Kare kare vaEurope vasati vasvika kuAmerica, chitsuwa chePanama chakanga chatova chechokwadi nzira dzekuwana zvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika, mubatanidzwa, uye zviratidzo zvesimbaPakati pezvinhu izvi, mamwe matombo madiki egirini anopenya, akawanikwa mumakuva ekare epamusoro, akazoonekwa sechishandiso chisipo kuti tinzwisise kuti ma network ekutengeserana akaomarara aivepo sei munharaunda iyi.
Kwemakumi emakore, zvidimbu zvidiki izvozvo zvegirini zvakaiswa muzvikamu zvakakura se "Matombo ekushongedza" asina chokwadi chakawandaNhasi, nekuda kwekudzidza kwakaitwa, tinoziva kuti aya aive maemerald ekuColombia akafamba makiromita anopfuura mazana manomwe kuti apedzisire aperekedza madzishe nevanhu vane zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro mumakuva avo. Uye chokwadi ichocho chiri nyore, kana tichinyatsoongorora, chinochinja zvachose kunzwisisa kwedu America isati yavapo muHispanic munharaunda iyi.
Kuwanikwa: emerald mumakuva evapfumi vePanama
Vanonyanya kutaurwa munyaya iyi vanobva kunzvimbo mbiri dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo munzvimbo yepakati pePanama: El Caño naSitio Conte, munharaunda yenhoroondo yetsika yeGran CocléOse ari maviri makuva makuru uko, pakati pezana remakore rechi9 nerechi11 AD, madzishe, vatungamiriri vevarwi nevanhu vane chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika netsika vakavigwa.
Makuva aya akanyorwa nezvemakuva anoshamisa zvechokwadi, ane zvinhu zvemakuva zvinosanganisira zvishongo zvegoridhe zvakagadzirwa zvakanaka, zvinhu zvemhangura, magirazi epyrite, uye kunyange mazino emegalodon akaumbwa nefossilizedPakati pekuratidzwa uku kwepfuma, matombo mashoma egirini asina kujeka, asingawanzoonekwi, anogara achibatanidzwa nekuvigwa kwemhando yepamusoro, akaonekwa.
Vanochera matongo vakanga vagara vachifungidzira kuti angave maemerald, asi sainzi yakanga isati yasvika pamhinduro yakakwana. Humbowo humwe chete hwakanga husipo. humbowo hwakasimba hwekuongorora hwaizobvisa kusava nechokwadi uye zvinosimbisa kuti matombo iwayo egirini aisangova ekushongedza emuno chete, asi matombo chaiwo anounzwa kunze kwenyika.
Chikwata chenyanzvi dzepasi rose chakasarudza kugadzirisa dambudziko iri zvakananga. Vakatora matombo mashanu aya kubva munzvimbo dzekuvigwa dzine mukurumbira ndokuaongorora vachishandisa nzira dzakanyatsojeka, dzisingaparadzi. Mhedzisiro yacho yave pachena: Iwo maemerald chaiwo uye, pamusoro pezvo, chimiro chawo chemakemikari chinoenderana nenzvimbo huru dzinogadzira emerald muColombia..
Nekuwedzera kutarisisa kune zvese zvakanyorwa, tava kuziva kuti munharaunda yeGreater Coclé chete emerald sere munzvimbo dzakanyatsodzidzwa dzekuchera matongoNhamba diki iyi inoratidza pachena kuti izvi zvaisava zvinhu zvidiki zvakajairika, asi zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakachengeterwa vanhu vane miganhu.
Nzvimbo yekuColombia uye network yekutengeserana inodarika makiromita mazana manomwe
Kuongororwa kwemakemikari uye spectroscopic kwematombo eCoclé hakuna kungogumira pakuona kana aive emerald kana kwete. Vaongorori vakaenzanisa hunhu hwavo ne mienzaniso inopfuura makumi maviri kubva muzviwanikwa zvinozivikanwa muEcuador neColombia, kuedza kutsvaga kwayakabva chaizvo.
