Jupiter ine manomwe echisikigo setiraiti kana mwedzi, ese akasiyana saizi uye maitiro. Mukati mavo mune Europe (satelite), nyeredzi inonakidza yauri kufarira kudzidza nezvayo, mune ino chinyorwa iwe uchawana ruzivo rwese nezve ino ice satellite ye solar system.
Descripcion
Europa (satellite), ndeimwe yemasatelliti mana anoumba anozivikanwa "Galilean satellites" eJupiter, ari diki pane aya mana uye nhamba yechitanhatu kure nepasi. Pamwe chete Planet Jupiter Iine masatelliti matanhatu echisikigo.
Iyo idiki zvishoma pane mwedzi wepasi, inogadzirwa ne silicate minerals (munyu une base), ganda rayo rakagadzirwa neaizi, ndosaka ichizivikanwawo se "Satellite yechando yeJupiter”, pakati payo pakagadzirwa nesimbi uye nickel, mumhepo yaro mune magasi akadai seokisijeni.
Nzvimbo yeEuropa (setiraiti) yakavharwa, ine makatsemuka uye craters nenzira isina kujairika, zvisinei, iyi satellite ine flattest crust yeimwe setiraiti mune solar system. Nzvimbo iyi isinganzwisisike yakaita kuti nyanzvi dzitende kuti gungwa rinogona kugara mukati mesetiraiti iyi inochengetedza kutsvedzerera kwechiso charo, chinogona kuchengetedza hupenyu.
MunaSeptember 2014, nyanzvi dzeNASA dzakazivisa nyika kuti kuburikidza nemiedzo yakaitwa pachando cheEuropa, zviratidzo zvezvingabvira tectonic plates zvakawanikwa. Pakanga pasina humwe humbowo hwe geological hwerudzi urwu pane imwe nyika kunze kwePasi.
Aya hunhu hwe geological hwakapa kutsvagisa kutsva, senge kwakaitwa muna Chivabvu 2015, uko kwakatemwa kuti kana gungwa riri mukati mepasi rino riri rechokwadi, iyi setiraiti yechisikigo inogona kuve yakanakira kutambira hupenyu.
Galilean Satellites (Nhoroondo)
Masetellite eGarireya anozivikanwa semana eaya ane Jupiter, ane zita rekuti akawanikwa nemuzivi wenyeredzi uye muzivi Galileo Galilei, muna Ndira 1610, izvi chikamu chevatanhatu. Jupita satelliti totals.
Galilei achiona Jupiter akaziva kuti nyeredzi idzi dzaitenderera pasirese, ndipo paakagumisa kuti yaiva mwedzi kana kuti masatellite emusikirwo, sezvinoratidzwa mubhuku rake renhau.
Masatellite mana aya ndiwo makuru pane matanhatu anoumba mwedzi yeJupiter, uye anogona kuonekwa ari panyika zviri nyore pasina kudiwa kweteresikopu yeunyanzvi.Panguva yaakawanikwa akapiwa mazita eJupiter I, II, III uye IV, maererano nedaro ravaive naro kubva pasi, gore rakatevera, nyanzvi yenyeredzi Marius, yakavapa zita rekuti Io, Ganymede, Callisto neEuropa, iyo yekupedzisira ichiva diki pane ese satellite yeGarirea.
Europa (satellite), inozivikanwawo se "Mwedzi weJupiter Europa”, ndiyo nhamba yechitanhatu setiraiti maererano nepedyo uye yechitanhatu pakukura musolar system.
Io
Yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya neSulfur. Ndiyo iri padyo neJupiter yemasatelliti mana eGarireya, inogara iine kuputika kwemakomo nekuda kwemafungu akasimba anokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwegiravhiti neJupiter, ayo akasimba zvakanyanya, semhedzisiro, setiraiti iyi haina craters.
