El penguin yeEmperor nechisimbiso chefuru cheAntarctic Zvava, kamwe kamwe, zviratidzo zvikuru zve dambudziko remamiriro ekunze muAntarcticaOngororo dzesainzi dzazvino dzakaendeswa kuInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) dzakakonzera kutya kukuru: mhando dzese dziri mbiri dzave kunyorwa zviri pamutemo se "Dziri Munjodzi" paRed List.
Kuchinja uku hakusi kungogadzirisa zvinhu zviri nyore. Pane zvakawanda kupfuura izvozvo. kudzikira kwevanhu kunoyerwa nesatellite, shanduko huru muchando chegungwa Uye nharaunda iri pasi pekumanikidzwa kuri kukurumidza kupfuura zvaitarisirwa. Kune vesainzi, zviri kuitika kumhuka idzi inyevero yakananga nezvekwakananga mamiriro ekunze epasi rose.
Emperor penguin: hofori yechando iri patambo
El Penguin yeEmperor (Aptenodytes forsteri)Penguin hombe, iyo yakakura kupfuura mapenguin ese, yabva muchikamu che "Near Threatened" kuenda ku "Endangered" paIUCN Red List. Kuchinja uku kunoratidza njodzi huru yekutsakatika munguva yepakati kana mafambiro aripo akasadzoserwa shure.
Makoroni erudzi urwu anovimba zvizere ne chando chegungwa chakasimbaChando chinoramba chakabatana negungwa, pasi pegungwa, kana kuti makomo makuru echando ari pasi pevhu. Chando ichi ndicho chavanochengetera mazai avo pakati pechando chemuAustralia, vanorera vana vavo muchirimo, uye vanopedza nguva yavo yekunyunguduka, apo vanorasikirwa nenguva yekusapinda mvura kweminhenga yavo.
Dambudziko nderekuti ivhu ravanovimba naro rakaomeswa nechando riri kuchinja nekukurumidza. Kubva muna 2016, Aizi yegungwa reAntarctic yasvika padanho repamusoro-soroSekureva kwedata reNASA, kuputika kwembeu nguva isati yakwana kwava kuwanda. Kana chando chichidonha nguva isati yakwana, nhiyo dzinowira mumvura dzisati dzanyatsokura zvakanaka, zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu vakawanda nekuda kwekupisa muviri kana kunyura mumvura.
Zvidzidzo zvakaunganidzwa zveIUCN zvinoratidza kuti, pakati pa2009 na2018, inenge imwe 10% yevanhu vepasi rose vanonzi emperor penguinIzvi zvinomiririra vanhu vakuru vanopfuura 20.000 vakarasika mumakore asingasviki gumi. Mamodheru evanhu anoratidza mamiriro akasiyana ekunze anoratidza kuti huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kudzikiswa nehafu mumakore ekuma2080 kana magasi anokonzera kudziya kwepasi akasadzikiswa "nekukurumidza uye nekukasira."
Vaongorori vakaita saPhilip Trathan wekuBritain, wekuIUCN Penguin Specialist Group, vanoti emperor penguin imhuka inokura. mhando dzevarindi vekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunzeKana makomo avo akanyura kunyangwe munzvimbo dziri kure uye dzinotonhora zvikuru, dzakadai seGungwa reWeddell kana Gungwa reRoss, chiratidzo chekuti Antarctic system iri kuchinja kubva pamudzi wayo, kure nekukanganiswa kwakananga nevanhu asi pasi pekukanganiswa nekudziya kwepasi rose.
Kuti vaongorore kudzikira uku, vesainzi vari kuramba vachivimba ne mifananidzo yesatelliteNzira idzi dzinobvumira kutarisa makomo asingawanikwe uye kuona mafambiro makuru. Zvidzidzo zvitatu zvikuru zvechangobva kuitwa zvakashanda sehwaro hweongororo itsva: imwe inoongorora makomo makumi mashanu uye inosimbisa kudzikira kwenzvimbo dzakatenderedza kweinenge 10%, nepo dzimwe mbiri dzichiratidza kudzikira kukuru, kweanopfuura 20%, mune dzimwe nzvimbo huru dzekondinendi yakaomeswa nechando.
Kunze kwekurasikirwa nechando, dzimwe njodzi dzinogona kuitika—dzakadai sedzekushanya, mapurasitiki, kana furuwenza yeshiri—dziri kutariswa zvakanyanya, asi parizvino Havaonekwi senjodzi huru yerudzi urwu. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekunyunguduka kwechando kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwekupisa uye kusagadzikana kwechando chegungwa munzvimbo dzinoberekera.
