Usati wataura nezvemafomula, matombo uye zviyero, zvakakodzera kutora chinhu chakakosha: muIjipita yekare denga rakanga riri chinyorwa chinoyeraPakutanga kuona, manheru ega ega aishanda sekarenda, kambasi, uye mepu yehupenyu hwapashure porufu. Panzvimbo pokuparadzanisa sayenzi nokutenda, vaEgipita vakachengeta ukama hwapedyo pakati poruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga, tsika, uye nzvimbo, izvo zvakasiya chiratidzo chazvo patembere, makuva, uye mapiramidhi.
Mhedzisiro inoshanda yeiyi maonero akawandisa: Zviyeuchidzo zvakakura zvaienderana nechinangwa chekuongorora nyeredziHavana kungotsvaka unyanzvi hwokuvaka; vakatsvaga kumisa Maat, iyo cosmic order, mumatombo. Kubva mumichinjiziri yetemberi dzavo, vapristi nenyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga vaitsanangura matemo, vairatidza kubuda kwezuva kwakakosha, uye vakagadzira nzira dziri pedyo-dzakakwana dzekuchamhembe nemazvo izvo zvichiri kushamisa nhasi.
Chitendero, Maat nedenga sechinyakare
Nekuti vaEgipita, cosmos nesimba zvaibata pamwe; temberi dzakagadzirwa mukutsvaga kuwirirana kwepasi rose kana Maat, uye humambo hwakatenderwa nekutarisa kune nyeredzi. Mhemberero yakakurumbira ye "kusimbisa tambo" namwarikadzi Seshat Akashandura kucherechedzwa kuita liturgy: Farao akagadzirisa axis yenzvimbo tsvene mushure mekududzira denga, kuve nechokwadi chekuti imba yamwari yakazvarwa mukuwirirana nedenga.
Musanganiswa uyu unopinda munzvimbo yese inoyera. PaKarnak, semuenzaniso, iyo huru axis nhaurirano ne Nguva yechando Solstice uye nenzvimbo yeNairi; muDendera, kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo kunopindura kutungamira kwekusimuka kweSirius (Sopdet), iyo herald yemafashama. Ikoko, kutaridzika kwe astral uye geography hazvisi zvisizvo: iwo mavakirwo echitendero.
Meskhetyu uye nyeredzi "dzisingaori".
Boka renyeredzi ratinodaidza kuti Ursa Major, iro vaEgipita vakatumidza zita racho Meskhetyu, yakaratidza kukwezva kwakasimba. Inoratidzwa sehovha yenzombe kana badza rinoyera, rinotoonekwa muPiramidhi Zvinyorwa zvinosanganiswa nemadzimambo akafa uye "nyeredzi dzisingambofi": nyeredzi dzinotenderera, dzinoonekwa usiku hwose uye gore rose.
Idzi temberi “dzisingaori” ndidzo dzaifarirwa namambo akafa. Nokudaro, mikova yemapiramidhi akawanda inonongedza kuchamhembe, uye maererano nezvinyorwa zvekupedzisira zvakadai sepaEdfu, kutaridzika kwetemberi kunogona kutsanangurwa "kutarisana neMeskhetyu." Pfungwa yacho yakajeka: Kubatana nedenga risingaperi kwakavimbisa kusingaperi kwaFarao.
Mapiramidhi nematemberi aive akatariswa sei
Mapiramidhi e4th Dynasty kuDahshur neGiza anoratidza zvakanyanya kutarisisa pane mana makadhinari mapoinzi, nezvikanganiso pahurongwa hwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu e arc (chikamu chechina chedhigirii); muCheops neKhafre, kutsauka uku kwakatodiki. Kuita izvi pasina theodolites yemazuva ano kwaida kunyatsotariswa, zviridzwa zviri nyore, uye nzira dzinodzokororwa.
