Zviremwaremwa zvakafukidzwa nengano uye kusanzwisisana kwemazana emakore, asi kana tikanyatsotarisa basa ravo mumasikirwo, mufananidzo wakasiyana kwazvo unobuda: ndivo vatambi vakakosha mukuenzanisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Mukuita, basa ravo rehusiku rinotsigira maitiro akakosha ezvakatipoteredza akadai sekudzora zvipembenene, mukume, uye kuparadzira mbeu, pamwe nekupa mabhenefiti akananga kuhupfumi hwedu nekugara zvakanaka. Basa rezvisikwa zvezviremwaremwa Haisi tsanangudzo diki; iwo muchina unoshanda manheru ega ega kuchengetedza ecosystems ine hutano.
Beyond the clichés, idzi mhuka dzinobhururuka dzinobatanidza kurima, biodiversity, hutano hweveruzhinji, uye tsika. Kubva pakuchengetedza mishonga yezvipembenene muzvirimwa kusvika pakuvandudza masango anogara achinaya mvura, uye kusanganisira kushandiswa kwawo sezviratidziro muzvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza, kukosha kwazvo kwakafara uye kongiri. Kunzwisisa kukosha kwayo Ndiro danho rekutanga kuvadzivirira, kubvisa ngano uye, sezvineiwo, kutsigira mamwe maguta nemaruwa.
Zvavari uye nei zvichikosha
Zviremwaremwa ndezvokurongeka kweChiroptera, izwi rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekuti-bapiro, zvichireva chimiro chavo: membrane inotambanuka pakati peminwe yakareba inoumba mapapiro anofambiswa zvisingaite. Ndidzo chete mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinenge dzichibhururuka, iripo munenge pasi rose kunze kwemapango uye mamwe matunhu akanyanyisa, ane zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodarika nyore nyore zviuru zvemarudzi.
MuSpain, marudzi makumi matatu neshanu akaonekwa, ane marudzi maviri ezvitsuwa zveCanary Islands, uye ese anonakidzwa nedziviriro yepamutemo nekuda kwemamiriro avo akaomarara. Kubereka kwayo kwakaderera -Mhuka dzakawanda dzinongova nemwana mumwe chete pagore-, izvo zvinoita kuti dzive nyore kunyanya kuvhiringidzwa nevanhu, kurasikirwa nepekugara uye kuparara kwekugara.
Havasi vese vanodya chinhu chimwe chete: kune zvipembenene, zvinodya uye zvine nectarivorous marudzi, uye kune kunyange mamwe anodya madiki vertebrates. Mhando nhatu chete dze hematophagous Vanodya ropa, uye vanozviita kubva kumhuka, kwete vanhu. Kunyangwe muzviitiko izvi, mate avo ane makemikoro akaita sedraculin-anticoagulant ine mishonga yekurapa-inoratidza kuti zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokurudzira sei mhinduro dzehutano.
Kudzora zvipembenene zvakasikwa: vanobatana nekurima uye hutano
Kana isu tichitsvaga inobatika sevhisi yezvakatipoteredza, zvipembenene zviri pamusoro pechinyorwa. Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinodya mhuka dzakawanda usiku hwega hwega: zvinofungidzirwa kuti chiremwaremwa chinogona kumedza umhutu hunosvika 1.200 paawa, uye mapoka makuru anodarika nhamba iyoyo. Kuda kudya uku Inonangana nezvipfukuto, zvipembenene nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinokuvadza zvirimwa zvoita kuti tumbuyu hushoma uye kurasika kushoma.
Iyo data inozvitaurira yega: zvidzidzo muNorth America zvakafungidzira kuti basa rezviremwaremwa mukubata zvipembenene zvekurima rinokonzera mari inokosheswa mabhiriyoni emadhora pagore. Semuyenzaniso, chiremwaremwa cheBrazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis), munzvimbo dzinosunungiswa vanhu vanosvika miriyoni imwe chete, chinogona kupedza twumbuyu hunodarika matani masere muhusiku humwe chete, kusanganisira lepidoptera inokuvadza zvirimwa zvedonje nechibage. Mari inochengeterwa mishonga yezvipembenene uye kudzikiswa kwekupokana kwezvipembenene kune hupfumi hwakawanda uye kwezvakatipoteredza.