Hupenyu hunodzorwa nehukuru nechando
Biology yeEmperor Penguin, sevamwe mhuka dzinotsungirira kutonhora kwakanyanya, zvinobatsira kunzwisisa kuti sei shanduko muchando chegungwa Inoirova zvakasimba. Ishiri yakareba kupfuura mita imwe uye inorema pakati pe40 ne50 kilos, yakajairwa kutsungirira mhepo inosvika 150 km/h uye tembiricha inodonha pasi pe -30 ºC pamhenderekedzo yeAntarctica.
Kubereka kwadzo kunoenderana chaizvo nekarenda yechando. Mhuka dzakakura dzinoisa mazai adzo pakati pechando, pachando, pedyo negungwa sezvinobvira kuitira kuderedza mafambiro adzo kunzvimbo dzekudyira. Huku inozvara muchirimo, apo gungwa rine zviwanikwa zvakawanda, uye rinofanira kunge rava neminhenga yakazara uye ragadzirira mvura pakati pezhizha rekumaodzanyemba.
Kana zvese zvikafamba sezvakarongwa, vana vanogona kupinda mugungwa kana chando chatanga kupwanyika zvega. Asi pane chimwe chiitiko chiri kuoneka kakawanda: Aizi iri kunyunguduka mavhiki mashoma kupfuura zvayagara ichiita.Nhiyo, dzichiri dzakafukidzwa pasi uye dzisingakwanise kuramba dziri mumvura kwenguva yakareba, dzinosangana nemvura inotonhora yavasina kugadzirira.
Nyanzvi dzakadai saIgnacio Juárez, muongorori wepaOxford University anonyanya kugadzira shiri idzi, vanosimbisa kuti Dambudziko guru chete nderekurasikirwa nechando chegungwa.Nekuti zvinokanganisa kubereka, kunyunguduka, uye kutsvaga chikafu. Sezvaanotsanangura, kana boka reshiri rikarasikirwa nevana varo vese mumwaka nekuda kwekunyunguduka kwekutanga, kukanganisa kwacho kunozoonekwa makore gare gare, kana pasina shiri diki dzakakwana kuti dzibatane nedzakura.
Kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yamambo paRed List kwakauyawo panguva yakakosha mukukakavadzana kwenyika dzakawanda. Ruzivo urwu, rwakatsanangurwa nevamwe vaongorori se "runoshamisa" nekuda kwesimba rarwo, runogona kubatsira kukurudzira nzvimbo itsva dzakachengetedzwa dzegungwa muAntarctica. Zvisinei, chero kufambira mberi kupi zvako munharaunda iyi kunoda kubvumirana pakati penyika dzakaita Chibvumirano cheAntarctic, chimwe chinhu icho, sezvakataurwa nesainzi vakapinda mumisangano iyi, hachisi nyore chaizvo.
Chisimbiso chefuru cheAntarctic: nzara senjodzi yakanyarara
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chinokuvadzwa neongororo iyi ndechekuti Chisimbiso chemvere dzeAntarctic (Arctocephalus gazella), iyo inoshanduka kubva muchikamu che "Least Concern" kuenda ku "Dangered" mushure mekuderera kwevanhu neanopfuura 50% yakanyorwa mumakumi mashoma emakore.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti huwandu hwevanhu vayo hwabva pa Vanhu vakuru vanosvika mamiriyoni 2,18 mukupera kwema1990 kusvika kumhuka dzinosvika 944.000 muna 2025. Kuderera uku kwakaonekwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakakosha dzakadai seSouth Georgia, imwe yenzvimbo dzakasimba dzerudzi urwu muSouth Atlantic.
Muchiitiko ichi, chikonzero chikuru chakaonekwa neIUCN ndeche kudzikira kweAntarctic krillKrill, shiri diki, yakaita semakambasi inoumba hwaro hwekudya kwemhuka dzakawanda dziri kuSouthern Ocean. Mvura inodziya nechando chiri kunyunguduka zviri kusundira krill kudzika zvakanyanya mukutsvaga zvidimbu zvinotonhorera uye zvakagadzikana.