Matombo ePanama akaratidza musanganiswa wakanyatsoenderana nemabhande maviri makuru eemerald ekuColombia: kumadokero kwegungwa, uko kune migodhi yeMuzo inozivikanwa, inozivikanwa kwemazana emakore nekuda kwemhando yemakristaro avo, uye bhandi rekumabvazuva, pedyo neChivor, imwe nzvimbo inozivikanwa mukugadzirwa kwemaemerald.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti matombo madiki iwayo aifanira kufamba daro rinenge Makiromita mazana manomwe nepakati pemasango, makomo, nzizi nemahombekombe kusvika vasvika kumakuva evapfumi veGran Coclé. Kune nzanga dzisati dzavapo dzevaHispanic, dzisina mabhiza kana mota dzinofamba nemavhiri, tiri kutaura nezverwendo rurefu uye rwakaoma, rwaingoruramiswa chete kana kukosha—kwezvinhu uye kwechiratidzo—kwechigadzirwa chacho kwaive kwakakwira zvikuru.
Nyanzvi dzinobvumirana kuti nzira yakananga pakati penzvimbo dzemigodhi dzeColombia nematunhu eCoclé haigoneke. Asi, maemerald angadai akachinja zvishoma nezvishoma, akabatanidzwa mu... network dzekuchinjana dzakabatana dzakabatana nenharaunda dzemahombekombe nerwiziDanho rega rega rerwendo ringadai rakavaendesa kure zvishoma kubva panzvimbo yavo yekutanga yekuburitsa zvirimwa, panguva imwe chete richiwedzera mukurumbira wavo.
Modhi iyi inoenderana zvakanaka nezvinozivikanwa nezvedzimwe nzira dzekutenderera kwezvinhu zveumbozha muAmerica yekare. Zvigadzirwa zvinokosha zvikuru—zvakaita se zvicherwa zvisingawanzoitiki, makoko egungwa, minhenga, kana matombo anokosha zvishoma— vaigona kufamba daro refu, kwete nekuda kwemakaravhani ari pakati nepakati, asi kune kutevedzana kwenzvimbo dzekutengeserana nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuvapo kwemaemerald aya ekuColombia muPanama kwavewo chinhu chinonyanya kukosha. rekodhi yekuchamhembe yakasimbiswa yematombo eemerald mumamiriro ezvinhu eAmerica asati avapo mukoloniKureva kuti, inoratidza nzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwazvo mukondinendi uko kutenderera kwerudzi urwu rwedombo kwakasimbiswa nesainzi vasati vasvika veSpain.
Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvemakuva akapfuma eGran Coclé
Kana paine chinhu chimwe chete chinojekeswa zvakajeka nezvinyorwa zveEl Caño neSitio Conte, ndechekuti maemerald aya akanga asiri emunhu wese. Nemienzaniso misere chete inozivikanwa, uye inogara ichibatanidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, zvese zvinoratidza kuti aivepo. zvinhu zvemukurumbira zvakachengeterwa vanhu vari padanho repamusoro remasimba.
Matombo akawanda haana kuratidzika kunge akasununguka, asi akaiswa mukati zvishongo zvakaoma zvekurembera uye zvishongo zvemhembereroSemuenzaniso, tinoziva kuti zvimwe zvaive chikamu chependant yemhangura yakaita sedandemutande, chifananidzo chekatsi chakagadzirwa negoridhe, uyependant yemhangura yakaita semukadzi. Dzakanga dzisiri mhete dzemazuva ese, asi zvidimbu zvakagadzirwa nokungwarira kuti zvibude pachena mumitambo nemitambo.
Zvipo zvemariro kwakawanikwa maemerald aya zvinoshamisa: makuva akashongedzwa zvakanaka ane mazana kana kunyange zviuru zvezvinhu zvakagadzirwaizvo zvinosanganisira zvishongo zvegoridhe zvakapfurwa, zvishongo zvemhangura, magirazi epyrite anobva kunzvimbo dziri kure nezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakaita semazino eshark emegalodon, pamwe anoshandiswawo sezviratidzo zvechinzvimbo nesimba.