MuMexico, kudyiwa kukuru kwehusiku kwakafungidzirwa kusvika makumi ematani ezvipembenene pamirioni yezviremwaremwa, uye muSpain, tsvakiridzo yatove kuenderera mberi inonongedza basa ravo sevamiriri vanodzora zvipenyu muzvirimwa zvakasiyana. Uyewo mumapaki nemaguta Vanobatsira kuchengetedza umhutu nemakonye epaini, zvichiunza pundutso kuhutano hweveruzhinji uye kugara zvakanaka kwezuva nezuva.
Kune chikamu chezvekurima uye nzvimbo dziri pedyo nemaguta, kuvapo kwayo kunoshandura mukukuvadzwa kushoma uye mamwe masisitimu ekugadzira akaenzana. 'Natural pesticide' iyo inoshanda chinyararire uye nekuchengetedza manheru ega ega, ichideredza mitengo, zvinosvibisa uye kutsamira pamakemikari.
Night pollination: maruva anovhurika kana mwenje uchidzika
Kuwedzera pakudya tumbuyu, zvimwe zviremwaremwa—kunyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa nedzinopisa zvikuru—zvinodya muto nomukume. Mhuka idzi dzinoshanyira maruva nocturnal kumaruva akachinjirwa kuti akwezve mapollinators ehusiku. Basa ravo sevanotakura mukume Izvo zvakakosha mukuberekana kwezvirimwa zvakawanda.
Mienzaniso yakakurumbira inosanganisira maguey tupembenene emhando yeLeptonycteris, mapollinator emaagave, kusanganisira blue agave. Pasina kushanya uku, kusiyana-siyana kwemajini uye kuramba kwenguva refu kwemaagave kungakanganiswa. Ndosaka slogan Tinowanzonzwa: pasina zviremwaremwa, tequila uye mezcal zviri mungozi. Basa ravo rinotsigirawo cacti yerenje reAmerica uye marudzi ehupfumi uye ecological kukosha semabhanana kana ceiba miti.
Kunyangwe munzvimbo dzemumaguta, minda yebhotani uye nzvimbo dzine maruva akakodzera dzinogona kubatsirwa kubva mukudyidzana uku, sezvo zvimwe zvinomera zvinovhura maruva usiku. Husiku mukume Iyo isingaoneki nzira inozadzisa iyo yenyuchi nemashavishavi, uye inochengetedza cheni dzekudya uye hupfumi hwenzvimbo.
Kupararira kwembeu nekuvandudzwa kwemasango
Mbeu dzinodya zvinodya michero uye dzinodzinga mbeu dzinoshanda kure nemakiromita kubva pamuti wemubereki, izvo zvinofarira kutorwa kwezvigamba zvitsva uye kudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo dzakaparadzwa. 'Kugovera' kwavo mbeu Ino mhanyisa kuberekwa patsva uye inowedzera kubatana kwe ecological, yakakosha munzvimbo dzakakamukana.
Uku kupararira kwakakura kunobvumira masango kuti azvivake zvakare mushure mekuvhiringidzika, kuunza kusiyana-siyana kwemajini uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana kunzvimbo dzisina miti. Munzvimbo dzinopisa Zviremwaremwa zviri pakati pezvinokonzeresa kutsva kwemasango, zvichipesvedzera chimiro uye kuumbwa kwenharaunda dzezvirimwa.
Tsvina yavo, inozivikanwa seguano kana kuti bat guano, yagara ichishandiswa sefetireza nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo mukudya. Zvisikwa izvi Inowedzera imwe nhanho yekukosha kune chiitiko chayo, kuvhara denderedzwa pakati pemhuka, ivhu nezvinomera mumutsara wekubatsirana.
