rose.
Baba vake vaive mudzidzisi wechikoro uye nhengo yeNazi PartyIzvi zvakakonzera matambudziko makuru mushure mekudonha kweThird Reich: akaderedzwa pachigaro uye akarambidzwa kudzidzisa, saka amai vaBaselitz vakazotora nzvimbo yake pachikoro chemumusha. Nhoroondo yemhuri iyi, yakazara nemhosva dzenhoroondo uye shanduko dzehutongi, yakapesvedzera maonero asina kunaka ayo muimbi aiona nhoroondo yeGerman.
Kutanga kudzidziswa mu Chikoro cheEast Berlin cheUnyanzvi HwakanakaBaselitz akadzingwa mushure memasemita mashoma chete nekuda kwe "kusakura kwezvematongerwo enyika." Haana kukodzera magariro echisosharisiti aidiwa muGDR, uye kupandukira kwake kwakamuurayisa zvikuru. Mukupera kwema1950, akayambuka kuenda ku West Berlinkwaakaramba achidzidziswa, akasangana nepfungwa dzekutaura zvinhu zvisiri zvechokwadi uye dzidziso dzaKandinsky kana kuti Malevich, uye akaumba hukama hwakakosha hwakadai seushamwari hwake naEugen Schönebeck.
Panguva iyoyo vese vakanyora bhuku rekuti Manifestos eDenda (1961-1962)Zvinyorwa izvi zvaida kuti pave nemifananidzo ine simba, yemuviri, uye inopesana netsika dzekare. Musanganiswa uyu wepfungwa dzechinyakare uye dambudziko repfungwa zvakaisa Baselitz pakati pehurukuro yeunyanzvi muGermany yakakamurwa neEurope iri kuedza kuvakazve hunhu hwayo hwekuona mushure mekutyisa kweNazi.
Nyaya yekunyadzisa yakamuita kuti awane mukurumbira uye nhevedzano yeHeroes
Kufambira mberi kukurumbira kwakaitika muna 1963, apo Kuratidzwa kwake kwekutanga ari ega muWest Berlin kwakakonzera nyaya huruMabasa maviri, anozivikanwa seThe Great Night Under the Drain (Die große Nacht im Eimer) uye The Naked Man (Der nackte Mann), akatorwa nevakuru vakuru nekuda kwekuti "ainyadzisa", kuratidzwa kwacho kwakavharwa uye muimbi wacho aifanira kutarisana nematare edzimhosva kwakagara kwemakore maviri.
Mumacanvas iwayo, ne miviri isina kunaka, zvepabonde pachena, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ane hutsinyeVatsoropodzi vazhinji vakazviona sekudenha kusina muripo. Zvisinei, vamwe vakatsanangura vanhu ava semufananidzo usina kujeka wehupenyu hwemuGerman mushure mehondo: akakuvara, ane mhosva, uye panguva imwe chete asingakwanise kuzviona mugirazi. Chikamu ichi chakasimbisa mufananidzo waBaselitz semuimbi asinganzwisisike, asi chakamuisawo pamepu yepasi rose.
Nguva pfupi yadarika, panguva yekugara kwechikoro chedzidzo Florence pakati pemakore ekuma1960Akadzidza zvakanyanya nezveMannerism neItalian Renaissance. Kubva panguva iyoyo kwakabuda nhevedzano yakakurumbira. Heldenbilder o "Magamba"iyo yaizozivikanwa sechiratidzo chemifananidzo yeEurope mushure mehondo. Vatambi vayo—vanhu vakuru, vatete, vakakuvara—vaiita sevapukunyuki vakakundwa pane vakundi vane mbiri, mufananidzo wakananga weGermany iri kuedza kuzvivakazve mushure menjodzi.
Mumashoko emuimbi pachake, Mifananidzo yake yaive "hondo" dzakarwiwa pajiraYaiva nzvimbo iyo ndangariro, mhosva, uye chishuwo chekusiyana nechero nyaya yeushingi yechinyakare zvaipesana. Kusawirirana uku pakati pemunhu, nhoroondo, uye mifananidzo kwaizoramba kuripo mubasa rake rese.
Kuchinja kukuru: kupenda nyika yakatarisa pasi
Chinjo huru mubasa rake yakauya muna 1969, apo Baselitz akaita sarudzo yaizomuita mumwe wevanyori vanozivikanwa zvikuru pasi rose: kuchinja mufananidzo wemifananidzo. Achifemerwa nenzvimbo yaLouis Ferdinand von Rayski, akapenda Der Wald auf dem Kopf (Sango rakatarisa pasi), basa rake rekutanga rakapindurwa zvachose.
Kubva ipapo, Zvinhu zvese zvaaive nazvo—mifananidzo, miti, dzimba, nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana—zvairatidzika zvakatarisa pasiYakanga isiri nyaya yekungotenderedza mufananidzo wapera, asi yekufunga nekuita mufananidzo kubva pakutanga uri panzvimbo iyoyo yakapindurwa. Nekuita uku, Baselitz akaedza kukanganisa kuverenga nyaya yemufananidzo uye kumanikidza muoni kuti atarise ruvara, chimiro, uye pendi pachayo.