Ganymede
Iyo ndiyo hombe setiraiti yeJupiter uye yakakura pane solar system. Inoumbwa neSilicate uye ice, ine musara wemvura yakaomeswa nechando inoramba yakaturikwa pajasi remachakwi riripo pamusoro payo.
Zvakaonekwa muna 2015 kuti satellite iyi ine gungwa rakavigwa pasi pechiso chayo, rakafukidzwa nechando makiromita 150 mukobvu, gungwa rine hudzamu hunosvika 100 km, yakakura kudarika makungwa epasi.
Callisto
Ndiwo mwedzi weJupiter uri kure kwazvo kubva kwaari, une nzvimbo yakasakara uye yasakara, ine makorokoza akawanda anoivhara zvachose.
Europe
Ndiro diki, asi rinonyanya kuongororwa nevesainzi, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hunonakidza, hwakafukidzwa neaizi uye mashoma makoronga, zvinofungidzirwa kuti pasi peaizi gobvu rechando panofanira kunge paine gungwa rine munyu, iro rinogona kuchengetedza hupenyu nekuda kwayo. high oxygen concentration.
Mafambiro
Europa (satellite) inotora maawa angangosvika makumi matanhatu kutenderera nyika yeJupiter, ine orbital radius ye60 km, ine ecliptic eccentricity (inenge denderedzwa) ye670.900 uye inclination ye0,009 madhigirii maererano ne equator, yakaenzana neiyo ye mamwe masatellite eGarireya, rimwe divi reEuropa rinogara rakatarisana neJupiter panguva yekutenderera kwayo.
Ecliptic eccentricity yeEuropa inotariswa nekumukira kwemamwe masatelliti, izvi zvinoita kuti ecliptic yeEuropa igare yakatambanudzwa nekutatarika panguva yekutenderera kwayo.
Pakutenderera kwayo, Europa inosvika paJupiter, ichiwedzera kukwezva kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, izvo zvinoita kuti ecliptic yeEuropa irebe, kusiyana neEuropa painosimuka kubva paJupiter, kukwezva kwegiravhiti kunoderera, zvichiita kuti ecliptic idzokere kuchimiro chayo. (inenge denderedzwa). kufamba kwese uku kunogadzira masaisai mugungwa reEuropa (satellite).
Iko orbital resonance yeEuropa neIo satellite ndiyo inofambisa ecliptic eccentricity yeEuropa, zvichikonzera mafungu akati wandei mukati mesatellite anochengetedza mvura yegungwa. Kutenderera kweJupiter ndiko kunobva simba rinogadzira masaisai aya uye anoendeswa kuEuropa, Io neGanymede ne orbital resonance.
Hunhu hweEuropa Moon
Iyo Europa satellite ine imwe yeanonyanya kunakidza zvimiro, nzvimbo uye mamiriro ekunze munyika yezvenyeredzi.
Maitiro
Europa (satellite) inoumbwa zvakanyanya nematombo esiliceous, akafukidzwa negoko remvura muchimiro chechando chemakiromita angangoita 100 km uye pasi apa panofungidzirwa kuti nzvimbo yaro inoumbwa negungwa remvura yemunyu, zvinofungidzirwa kuti musimboti. yakagadzirwa nesimbi.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuti kune nzvimbo yemvura paEuropa, nekuda kweiyo magineti inoumbwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwayo neJupiter's magnetic field.
Europa's magnetic field haina simba, inongosvika chikamu chechina chekusimba kwemagnetism yeGanymede neCallisto, kusimba uku kunogona kusiyana panguva iyo inoyambuka magnetic field yeJupiter. Muna 1998, NASA, ichiunganidza ruzivo rwese rwakasiiwa naGalileo uye nekuongorora kwakaitwa navo, yakasarudza kuti kune magnetic conduction material muEuropa, kunyanya kuvepo kwegungwa.