Environmental thermometers: sensitive bioindicators
Kuvapo uye chimiro chehuwandu hwechiremwaremwa zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha mumhando yezvakatipoteredza. Seboka, vanongwarira kusvibiswa, kutemwa kwemasango, kuvhiringidzwa kwezvirugu zvadzo, uye chiedza chokugadzira. PavanodereraPanowanzova nechiratidzo chenyevero munharaunda.
Mimwe miitiro, yakadai sokunyanyoshandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, inoderedza mugove wavo wezvokudya uye inogona kuunganidza mishonga ine chepfu mucheni yezvokudya. Chiedza kusvibiswa Inoshandura nzira dzavo dzekubhururuka nemaitiro ekuvhima, zvichivasiya vari munjodzi kana kukanganisa basa ravo. Naizvozvo, kuongorora kwesainzi kunobatsira kuongorora zvinokanganisa uye kuronga kudzoreredza uye manejimendi matanho.
Zviremwaremwa nemaguta: kugarisana kunowedzera
Kure nekuve dambudziko, zviremwaremwa zvemudhorobha zvinodyidzana zvinovandudza hupenyu. Dzinoderedza umhutu nezvimwe zvipembenene, uye mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, dzinobatsirawo mukumesa nokuparadzira mbeu. Makemikoro mashoma Kudzora zvipembenene munzvimbo dzemumaguta zvinoreva mhepo yakachena, ivhu, uye mvura.
Kuisa mabhokisi epokugara mumapaki, magadheni, zvikoro uye zvivakwa zvekuvaka kunobatsira kubhadhara kushaikwa kwemakomba echisikigo mumiti yekare kana zvivakwa zvechinyakare. Dzimba dzekugadzira idzi Ivo vanofambisa kupfuya nekuzorora, uye vanounza vagari pedyo nekusiyana zvipenyu zvemuno kuburikidza nedzidzo uye mapurojekiti esainzi evagari.
Zvimwe zviito zvakakosha zvemudhorobha zvinosanganisira kuwedzera nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakasvibira, kuchengetedza maheji nemiti, uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwechiedza nemwenje unoshanda uye unoenderana nemhuka. Urban planning Kubatanidza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kunotungamira kune mamwe maguta akatsiga uye akadzikama, ane mabhenefiti anooneka kunharaunda.
Habitats uye nyaya yeDoñana
Zviremwaremwa zvinoshandisa mambure akasiyana siyana nenzvimbo dzekudyisa. Vanowana pokugara mumasango ane miti yakare, makomba, uye makwati; zvakare munzvimbo dzakashama uye dzakavhurika uko kuvhima zvipembenene kunoshanda zvakanyanya. Madova nemahombekombe enzizi Vanoisa pfungwa pakudya, uye hazvishamisi kuti vatore mukana wezvivakwa zvevanhu zvakaita sematura, dzimba dzakasiiwa kana shongwe.
Munharaunda yeDoñana, semuenzaniso, mhando dzakadai semuremwaremwa mukuru webhiza Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, chiremwaremwa chikuru chine mbeva Myotis myotis, chiremwaremwe pipistrellus pipistrellus uye chiremwaremwa chemuswe wakareba Tadarida teniotis, pakati pezvimwe, zvinogara pamwe chete. The heterogeneity of the landscape —masango, machakwi, nyanza, nzvimbo dzine miti mikuru—zvinovagovera pokugara nezvokudya, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yacho ive nzvimbo yakanaka nokuda kwefundo yavo nokuchengetedza.
Kutyisidzirwa uye kuenderera mberi kwekuchengetedza
Pakati pezvinonetsa zvakanyanya kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara uye nzvimbo dzekupotera nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwemasango, kukura kwemaguta uye kuvaka, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwemishonga yezvipembenene, kusvibiswa kwechiedza uye kuvhiringidzwa kwemakoloni, kunyanya panguva yekuberekesa uye yekurara. Zvakare zvimwe zvivakwa, zvakadai semagetsi emhepo asina kuwanikwa zvakanaka, anowedzera kufa.