Nzira dzinoverengeka dzakarongwa. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, yakakurudzirwa kushandiswa Thuban (nyeredzi iri pedyo nedanda makore akapoteredza 2787 BC) sechirevo; nhasi tinoziva kuti mazuva haaenderani neGreat Piramidhi. Muzana ramakore rechi20, Zinner akakurudzira kuroverera gnomon uye kuronda mumvuri wepakati pemasikati; Isler akapikisa kuti maitiro ekugadzira mumvuri anogona kupa zvakakwana zvakakwana, uye Glen Dash akaratidza kuti "denderedzwa reIndia" rine mumvuri wezuva rakawana zvirevo zvinonakidza, kunyange zvazvo pasina humbowo hwakananga hwekushandiswa kwayo muEgypt.
Mumwe mutsetse unotarisa nyeredzi dzakatenderedzwa. IES Edwards yakaronga kugadzira a artificial horizon (mudhuri) womaka pairi nzvimbo dzinosimuka nedziri dzenyeredzi inotenderera, nokudaro uchitsanangura meridian yekuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba. Gare gare, Kate Spence akarondedzera kufamba panguva imwe chete yeMizar naKochab; kuverenga nguva kwake hakuna kumira uye zvirambidzo zvounyanzvi zvakamuka. Imwe nzira inokurudzira iyo vertical alignment yePhecda neMegrez (zvese zviri muMeskhetyu) makore akapoteredza 2550 BC, zvinoenderana nekuonekwa kwechokwadi uye chiratidzo cheBig Dipper.
Chinhu chakakosha chakawanikwa nenyanzvi yenyeredzi Steven C. Haack kwaive kuona kuwirirana kwechinguvana mukukanganisa kwemaitiro kunoenderana ne precessionIyo nyeredzi-yakavakirwa tekinoroji inoratidzika kunge yakashandura zvishoma kurerekera kwayo kwemakumi emakore, chimwe chinhu chingatarisirwa kana chedenga chinonongedza chinoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Kunyange zvazvo nzira chaiyo ichiri kukakavara, maitiro enguva yakaoma kuramba.
Civil karenda, Sirius uye nguva
Egypt yakakurumidza kugadzira karenda yevagari vemo 365 mazuva: Mwedzi ye12 yemazuva makumi matatu pamwe nemazuva mashanu "pamusoro pegore" yakatsaurirwa kuna Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, uye Haroeris. Iyi karenda, isina zuva rekusvetukira, yakachinja misi zuva rimwe chete makore mana ega ega zvichienderana negore rinopisa, richigadzira kutenderera kweanenge makore 1.460 kutenderera kusimuka kweSirius (Sopdet).
Sirius, uyo akatanga kuonekwa kwegore negore mambakwedza akasangana nemafashamo eNairi, yakaratidza imwe yemhemberero huru. Ukama hweSirius-mafashamo hwakabatanidza basa redenga muhupfumi uye mune tsika yegore negoreKunyangwe kuverenga kwemwedzi kwaivapo kune mimwe mitambo, karenda revagari vemo rakatonga kwemazana emakore uye rakazokurudzira karenda reAlexandria (nemakore anosvetuka), iro rakazivisa karenda raJulius.
Nhoroondo yenguva inokwevera pa "Sothic" (inoenderana naSirius) uye nemazuva emwedzi akachengetedzwa muzvinyorwa. Kune mienzaniso yakakurumbira: Sesostris III (Din. XII) uye Ramses II (Din. XIX) bvumira kugadziriswa kwenguva dzose nekusimbisa gore ravo rekutonga kukwira kwakananga kweSirius kana mwedzi mutsva. Kuunganidza umboo hwese kwakaburitsa nguva dzinoverengeka dzinokwikwidzana, asi chimiro chenyeredzi chinoramba chiri musimboti wavo.