Iye pachake akatsanangura izvozvo "Chinhu chakapendwa chakaiswa pasi chakakodzera kupendwa nekuti hachina kukodzera kupendwa."Mari yacho yakava "nzira yake yechitatu" pakati pekufungidzira nekufungidzira: haana kuramba kuvapo kwemufananidzo, asi akaudzima senyaya yakapfava, achiushandura kuita dambudziko remufananidzo chaiwo.
Nyika iyoyo yakapinduka, ine mifananidzo yakakanganisika, kukweshana kwehasha, uye simba rinenge rehutsinye, akaisa Baselitz pamberi pe ChiGerman neo-expressionismKunyangwe akaramba mazita ekunyora, muma1970 nema1980 akazvisimbisa semumwe wemazita makuru muunyanzvi hwekuEurope mushure mehondo, pamwe chete naGerhard Richter naAnselm Kiefer, avo vaaive navo vachinetseka nezvekurangarira nhoroondo, asi kwete mutauro wepamutemo.
Muvezi, muvezi uye mudzidzisi: muvezi akazara pachiitiko cheEurope
Mukupera kwema1970, Baselitz akawedzera basa rake kuti risanganisire chifananidzo chemapuranga chakakuraAiveza matanda nedemo, zvidimbu zvematanda, kana kuti kunyange cheni, achisiya nzvimbo dzacho dzakaomarara, dzakazara nemavara nemapfundo, sekunge mifananidzo yacho yaibuda kubva mubhuroko rekare. Muna 1980, airatidza matanda acho. Federal Republic of Germany paVenice Biennale nechivezwa chake chekutanga chakakosha, chinonzi Model for a Sculpture.
Chidimbu ichocho, munhu akagara pasi akabata ruoko rwake rwakasimudzwa, chakakonzera gakava nekuti vazhinji vaitsanangura chiratidzo ichi se kudzokororwa kwekukwazisa kweNaziBaselitz akaramba dudziro iyoyo, asi gakava rakaratidza kuti basa rake rakapinda sei munzvimbo dzinonyanya kuomera dzekurangarira kweGerman. Musanganiswa uyu wekutsamwisa, kusanzwisisika, uye ndangariro dzisina kugadzikana wakava chimwe chezvinhu zvakamuita kuti anyanye kutsanangura.
Panguva iyi, muimbi aive Purofesa paKarlsruhe State Academy of Fine Arts uye paBerlin University of the Artskwaakadzidzisa zvizvarwa zvevanyori vemifananidzo vakakura nemifananidzo yake yakachinja-chinja senzira isingadzivisiki. Simba rake rakapararira muEurope yese: vaongorori vemifananidzo vechidiki vakawana maari humbowo hwekuti mifananidzo yekufananidzira, isina kupera simba, inogona kunge ichiri nzira yemazuva ano uye yakajairika.
Basa rake remifananidzo—mifananidzo, kuveza matanda, kudhirowa kwelinocuts, kudhirowa, mifananidzo yemvura—uye basa rake se mugadziri wemaseti uye mutambi wezvidhori Vanopedzisa mufananidzo wemuimbi akazara. Akatosvika pakugadzira zvinhu zveSalzburg Festival, achisimbisa hukama hwake neAustria nenzvimbo yetsika yeCentral Europe.
Mamiziyamu makuru ekuEurope akatsaurira kudzokorora mabasa ake: Pompidou Centre muParis yakaronga kuratidzwa kukuru muna 2021-2022, yakatangira kusarudzwa kwake muna 2019 senhengo yeFrench Academy of Fine Arts. MuSpain, Bilbao Fine Arts Museum Yakaitisa kuratidzwa kwakakosha kwakarongwa naNorman Rosenthal, uko kwakasimbisa kuti Baselitz akakwanisa sei kumira "pamafudzi ehofori dzehunyanzvi" asingaregi kusateerera kwake.
Mibairo, gakava, uye hupenyu hwemunhu
Muhupenyu hwake hwese, Baselitz akaremekedzwa ne mibairo yekukudzwa kwepamusoro-soro pasi rosezvakaita sePraemium Imperiale, Goslarer Kaiserring, uye French Legion of Honor. Akagamuchirawo zvishongo muAustria uye akagadzwa kuzvikoro zveunyanzvi munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope, zvichisimbisa chinzvimbo chake semumwe wevanhu vanotungamira mukupenda kwemazuva ano.