- Kurasika kwedzimba: kutsakatika kwemiti yekare, kuiswa chisimbiso kwezvivakwa uye mhirizhonga mumapako nemumikaha.
- Kusvibiswa uye makemikari: kuderedzwa kwezvipembenene uye kuwedzera chepfu mhedzisiro.
- Artificial light: kusagadzikana uye kuwedzera kuratidzwa kune zvikara.
- Disinformation: ngano nokutambudzwa kusina chikonzero.
MuSpain, zvipenyu zvose zvinodzivirirwa nemitemo yenyika neEurope, uye mamwe akanyorwa seanotambura kana kuti ari mungozi. Masangano nemapurojekiti—akadai seaya anosimudzirwa neGlobal Nature Foundation mukati megadziriro yeAlliances for Biodiversity—anokurudzira tsvakurudzo nekuedza kuchengetedza: nzvimbo dzinogara shiri, kudzivirira miti yakura, madziro akaoma ematombo, ruzhowa, uye kugadzirisa nzvimbo dzekugara. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda Izvo zvakakosha, sezvo mhuka zhinji dzichitama uye dzinofamba madaro marefu.
Ngano uye chokwadi: kuziva kuitira kuchengetedza
Zvakakosha kubvisa dzimwe pfungwa dzisiridzo. Havazi mapofu; marudzi akawanda ane maonero akanaka, kunyange zvazvo achinyanya kufamba achishandisa echolocation. Havarwisi vanhuUye kana ani zvake akapinda mumba, kazhinji imhaka yokuti anenge avhiringidzika. Havasi vese vanonwa ropa zvakare: marudzi mashoma chete anoita, uye ayo anobva kuzvipfuwo kana dzimwe mhuka.
Zano rakanakisa kana rakaonekwa mumba mako husiku nderekudzima mwenje uye nekuvhura nzira yekubuda kunze kuti ibve. Kana ari masikati uye asingapfakanyikiInogona kutorwa yakapfeka magirovhosi uye kuiswa mubhokisi remhepo ine jira nemudziyo muduku wemvura; manheru, vhura bhokisi kuti ribude. Kana yakakuvara kana kana pane kufungirwa kwechirwere (somuenzaniso, mhuka inoshanda mukati memusha mukati mezuva), usaibata uye uzivise hutano kana zviremera zvezvakatipoteredza.
Echolocation, kubhururuka, uye hupenyu hwakatsiga
Echolocation is a biological sonar: vanoburitsa ma ultrasound uye vanoongorora maungira avo kuti vaone zvipingamupinyi uye nyama yemhuka zvine humbowo hunoshamisa, kusvika pakusiyana kwemamicroseconds. Iyi hurongwa hwekunzwa Zvinodzibvumira kuvhima murima rakazara, kutsvaga tumbuyu tudiki, uye kunyange kugadzirisa kubhururuka kwadzo nekumhanya kukuru.
Tsika yavo yokurembera vakatsikitsira inocherekedzwawo. Izvi zvinoita kuti kusimuka kuve nyore—kudonhedza uye kuvhuvhuta mapapiro adzo kunoshanda kupfuura kusimuka kubva pasi—uye kunodzidzivirira pazvikara mukati mezuva. Its tendon anatomy Zvinovabvumira kuti varambe vakabatana pasina kuenderera mberi muscular kuedza, kuchengetedza simba.
Dzimwe mhuka dzinogona kurarama kweanopfuura makumi matatu emakore uye dzinosvika kumhanya kweanenge mamaira makumi matanhatu paawa. Its energetic physiology Inosanganisira nyika dze torpor uye hibernation iyo inoderedza zvakanyanya kupisa kwemuviri uye metabolism, mazano akanyorwa mumhando dzakadai seMyotis chiloensis, kiyi yekupona mamiriro akanyanya.