Muchiitiko ichi, emerald yaishanda seyechokwadi. zviratidzo zvesimbaHavana kungoratidza kugona kwemunhu akavigwa kuwana zvinhu kubva kure chete, asiwo basa ravo mukubatana, kurumbidza, uye hukama hwesimba hwakapararira kure kupfuura nzvimbo yemuno. Munharaunda umo mukurumbira waive muzvinhu zvakabva kure, aya matongo egirini aive chiratidzo chezvematongerwo enyika chepamusoro-soro.
Vanochera matongo vanoti emeralds ingangodaro yakashandiswawo se zvishandiso zvehunyanzviZvipo pakati pemadzishe, muripo wemitero, vimbiso dzezvinhu zvekuroorana, kana zvibvumirano zvemauto. Nekuti zvaive zvishoma, chimwe nechimwe chaive nehukuru hwakasimba hwekufananidzira uye hwemagariro evanhu, hwakapfuura hukuru hwacho hwepanyama.
Ruoko rwemhizha dzeCoclé pamatombo anokosha ekuColombia
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza pakudzidza kwazvino ndechekuti emeralds hadzina kungosvika dzakagadzirwa sezvadzakapedzwa kuti dzishandiswe sezvadziri. Kuongorora kwe microscopic uye pamusoro pevhu kwakabvumira vaongorori kuona. Zviratidzo zvekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi zvinogona kunge zvakagadzirwa nevashandi vemunharaunda vanobva kuGran Coclé.
Mamwe matombo anoratidza maburi asina kupedzwa, kutsemuka kwemukati kunokonzerwa nekuedza kuboora, uye mavanga akabuda panguva yekucheka asina kupedzwa. Kushanda ne emerald, kunyangwe nhasi, ibasa rakaoma zvikuru; Maumbirwo ekristaro anogona kunge aine mitswe yechisikigo inoita kuti iite brittle. uye kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kuti girazi riputsike zvisingadzoreki.
Vavezi veCoclé, avo vakajaira hunyanzvi hwekugadzira goridhe nemhangura neunyanzvi hukuru, vakaedzawo kushanda nemakristaro aya egirini aibva kunze kwenyika. Vakaedza kuagadzirisa kuti aenderane nemaitiro avo. mafomu emapendekete, zvishongo zvemuviri, uye zviratidzo zvetsikaizvo zvaisanganisira kuaboora kuti asungirire kana kuti aasanganise muzvigadziko zvesimbi zvakaoma.
Chinonyatsoratidza pachena ndechekuti zvidimbu zvakakuvara hazvina kuraswa. Pasinei nekutsemuka, maburi akakundikana, kana kutsemuka, maemerald akaramba achitenderera uye Vakazopedzisira vaiswa mumakuva evanhu vane zvinzvimbo zvepamusoroIzvi zvinoratidza kuti kukosha kwedombo guru iri hakuna kungogumira pakunaka kwaro chete.
Kunyangwe paaiva nezvikanganiso, matombo aya akaramba aine huremu hwawo hwekufananidzira: Vakanga vari zvapupu zverwendo rwuri kure, nhoroondo yekuchinjana zvinhu, uye hunyanzvi (nenjodzi) hwevashandi vemunharaunda.Kukuvadzwa kwedombo reemerald hakuna kurishandura kuita marara, asi kuita chinhu chichiri kuzara nerevo mukati memaonero enharaunda dzeCoclé.
El Caño: yakakosha necropolis yekunzwisisa tsika yeCoclé
Mufananidzo uyu wese haugone kunzwisiswa pasina kutarisa kwakadzikama mamiriro ezvinhu apo zvakawanda zvezviwanikwa izvi zviri kuwanikwa: Paki yezvekuchera matongo yeEl CañoIri mudunhu reCoclé, makiromita angangoita zana nemakumi mashanu kumadokero kweGuta rePanama, nzvimbo iyi yekuviga vanhu vasati vava kuColumbia, nekuda kwekupfuma kwayo uye mamiriro ayo ekuchengetedza, inoonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha kwazvo dzakawanikwa muAmerica.