Zvakatanga rini? Kubva kuNabta Playa kuenda kukunamata kwezuva
Kuongorora kwekutanga kwenyeredzi kwenzvimbo yeSahara kwave kwakabatana nenzvimbo yeNeolithic ye Nabta Beach (c. 4000 BC), ine marongerwo ematombo angangove ane chekuita nezhizha solstice. Dudziro iyi ine gakava, asi inoratidza kunetsekana kwekutanga nenguva "yekudzora" murenje.
Yatova muPredynastic uye yekutanga dynastic nguva (dynasties I-II) iyo solar iconography Uye karenda inosimuka. Uchapupu hwekutarisa kwezuva hunowedzera, uye kuwirirana pakati pedenga nechitendero kunobata: zvakanakisisa "zvinyorwa zvenyeredzi" zvakapendwa pamakuva nematemberi, uye avo vanocherechedza denga, pamusoro pezvose, vapristi.
Ndiani akatarisa uye nemidziyo ipi
“Varindi venguva” vakashanda mu matenga etemberi nedzimba dzemadzimambo, kubva kwaigona kunakidzwa nemativi akajeka. Zviridzwa zvavo zvaive neungwaru sezvazvaive zvakapfava: bay (a slitted rule-viewfinder), merkhet (ine tambo yekuyeresa yekurovera yakatwasuka nekumaka meridian), magnomons, hourglasses, uye sundials. Pane zviratidzo zvegiroma-mhando chiridzwa chakabatana neSeshat, chinobatsira kumakona ekurudyi uye stakeouts.
Pakanga pasina kushomeka kwezviverengero zvine mbiri: Imhotep, uyo vamwe vakada kuti ndiye akatanga kugadzirwa kwekarenda yehurumende; Senenmut, munyori wechisiko chikuru cheguva rake; kana Anen, munun’una waMambokadzi Tiyi, anoratidzirwa ane mavara ouprista. Kana zviri zvekupfeka, chimwe chifananidzo chaAanen chinomira kunze, chakapfeka "nyeredzi" panther ganda, zvichida kugutsurira kumabasa ake; uyu wakanga usiri mutemo wavose.
Nyeredzi, decans uye denga mepu
Denga reEgipita rakarongwa kuva mapoka enyeredzi ane nyaya dzawo. Meskhetyu aifananidzira makumbo akarasika aSeti akasungwa naIsis; Mai, shumba, inofamba pamusoro peLeo wedu wemazuva ano; uye Gwara renzou raibatanidzwa namwarikadzi nzungu, denga rinomedza Zuva uye rinovhenekera mambakwedza ega ega.
Deans (mapoka enyeredzi "akatora" mazuva gumi oga oga) uye nyeredzi wachi Vaiita kuti kuyerwa kwemaawa ehusiku. Guva reSenenmut neDendera Zodiac rinochengetedza mamepu edenga akaomarara umo maasterism akati wandei uye kunyange zvinhu zvinoonekwa neziso rakashama, senge Pleiades kana M33, zvakaonekwa munguva dzazvino. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwenyeredzi pacharwo rwakaita zvakakosha munguva yePtolemaic, kubatanidzwa kwezviitiko zvekudenga nemashura kunotangira kunguva yekare zvikuru.
Mapiramidhi: kunyatsojeka, chiratidzo uye mapurojekiti akabatana
Kwemakore Dahshur yakatsanangurwa seyedzo-uye-kukanganisa kutevedzana: iyo Biramidhi Piramidhi Kungadai kwakave kuedza kwekare kune "yekutanga akakwana", the Piramidhi tsvukuTsvagiridzo ichangoburwa naJuan Antonio Belmonte (IAC) naGiulio Magli anodzokorora mamiriro acho: vese vangaumba yakasarudzika chirongwa chakaumbwa kubva pakutanga, ine ruzivo rwakasimba rwezvenyeredzi, zvekufananidzira uye zvemamiriro ezvinhu.