Nzvimbo dzvuku dzinogona kuoneka pamusoro peEuropa, kuwedzera kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinoita kuti masayendisiti afunge kuti pamusoro pesetiraiti iyi inonyanya kuumbwa nemaminerari ane munyu, senge magnesium sulfate, iyo inofanirwa kuiswa mumvura iripo panyika. dzinoenda kunze kwenyika kana dzanyungudika.
Muzhinji, ma salt ari hyaline (pachena) kana kuti machena, saka zvinofungidzirwa kuti panofanira kunge kune imwe mineral kana chinhu chinopa iyo ruvara rutsvuku, inogona kuva sulfide kubva kuIo satellite kana chimwe chikamu chinobva musimbi.
Muna 2013, fumaroles yakaonekwa ichikwira kubva pamusoro peEuropa, iyo yakasimbisa ruzhinji rwedzidziso dzaifungidzira kuvepo kwemvura ine munyu pamusoro.
Aya akacherechedzwa akafananidzwa nedata rakawanikwa kubva kuGalileo probe, iyo inosvika anenge 400 km, uko misiyano mundima yeMagineti yeEuropa (satellite) yakaonekwa, kunyoresa kuderera kweanosvika 200 nt, pamwe nekuwedzera kwekuenderana kwe. plasma kusvika 2000cm3.
Zvakatemerwa kuti zviyero zvakaitwa zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nekudzingwa kwehutsi kubva mugeji (torrent) yemvura yemvura iripo pamusoro payo.
Zvepamusoro
Nzvimbo yeEuropa yakati sandara, ine mavanga akavharirana, sezviri pachena akaumbwa nemisiyano muchikamu chekugara, nekurerutsira kwakadzikama. Iine ma crater mashoma uye aya madiki, anosvika pakakwirira 5 km, imwe yacho iPwyll crater inoyera ingangoita 39 km.
Kuratidzira kweEuropa ndeimwe yemwedzi mikuru pamwedzi yese, izvo zvinoratidza kuti chikamu chesetiraiti ichi chichiri chidiki uye chakanyanya kushanda, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Europa haifanirwe kudarika mamiriyoni makumi matatu emakore ekuvapo, izvi zvakatemwa nekuparara kwecomets. izvo zvingangotsungirirwa neEurope.
Hunhu hwayo hwekurerutsira kushoma uye mitsetse yakanyatso cherechedzwa inofananidzwa neiyo yegungwa rechando rePasi, iyo inofungidzirwa kuti pasi peiyo ice cap yeEuropa panofanirwa kunge paine mvura zhinji yemvura, inochengetwa mudunhu iri ne kupisa kunogadzirwa nemagetsi emagetsi ekufamba paJupiter.
Tembiricha yepasi peEuropa inosvika -163° centigrade kuequator uye -223° centigrade pakunonyanyisa, makoronga anoita seakazara nemvura yakaomeswa nechando, izvi pamwe nekupisa kunokonzerwa nemafungu, fungidzira kuti ukubvu hwechando chakasimba. 30 km, zvinoreva kuti gungwa rinenge riri pakadzika inopfuura 90 km.
Pakati pezvinhu zvinonyanya kuratidza pamusoro peEuropa (setiraiti) iketani yemaminerari akasviba akakomberedzwa mukati mehurefu hwemwedzi wese, akafanana nekutsemuka kweaizi yegungwa iripo paNyika. Europa's crust inoratidzira pamagumo ayo kutamiswa kwepakatsemuka kubva pachimiro chavo chepakutanga.
Iyo mitsetse mikuru inosvika makiromita makumi maviri, kubva kune imwe mugumo kuenda kune imwe, ichiva iyi isingaperi pamabhangi avo, mukuwedzera kune yenguva dzose mitsetse. Mutsetse wepakati unoumbwa nechikamu chinonyungudika, icho chinofungidzirwa kuti chinokonzerwa nekuputika kwemakomo anoputika emvura kana magiya, ayo, kana nzvimbo yakavhurika, inoburitsa mitsetse inopisa mukati memukati.
Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa nehuso hunoitika kuseri kwemakungwa epasi, anozivikanwawo se "Rift zone".
Europa iri kusungirirwa kuJupiter nemafungu (pamwe nemwedzi kupasi), iyo inogara ichikwira nekudzika, ichigadzira mafambiro anosvika makumi matatu emamita pamusoro, ichigadzira mitswe inotaridza hunhu hweEuropa.
Makorokoto achangoburwa ane Europa anofanirwa kutariswa nechiitiko ichi, mamwe anoita kunge ane hukama nezviitiko zvakasiyana nekuda kwezera raave. Izvi zvinotariswa nekufamba kwakawedzera kukurumidza kwepamusoro peEuropa maererano nemukati mayo, chiitiko chinogoneka nekuda kwekufamba kwegungwa mukati mayo, iyo inobvisa dombo remwedzi wejasi uye simba rinokwevera rinoitwa neJupiter kunze. chikamu cheEurope..
Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chepamusoro peEuropa ndiwo mavara-akafanana nemwedzi, anogona kuonekwa pamusoro payo kubva pasi, uye anogona kunge ari maburi, mapako kana nzvimbo dzakatsetseka, dzimwe, zvisinei, dzine mipendero isina kukwana. Kumusoro kwe turrets kunoonekwa sezvidimbu zvemapani ekare.
Imwe dzidziso inoratidza kuti dzimba dzakagadzirwa nemaaizi anopisa anokwira achisiya aizi inotonhorera pazasi, maitiro akafanana neanoitika mumagma craters paNyika.
Mavara acho anoratidzika kunge akaumbwa nemvura yemvura, iyo inofamba nepakati penyika apo chando chinotsemuka; Irregular moles inozvarwa kubva mukubatanidzwa kwezvidimbu zvidiki zvecrust zviri pamusoro penzvimbo, kunge icebergs mugungwa.
Pane imwe dzidziso inoratidza kuti moles inzvimbo dze "Chaos", dzakaganhurwa zvakakwana, dzine nzvimbo isina kujeka uye ine brittle; makwapa nemadome zvinozokonzeresa kusaturikirwa kwemifananidzo, zvichikonzera kuti ice sheet reEuropa rive rakatetepa zvakanyanya uye risisakwanise kumira kushanduka.
Atmosphere
Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti mhepo yeEuropa yakanyanya kujeka, ingangoita gumi nemaviri kudzvanywa, inoumbwa neokisijeni nemamwe magasi.
Pakati pemasatelliti echisikigo anoumba solar system, manomwe chete anozivikanwa kuti ane mhepo, pakati pawo pane mana eJupiter's satellite (Io, Ganymede, Callisto neEuropa). Pasinei nekuva neokisijeni, iyi, kusiyana neiyo yepasi, isiri yebhaibheri okisijeni.
Chinhu chinonyanya kubudirira ndechokuti okisijeni iyi inoumbwa nemwaranzi yezuva uye zvimedu zvinoputika pamusoro pechando, izvo zvinogadzira mhute yemvura, iyo yakakamurwa kuva hydrogen uye oksijeni, chikamu chekutanga chinopukunyuka giravhiti yeEuropa , asi okisijeni haina.
Craters
Nekuti ine idiki uye yakatsetseka pamusoro, hapana akawanda macraters anogona kuwanikwa pamusoro payo, pane zvakare dzidziso yekuti satellite iyi yakafukidzwa neaizi uye pasi payo pane mvura, zvinogoneka. kuti makoronga azere nemvura.