Guva iri, iro rine makore angangoita 700 kusvika 1.000, rakashandiswa kwemakore angangoita Kwemazana matatu emakore yakashanda senzvimbo yekuvigwa kwemadzishe nevarwi vane zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro.Ikoko, makuva akawanda akawanikwa, mazhinji acho ari makamuri esimba, uko vanhu vakuru vanoonekwa vaine vanhu vakabayiwa, zvishongo zvakawanda zvesimbi uye, mune dzimwe nguva, emerald.
Kuchera kwakarongeka paEl Caño kwakatanga muna 2006, kuchitungamirirwa nenyanzvi yezvekuchera matongo yePanama Julia Mayo nechikwata chake. Zvakatoitika muna 2008-2009 kuti zvinhu zvekutanga zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa, izvo zvakabata pfungwa dzevesainzi vepasi rose nevezvenhau vakaita seNational Geographic.
Kubva ipapo, mishandirapamwe yemumunda, iyo inonyanya kuitwa munguva yekusanaya kwemvura kudzivirira mafashamo kubva kuRio Grande, yakafukunura makuva akakosha zvikuru. Pakati pawo, guva revanodaidzwa kuti "Shiri mbiri", mukuru wevarwi ane chinzvimbo chepamusoro uyo kuvigwa kwake kwakaenzaniswa nekwaIshe weSipán ane mukurumbira muPeru nekuda kwehunhu uye huwandu hwezvinhu zvake zveguva.
Mugadziri wemafirimu wekuSpain José Manuel Novoa, ane ruzivo rwakakura mumabhuku ekuchera matongo muPeru nedzimwe nyika, akabva angofarira mukana weEl Caño. Pamwe chete nemakambani ekugadzira akadai seWanda Films neJaguar Films, uye nerutsigiro rwe El Caño Foundation uye National GeographicAkatanga kugadzira dhirama guru, rine dhirama rekudzokorora uye mamodheru e3D, kuratidza veruzhinji kukosha kwekuwana uku.
Pfuma yakafanana neSipán, kupfuura goridhe nematombo anokosha
Avo vakamboshanda kuEl Caño havana mubvunzo wekuti vanoiisa padanho rakafanana nekuwana kukuru kwemariro muLatin America. Julia Mayo naJosé Manuel Novoa vose vanotaura kuti kuunganidzwa kwemakuva, zvinhu zvemakuva, uye zvitunha zvevanhu zvakawanikwa muCoclé. Zvingaenzana kana kutopfuura kukosha kwakawanikwa Ishe weSipán kuchamhembe kwePeru.
Kuenzanisa uku hakungoitwi chete maererano nekukosha kwemari—kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwegoridhe, mhangura, nematombo anokosha zvakawanikwa hunoshamisa—asi kupfuura zvose nekuda kwe ruzivo rwenhoroondo uye rwevanhu rwunopihwaGuva rega rega rinopa ruzivo nezvehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu, tsika dzemariro, kushandiswa kwemutumbi sechiratidzo chekutsigira, uye kutenderera kwezvinhu zvine mukurumbira.
Bhuku raNovoa rinotaura nezveEl Caño, rakatorwa nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, rine chinangwa chekuratidza ruzivo urwu rwakakura. Haringotarise chete pakuratidza mitsipa yemutsipa kana zvinhu zvinopenya, asi pakugadzirazve, kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakaratidzwa nemazana ezvimwe zvinhu uye mamodheru edhijitari, kuti hupenyu hwezuva nezuva nehwemhemberero hwaigona kunge hwakaita sei mu Tsika dzeCoclé.
Kugadziriswazve kwemakomputa e3D kunogadzirisa makuva, zvinhu zvemakuva, uye pamwe tsika dzakabatana nazvo, kuitira kuti muoni agone fungidzira kuoma kwemaitiro emagariro evanhuKuPanama, chirongwa ichi chinomiririrawo mukana wekuratidza pasi rose nhaka yezvakacherwa mumatongo yakasiyana iyo kwenguva yakareba isina kuonekwa kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakurumbira pasi rose.