Zvakanakira nzanga: mhiri kwemunda
Kukosha kwezviremwaremwa kunodarika ecology. Masevhisi avo ecosystem anotsigira hupfumi hwenzvimbo, kuderedza mitengo yekurima, uye kugadzirisa hupenyu nekudzikamisa tupukanana munzvimbo dzemaguta. Guano sefetirezaKukumeswa kwezvirimwa zvekufarira chikafu uye kuchengetwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene zvinoumba chikamu chekubatsira izvo zvakaoma kune rimwe boka remhuka kuti rienzane.
Kuvapo kwayo kunoshandawo sechiratidzo chehutano hwezvakatipoteredza, kutungamirira mitemo yevanhu uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza. Batanidza zviremwaremwa Mumagadzirirwo ehurongwa hwemadhorobha, agroecology uye kudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo, chinangwa ndechekusarudza masisitimu akagadzikana uye akatsiga mukutarisana nekushanduka kwenyika.
Zviito zvinoshanda: kubva munharaunda kuenda kupasi rose
Pamwero unoshanda, kune matanho anogona kuitwa mudzimba, mapurazi, mataundi nemaguta: kuisa mabhokisi epokugara, kuchengetedza miti yakare, kuchengetedza hedges yakakwirira uye masvingo akaoma ematombo, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye kugadzirisa chiedza chekugadzira. Dzidzo yezvakatipoteredza Sayenzi yevagari vemo inobatsira kubvisa rusaruro uye kuunganidza data rakakosha rekutarisira.
- Artificial shelters: Vanofambisa kubereka uye kuzorora uko maburi echisikigo asina.
- Yakabatana Habitats: hedges, miti nemabhanga anoshanda semikoto ye ecological.
- Makemikari mashoma: biological pest control, ivhu rine hutano nemvura.
- Responsible lighting: Yakatarisana, inodziya mwenje ine marongero ekuderedza zvinokanganisa.
Maka zuva iri pakarenda yako: Kubvumbi 17 iZuva Rokutenda Bat, mukana wakakwana wekuzivisa kukosha kwavo uye kuwana rutsigiro rwekuchengetedza kwavo. Kuziva ndiko kuchengetedzaUye munhu mumwe nomumwe anogona kupa, kubva pazviito zvakapfava kuenda kukutora rutivi muzvirongwa zvomunzvimbomo.
Tsika uye ruzivo: hukama hwekare
Zviremwaremwa zvakabata nzvimbo yakasarudzika mungano netsika, senge mutsika yeMayan, kwavaibatanidzwa nehusiku uye kutenderera kwehupenyu. Nhasi tinoziva kuti nyaya idzi dzinogara pamwe chete nechokwadi chesainzi chinoburitsa basa radzo rakakosha mukushanda kwezvipenyu. Batanidza maonero etsika nesainzi Inovandudza kutaurirana, inoderedza kutya kusina hwaro, uye inosimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka idzi.
Ongororo dzakawanda - kubva kuzvidzidzo zveecosystem masevhisi kusvika pakushanda pafiziology uye maitiro ecology - inotsigira kukosha kwayo nedata. Uchapupu hwakaunganidzwa Mabhenefiti ane chekuita nekudzivirira zvipembenene, kumeserwa kwemukume, kuparadzira mbeu, uye kuchengetedza hupfumi hwakawandisa uye anotungamira zviito zvekuchengetedza pasi rese.
Zvakaoma kufungidzira upenyu hwezuva nezuva pasina rubatsiro rwavo: zvirimwa zvakafumurwa zvakanyanya, masango anotora nguva yakareba kuti agadziriswe, makemikoro akawanda mumhoteredzo, uye maguta ane umhutu hwakawanda. Chengetedza zviremwaremwa Izvo ndezvekuchengetedza network yezvakatipoteredza, zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro mabhenefiti atinoshandisa zuva nezuva tisingazvizive.