Aya ndiwo makorokoto kusvika parizvino akawanikwa pamusoro peEuropa (satellite) uye eponym yayo:
- Aine (Aine)
- Amergine (Amergine)
- Angus
- Avagddu (Avagddu)
- Balor (Balor)
- Brigid
- Camulus
- Cilix (Cylix)
- Cliodhna (Cliodhna)
- Cormac (Cormac mac Airt)
- Deirdre (Deirdre)
- Diarmuid (Diarmuid Ua Duibhne)
- Dylan (Dylan Eil Ton)
- Elatani (Elathan)
- Govannan (Govannan)
- Zviyo (Grainne)
- Gwydion (Gwydion)
- Llyr (Llyr)
- Mael Duin (Mael Duin)
- Maeve (Maeve)
- Manannan (Manannan mac Lir)
- Math (Math ap Mathonwy)
- Morvran (Morvran)
- Niamh (Niamh)
- Oisin (Oisin)
- Pryderi (Pryderi)
- Pwyll
- Rhiannon (Rhiannon)
- Taliesin (Taliesin)
- Tegid (Tegid Veol)
- Uaithne (Uaithne).
Kune hupenyu muEurope here?
Iko hakuna humbowo hunotsigira dzidziso yekuti hupenyu hunogona kuvepo paEuropa satellite. Pane kutaurwa kwechikumbiro chekuti imwe mhando yehupenyu inogona kunge iripo mugungwa pazasi peEuropa ice cap, zvichibva pakufanana kwakaita nzvimbo iyi neavo varipo pasi pemakungwa epasi, senge mamiriro aripo mugomo rinoputika. craters uye Lake Vostok muAntarctica.
Kunyangwe vasina hwaro hwekuti izvi zvinogona kuitika, ivo havana kuedza kudzivirira kusvibiswa pasatellite.
Basa reNASA Galileo rakapera muna 2003, apo chitundumuseremusere chakadhumhana paJupiter, iyo dai isina kusiiwa, ingadai yakarova Europa, ichisvibisa nzvimbo yayo yese nema microorganisms kubva pasi. Kudai izvi zvakaitika, zvaisazombofa zvakakwanisika kuona kuvepo kunobvira kwezvipenyu zvipenyu muEurope.
Muongororo ichangoburwa zvakaonekwa kuti Europa (satellite) ine mvura yakawanda iri mumvura ine huwandu hweokisijeni, iyo inodarika huwandu huripo mumakungwa ePasi, iyo yesainzi yaizobvumira hupenyu hwakasimba. uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvakaoma kunzwisisa.
Masayendisiti akadai saMakuch anoreva kuti tupukanana twakada kufanana neaya ari paNyika aigona kurarama pazasi pegungwa reEuropa muchimiro che fumaroles, asi izvi zvisina kukwana, hazvigoneke kuti zvipenyu zvakaomarara zvivepo, nekuti hazvigone kuvepo. yakakura kudarika giramu rehuwandu.
scans
Vakatanga mumakore 1973 na1974 nekupfuura kwePioneer 10 uye 11 probes, mapikicha akatorwa mukutsvagurudza uku aive emhando yakashata kwazvo, iyo isingabvumire ruzivo rwakawanda kutsanangurwa. Basa reVoyager rakapfuura nemukutenderera kweJupiter muna 1979, richiunganidza mifananidzo yakadzama yechando cheEuropa.
Nemifananidzo iyi yakatanga fungidziro yekuvepo kwegungwa riri pasi peEuropa. Kwemakore masere (95-03), probe yeGalileo yakaramba yakatenderedza Jupiter, uku kuri kushanya kwazvino uye kunozivikanwa kweanonzi masatellite eGarireya kusvika zvino.
Dzimwe ongororo dzaive dzeGalileo Europa Mission neMillennium Galileo Mission, nenzendo zhinji dziri pedyo nekutenderera kweEuropa, mugore ra2007 zvakakwanisika kutora mufananidzo weEuropa apo yaipfuura neJovian system ichienda kuPluto.
Future Missions
Nguva itsva yeupenyu kubva pasi yakakwevera ngwariro yakananga kuEurope, ichiva yefariro huru kumishoni dzomunguva yemberi, inosundwa nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
Ongororo idzi dzaizonangana nekuongororwa kwemakemikari eEuropa uye kutsvaga hupenyu mune ichiri kufungidzirwa kuti iri pasi pegungwa. Aya mamishini anorairwa nemarobhoti anozofanira kuramba nemwaranzi yakakura yakatenderedza satellite neJupiter. Mwaranzi inogamuchirwa neEurope inodarika 5.4 sv zuva nezuva.