Muchirevo ichi, maemerald eColombia anoshanda seshinda inonakidza yakafanana: Vanobatanidza nhoroondo diki yeguva rakati nenhoroondo huru yenzira dzekutengeserana uye hukama huripo pakati penzvimbo dziri kure. yeAmerica isati yatorwa neEurope.
Kunyangarika kwemaemerald uye dambudziko remagetsi muGran Coclé
Kunyangwe kusvika kwavo kuchishamisa inyaya yekuti, kubva pane imwe nguva zvichienda mberi, emerald nedzimwe Zvinhu zvinokudzwa zvakatorwa kubva kunze kwenyika zvinonyangarika kubva muzvinyorwa zvematongo kubva kunharaunda yepakati pePanama. Ongororo dzinoratidza shanduko iyi kuma1000 AD, anenge, apo matombo egirini, magirazi epyrite anobva kure, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana zvinorega kunyorwa mumakuva.
Kusavapo uku hakutsanangurwi sechiitiko chetsaona, asi sechiratidzo che shanduko huru muzvirongwa zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi zveGreater CocléMakuva makuru epamusoro akadai seEl Caño neSitio Conte haachashandiswi, maitiro emariro anochinja, uye pamwe chete nawo, nzira yekuratidza simba nemukurumbira kuburikidza nezvinhu zvikuru.
Vaongorori vanoti chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru kwaive kudzikira kwenzvimbo dzekutengeserana dziri kure. Kana nzira dzinobatanidza nzvimbo dzemigodhi dzeColombia nePanama landscape dzikasasimba kana kuti dzikaendeswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo, vakuru veCoclé Vakarasikirwa nekodzero yekuwana zvinhu zvekunze izvo zvakasimbisa simba ravoPasina magirazi eemerald, magirazi epyrite, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika, kugona kwavo kuratidza hukuru munzanga kungadai kwakadzikira zvakanyanya.
Panguva imwe chete, zvinokwanisika kuti zvinotevera zvakaitika shanduko dzemukati musangano rezvematongerwo enyikaIzvi, pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwematunhu ehumambo, kutamiswa kwenzvimbo dzine simba, uye kunyange matambudziko ehuwandu hwevanhu, zvingadai zvakabatsira pakusiyiwa kwemakuva makuru uye kushandiswa kwedzimwe nzira dzekutarisira kufa nekurangarira vatungamiriri.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, nzira chaiyo yematombo aya emerald ichiri chakavanzika. Kuwana nzvimbo dzepakati peguta, zviteshi zverwizi kana zvegungwa, uye nzvimbo dzekutengeserana idzi parizvino ndeimwe yenzvimbo idzi. zvinangwa zvikuru zvekutsvaga matongo munharaunda iyiKuwanikwa kwega kwega kwedombo diki regirini, girazi repyrite, kana chinhu chesimbi chemhando yekune imwe nyika kunogona kuwedzera chimwe chidimbu pamutambo uyu.
Zvese zvatinoziva kusvika pari zvino zvinotimanikidza kugadzirisa pfungwa yakareruka yenzvimbo yakaparadzana. Data iri rinoratidza kuti kondinendi yakabatana zvakanyanya isati yava yeHispanicuko zvinhu, vanhu, nepfungwa zvakafamba zvakanyanya kupfuura zvaitaurwa nemabhuku ekare echikoro.
Matombo emerald akawanikwa mumakuva ekuPanama, ane mavambo ekuColombia, rwendo rwawo rwemakiromita mazana, mavanga awo emunzvimbo iyoyo, uye kuvapo kwawo chete mumakuva epamusoro, zvave uchapupu hwakanyarara asi hune hungwaru. Nekuda kwavo, tinonzwisisa zviri nani. simba rakavakwa sei, kubatana kwaishanda sei, uye basa rei rakaitwa nekukudzwa kwezvinhu munzanga dzeGran Coclé makore anopfuura chiuru apfuura, zvichiratidza zvakapfuura zvakanyanyisa uye zvakabatana kupfuura zvataifungidzira.