Zvisinei, Hukama hwake nemaonero everuzhinji hwaisambova nyoreMashoko ake pamusoro peunyanzvi, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvepabonde akakonzera gakava rakawanda. Pakati pezvaakanyanya kurangarira ibvunzurudzo ya2013 yaakataura kuti vakadzi "havapendi zvakanaka," mashoko akadzoreredza gakava pamusoro penyaya dzepabonde munyika yeunyanzvi. Kunyangwe dzimwe nguva aitsanangura zvaaitaura kana kupa dzimwe nguva, mashoko aya aimubata uye akasimbisa chimiro chake semunhu anomutsa hasha.
Nhoroondo yake inosanganisirawo zviitiko zvekutengeswa uye kuodzwa mwoyo zvakabatana zvikuru nenhoroondo yeGermany yazvino. Mushure mekubatanazve, Akawana mumushumo weStasi kuti shamwari mbiri dzehudiki dzaive dzichipa ruzivo nezvenyaya iyi. kushungurudzwa kwemapurisa epachivande. Akati, kurwiswa ikoko kwakasimbisa kusavimba kwake uye tsika yake yekusavimba neshanduro dzepamutemo, dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzeunyanzvi.
Pamunhu pachake, akanga akaroora kwemakumi emakore kuti Johanna Elke Kretzschmar, anozivikanwa saElkeuyo aive muenzaniso wake wenguva dzose uye waive wakasiyana nevamwe. Mabasa ake mazhinji akazotevera, kubva pamifananidzo kusvika kunhevedzano Remix o Gamba reGoridheDzinotenderera pamufananidzo wake, dzichidudzirwazve nguva nenguva, uye dzichishandurwa kuita denderedzwa repedyo pakati penyika inoonekwa isina kugadzikana.
Kubva muwanano yavo vakazvarwa vanakomana vaviri, Daniel naAntonMumakore achangopfuura, muimbi uyu akatanga kugara mu Salzburg, guta raakawana chizvarwa cheAustria asina kuramba hukama hwake hwakadzama neGermany uye nehurukuro pamusoro pekurangarira nhoroondo yeEurope.
Makore achangopfuura: kusikwa kubva mukusasimba kwemuviri
Vari kure nekurega basa, Baselitz Akaramba achishanda nesimba kusvika pakuperaMumakore achangopfuura, akapenda machira makuru ari pawiricheya yake, achifamba-famba mustudio achibatsirwa newalker kana ngoro diki kwaaitakura mabhurashi nemapoto ependi. Akatosvika pakubatanidza mavhiri ewiricheya yake pamusoro pemifananidzo, sekunge kushaya simba kwake mumuviri kwakashandurwa kuita mufananidzo.
Iye pachake akabvuma kuti, pazera rake, chinhu "chine musoro" chingadai chaive sarudza mafomati madiki kana kuti rega kuenda pamudyandigereAsi akasimbirira kuti chinhu chakamukodzera chaive chakasiyana zvachose: kuramba achibata machira makuru emamita mashanu, achikambaira pamusoro pawo kuti awedzere bapiro regondo kana ruoko rwakashongedzwa negoridhe. Kutsungirira ikoko mu "upenzi" kwaive, neimwe nzira, mugumo wehupenyu hwese hwekuramba tsika.
Basa rake razvino, rakanyorwa na misoro yakaita sekukwegura, kurwara, uye rufuNhepfenyuro iyi haina kumbosiya matauriro ayo asina kugadzikana uye kusawirirana nemuoni. Remix Vanoverengazve mifananidzo yavo yehudiki, nepo mapurojekiti akaita se Gamba reGoridheZviratidziro, zvakaitirwa paFondazione Giorgio Cini muVenice, zvakapa hurukuro pakati pemagamba ake egoridhe, mifananidzo yaElke nemifananidzo yake, zvino yava kuzivikanwa nekuguma.
Kusvika pedyo nerufu rwake, Mifananidzo yake yakaramba ichisvika mumamiziyamu epamusoro muEuropeKuwedzera kuPompidou kana Bilbao, masangano akadai seKunsthistorisches Museum muVienna kana Royal Academy muLondon akasimbisa mumakore achangopfuura kuverengwa kweBaselitz sebhuku remazuva ano, rinokwanisa kuita hurukuro dzakaenzana netsika dzeEurope uye, panguva imwe chete, richizvibvunza kubva mukati.
Padanho rega rega, kubva kumifananidzo yekare isina kubikwa uye zvinhu zvinonyadzisa kusvika kumifananidzo yakachinja-chinja, zvifananidzo zvehuni, uye mapurojekiti akazotevera anotenderera pakurangarira nemuviri wekukwegura, Georg Baselitz akachinja kupenda kuita nzvimbo yehondoKupesana nepfungwa, kupesana nekushongedza zviri nyore, uye kupesana nemuedzo wekupfavisa nhoroondo. Nerufu rwake, rimwe remanzwi akaomarara uye ane simba muunyanzvi hwekuEurope mushure mehondo rinonyangarika, asi basa rakakura rasara richaramba richinetsa vaoni nevanyori kwenguva refu iri kuuya.