Kana krill ikafamba kubva pamusoro nepamhenderekedzo yegungwa, shumba dzemugungwa dzinofanira kushandisa simba rakawanda dzichitsvaga chikafu, uye vana vembwa ndivo vanobhadhara mutengo wakakwira. Data rakaunganidzwa nevaongorori rinoratidza kuti kuderedzwa kukuru kwekurarama kwembwanana mugore rayo rekutanga rehupenyu munzvimbo dzakadai seSouth Georgia, izvo zvinoita kuti huwandu hwembeu dzekuberekesa hurambe huchikura.
Kushomeka kwechikafu uku kwakawedzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvechisikigo zvinogona kunge zviri kuwedzera: Kudyirwa nemhuka dzemusango nedzemhuka dzemusangouye makwikwi ne baleen whales -mawhale e baleen - ari kupora mushure memakumi emakore ekuvhima zvakanyanya uye anovimbawo nekrill senzvimbo yawo huru yekushandisa.
Kusanganiswa kwemhuka shoma dzinobatwa, makwikwi akawanda, uye shanduko dzinogona kuitika muzvirwere kana hunhu hwenzvimbo dzinogara mhuka iyi zvinoita kuti furu yeAntarctic ive dambudziko guru. Kune nyanzvi dzeIUCN dzakabatwa nepinnipe, nyaya iyi inoratidza kuti sei. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kugadzirisa zvizere mawebhu ezvekudya muSouthern Ocean uye hazvisiye mukana wekufamba-famba kwemarudzi ayo kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika akanga asiri pane zvinhu zvinokosha pakuchengetedza.
Antarctica sechiratidzo chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose
Kuipa kuri kuita mamiriro ezvinhu eEmperor Penguin nechisimbiso cheAntarctic fur kunopindirana ne maitiro akakura ekuora kwenzvimbo dzemuchadenga dziri pedyo negungwaIUCN pachayo inotaura kuti Antarctica inoshanda se "muchengeti wechando" wepasi, ichibatsira kudzikamisa mamiriro ekunze uye ichipa nzvimbo yekupotera mhuka dzakasiyana dzisingawanikwe kune imwe nzvimbo.
Zvichangobva kugadziriswa kuRed List, izvo zvinoitawo kuti mamiriro e chisimbiso chenzou chekumaodzanyemba (Mirounga leonina) Chikamu che "Vasina Kugadzikana", nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwefuruwenza yeshiri inokonzera hutachiona, chinoratidza mufananidzo wekuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nezvirwere zviri kubuda zvinosimbisana.
Kubva muna 2020, a kuwedzera kukuru kwefuruwenza yeshiri mumhuka dzinoyamwisa dzemugungwanenhamba yekufa inodarika 90% yembwanana mune mamwe mapoka emhuka dzenzou. Kunyangwe kune emperor penguin neAntarctic fur seal chinhu chikuru chiri ice nekrill, zvichiteerana, nyanzvi dzinotya kuti kusanganiswa kwechando chidiki, makungwa anodziya, uye utachiona hutsva zvichasiya mapoka acho asingachakwanisi kupora.
Masangano akadai seBirdLife International neConservation International anosimbisa kuti kupatsanurwa uku hakusi dambudziko rega rega rine mhuka dzemunzvimbo dzinopisa, asi chiratidzo chekuti kuti nharaunda dziri kuora sei pasi roseChikafu chishoma, nzvimbo dzisina kugadzikana, uye kuwedzera kwezvirwere zvinoumba musanganiswa unowedzera njodzi yekutsakatika kwemarudzi mazhinji.
Mutungamiriri Mukuru weIUCN, Grethel Aguilar, akasimbisa kuti kudzikira kwe emperor penguin nechisimbiso che fur cheAntarctic kunofanira kushanda se Kumutsa hurumende, mabhizinesi, uye nzanga zvizere. Mharidzo yake inowirirana neyavamwe nyanzvi: pasina kudzikiswa kwemhepo inokonzera kusvibiswa nekukurumidza uye kwakadzika, uye pasina dziviriro yakasimba yenzvimbo dzegungwa dzeAntarctic, maitiro aripo pari zvino haambodzoserwe kumashure.
Sezvo nyika dzichisangana mumisangano yakaita seAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, ruzivo rutsva pamusoro pemhando idzi rwunoiswa patafura sechiyeuchidzo chisingafadzi: Hwindo rekuita zvinhu riri kuramba richiderera Uye zviri kuonekwa nhasi munzvimbo dzakaoma dzepasi zvinogona kufananidzira shanduko dziri kuwedzera kuoneka munzvimbo dziri pedyo, kusanganisira Europe.