MUTO
IEuropean Space Agency, yakamisa chirongwa che "Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer" (JUICE) chavanoronga kucherechedza muEurope, kudzingwa kwavo kunotarisirwa kunge kuri mugore ra2022.
zvinangwa zvesainzi
Yakatemerwa kuita tsvakiridzo paGanymede, kwete setiraiti asi semuviri wepuraneti, ichiongorora zvakare mukana wekuvapo uye kusimba kwehupenyu pairi.
Ongororo muEuropa neCalisto ichaitwa zvishoma asi nechinangwa chimwe chete, kutsvaga kuvepo kwehutachiona hupenyu uye chimiro chazvo chemakemikari.
Europe clipper
Chirongwa cheEuropa Clipper chinofungidzirwa kusvika kuEuropa's orbit muna 2025, nemamishini ekuongorora nyeredzi, kutsvaga zviratidzo zvehupenyu sechinangwa chayo chikuru.
zvinangwa zvesainzi
Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekuongorora Europa, kuona kugara kwayo uye kutarisa kana iine mamiriro ekudzika kweramangwana pamusoro payo. Zvimwe zvinangwa chaizvo zvinosanganisira:
- Kutsigira kuvepo kwemakungwa uye kuona pekugara pemvura mukati kana pasi peaizi, pamwe nepamusoro-chando-yegungwa nzira dzekuripira.
- Kugovera uye makemikari emakemikari ari pamusoro payo uye hukama hwayo nekuumbwa kwegungwa.
- Hunhu uye kuenderana kwezviitiko zvenzvimbo
Kugadziriswa kweEurope
Europa (satellite) inomiririra chinhu chakakodzera mugadziriso yefirimu uye bhuku nemunyori Arthur Clarke, muna 2010, inonzi "Odyssey II" uye kuteedzera kwayo.
Inotaurira nyaya yehupenyu hwepamusoro-soro hwekunze, hunoratidza kufarira mumhando dzehupenyu hwekare pasi pechando cheEuropa, kuburikidza nematombo anoshandura nyika yeJupiter kuita nyeredzi, yavanodaidza kuti Lucifer, kuwedzera kushanduka kwevaEurope. Mukugadzirisa "Odyssey III", mugore ra2061 Europe inoshandurwa kuita gungwa rinopisa.
Mubhuku raGreg Bear rekunyora "The Forge of God" muna 1987, nyaya inoudzwa kuti Europa yakaparadzwa nevatorwa, zvidimbu zviviri zveaizi zvakakura kubva kuEuropa zvinoshandiswa kuiswa muchadenga kuti zvibate Mars.
Iyo firimu Europa Report, yakaburitswa mu2013, inogadzira zano rekuti Europa satellite inoshanyirwa pa "Europa One" mission nechinangwa chekutsvaga chero chiratidzo chezvipenyu zvipenyu.
Pane imwe shanduko yeEurope, panguva ino mumutambo wevhidhiyo, ratidza nzira yemushandirapamwe ye "Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare", uko Europe ndiyo nzvimbo yemamwe mamishini, zvakare mune akawanda mutambi modhi, mepu yemutambo inotsanangurwa se nzvimbo yekutsvakurudza iri pachando cheEurope.
Mumwe mutambo wevhidhiyo ndi "Barotrauma" mune 2D vhezheni, inoitika mugungwa reEuropa uye Jupiter Rings, umo mutori wechikamu anosangana nevanhu vakasiyana vanotyisa vanogara imomo.
Kana iwe uchifarira, tinokurudzirawo chinyorwa ichi chauchadzidza Jupiter ine mhete ngani? nezvose pamusoro pavo.