Zvinoenderana nekuverenga uku, korona dzeLayered uye Dzvuku dzaizomiririra korona mbiri dzeDual King (chena yeUpper Egypt uye tsvuku yeLower Egypt), pamwe yakamutswa mukati. materu uye mitsetse kunyatsosarudzwa. Iyo yakasarudzika yakasarudzika ye43º 23' yeRoja inogona kutsanangurwa muchimiro chenyeredzi chakabatana nekarenda, uye nzira dzekupinda. Vangadai vakarerutsa nenzira yokufananidzira “kukwira” kwamambo kunzvimbo yedenderedzwa yokuchamhembe, musha wenyeredzi dzisingaperi.
Iyo nyika haisi yekumashure: ndiye mutambi mukuru. Vaviri veDahshur, vachionekwa pachikumbaridzo chenhoroondo pakati peNyika mbiri, vaizozivisa hutongi hwehumambo "pekutanga kuona," uye simba ravo repfungwa se. chiedza chinopisa (nemaungira ezviitiko zvakaita sechiedza chenyeredzi kana kupenya kweVenus) zvaizodzika midzi muPyramid Zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa mazana maviri emakore gare gare. Ichi chiono cheUnitarist chinosimbisa fungidziro ye "horizon" yakarongerwa Giza panguva yeKhufu.
Kurongeka, nzvimbo dzinoyera uye mhuri dzekuona
Zviyero zvemumunda neHispano-Egyptian Mission yeArchaeoastronomy zvakaratidza mhuri dzinogara dzichitariswa: equinocial, solstitial, mwaka, Sothiac (Sirius), canopic (Canopus), kadhinari uye intercardinalIyo pateni inodzokororwa zvakare mumatemberi muKush, ichikurudzira yakagovaniswa astral substrate.
Karnak inopa nyaya yebhuku: imwe yemasaiti mashoma uko "solstitial mutsara" (kubva pakubuda kwechando kusvika pakuvira kwezhizha) iri. perpendicular kuna Nile, zvichibvumira kuumbwa kwetemberi-rwizi rwezvose zviri zviviri geometric nedzidziso yakarurama. KuDendera, iyo nzvimbo inoenderana nekusimuka kweSirius, kwakakosha kumisikidza karenda yezvekurima neyetsika.
Nharo dzemazuva ano: kubva kuOrion kuenda kuAmarna
Zviri kuyedza kubatanidza Giza nebhandi re Orión, iyo yakasimudzira Orion Correlation Theory. Pasinei nekukwezva kwenhau, inotakura huremu hushoma mukuongorora zvidzidzo: pane kushomeka kwehumbowo hwakasimba hwekuti Giza chirimwa chinodzokorora nemaune matatu enyeredzi. Mucherechedzo weOsirian weOrion hauna kupokana, asi pane nzira refu yekuenda kubva ipapo kuenda kunomisikidza geometrical replica.
Zvakanyanya kusimba ndizvo zvinogoneka kurongeka kwezuva. In Udza el-AmarnaAxis yetemberi diki yeAten yakatarisana nemukaha chaiwo (mupata weguva rehumambo) apo zuva raibuda pamazuva ane chekuita nekuvambwa kweguta. Zita rekare, Akhetaten ("Horizon of the Disc"), rinotora chirevo chaicho muhurongwa hwemadhorobha nekarenda yaro.
Abrahama, nyeredzi uye mutauro wekudzidzisa
Yazvino yezvidzidzo zvechitendero (zviripo chaizvo mumunda weMormoni) inoongorora kuti nyeredzi inoshanda sei mutauro wedimikira kudzidzisa dzidziso: masangano, kurongeka, uye hukuru hwehumwari. Murondedzero yaAbrahama, mitumbi yomudenga nematenderedzwa ayo anoshanda taura nezvehurumende, madhigirii uye kuva pedyo nehumwari, vachishandisa denga raitoremekedzwa nevaEgipita sezambuko rekudzidzisa.
Kupfuura kutenda chaiko, chidzidzo chemethodical chinokarakadza: kuEgypt, kutaura “mutauro wenyeredzi” kwaitaura kumba kwemumwe nemakodhi akagovaniswa. Idi rokuti cosmos rakanga riri panguva imwe cheteyo karenda, kambasi, uye mepu youpenyu hwapashure porufu yakatibvumira kuti tibatane. simba repanyika uye kurongeka kwe cosmic pasina kukakavara, uye iyi purasitiki yekufananidzira inotsanangura kupindira kwevanhu mune zvenyeredzi.
Zvikanganiso zvishoma, precession uye maitiro
Kunyatsoita chikamu chechina chedhigirii pakati pe3rd millennium BC haina kuvandudzwa. Iko kuwirirana kwakaonekwa neHaack pakati pekukanganisa uye nguva inoenderana ne kutanga kweNyika, iyo inoratidza maitiro anobva pane nyeredzi dzinotenderera. Nepo isu tisingakwanise kumisikidza nzira imwe chete, "menu" inonzwisisika inosanganisira nyeredzi mbiri (Phecda-Megrez), mamaki pahorizons yekugadzira, uye nzira dzezuva (mudiki mumvuri kana mumvuri denderedzwa) kuyera kana kuona maronda.
Nezvinangwa zvinoshanda, vaIjipita vakabatanidza kutarisa kwevarwere, zviridzwa zvine mwero asi zvakagadzikana, uye tsika yekuita (tambo tensioning) kuve nechokwadi chekudzokorora. Mukuita kudaro, vakamisa a inoshanda kuchamhembe uye “kuchamhembe kwezvidzidzo zvoumwari,” uye vakakwanisa kuita kuti zvivakwa necosmos zvitaure mutauro mumwe chetewo.
Kubva pakarenda kusvika kuhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Icho chokwadi chekuti karenda yevagari yakanga isina gore rekusvetuka yaive yakanaka kupfuura chirema: kufamba kwayo kunonoka kunoenderana nemwaka yakagadzira kutenderera kukuru kwakashanda kuwiriranisa. miitiro mikuruZvichakadaro, zuva nezuva, kutonga uye zvekurima zvakarongedzerwa nemwedzi yenguva dzose uye mwaka wakajeka: Mafashamo (Akhet), Resurgence (Peret) uye Kukohwa (Shemu).
Pesvedzero yekarenda yeEgipita yakayambuka miganhu nemazana emakore: karenda reAlexandria rine gore rekusvetuka rakabatana maitiro, uye gare gare, Julius Caesar akagadzirisa chimiro chenyika yeRoma. Hazvisi netsaona kuti Herodotus akarumbidza kugara kwayo: kumashure kwayo kwaive nezvizvarwa zvevacherechedzi vachitora kupuruzira. Zuva, Mwedzi uye Sirius.
Kubatana pakati pezvinocherwa mumatongo neruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga hakusi kungoitika; zvinoumba. We date anotonga NaSirius achisimuka uye nemwedzi mitsva, tinovakazve makarenda etemberi ane solstices uye equinoxes, uye tinonzwisisa sarudzo dzemudhorobha nekuverenga mhedziso. Inzvimbo shoma dzinoratidza zvakajeka kuti denga rinogona kutonga sei pasi risingaregi kuva denga.
Kubva pabay uye merkhet kuenda kuMeskhetyu neSopdet, kubva kune solstice yeKarnak kuenda kune yekufananidzira vaviri veDahshur, nhoroondo yeEgipita inoratidza kuti nyeredzi uye zvemweya Zvinogona kuva chinhu chimwe chete kana humwari huchiratidzwa nemazvo ekona uye nekusvika nenguva kwenyeredzi. Mubatanidzwa iwoyo, unotifadza nhasi, wakanga uri nzira yavo yezuva nezuva yekuona kuti nyika inowira panzvimbo mangwanani oga oga.