Kana wakamboona mhou ichitsenga zvokudya zvayo kana kuona gwai richifambisa shaya dzaro kakawanda, hazvina kuitika: Ruminants dzine imwe nzira yekugayiwa Izvi zvinodzibvumira kushandisa shinda dzezvirimwa izvo dzimwe mhuka dzinowana zvakaoma kumedza. "Dzidziso" ravo riri mudumbu ravo rakakamurwa uye nharaunda yehutachiona hunoshanda zvisinganeti.
Murwendo urwu tichatsanangura, zvakasimba asi nemutauro wakajeka, Chii chinonzi rumination? Kugayiwa kwezvokudya kwezvipfuyo kunoshanda sei? uye nei zvichinyatsoshanda. Iwe uchaona mabasa erumen, reticulum, omasum, uye abomasum; kuti mate anodzivirira sei pH; izvo microbiota inoita; uye ndeapi maitiro chaiwo ane mhuka dzechidiki. Tichaongorora zvakare data chaiyo pamavhoriyamu, pH, magasi uye nguva kutsenga uye rumination, uyewo evolutionary curiosities uye marudzi mapoka.
Zvinorevei rumination uye nei zvichibatsira
Rumination ndizvo chaizvo medza, wodzosera chikafu kumuromo, wochitsenga zvakare, womedza zvakareKutenderera uku kunowedzera kushanda kweforoji uye fiber digestion. Rumination inoda mate akawanda: mumombe, kugadzirwa kwezuva nezuva kunofungidzirwa kubva 60 kusvika ku160 litres, uye kune kunyange vanyori vanosimudza nhamba kuti 130-180 litres pamombe pazuva, zvese kuchengetedza musanganiswa wakanyorova uye, pamusoro pezvose, kuvhara pH yerume.
The classic rumination sequence inosanganisira zvikamu zvina: shuviro yezvinhu kubva mugurokuro kupinda mugurokuro, kudzingwa mugomba remukanwa, kunonoka uye kunyatsoita mastication, uye kumedza. Iyi yekudzokera kumashure nekufamba inobvumira kukuya fiber zviri nani, sanganisa nemate ane bicarbonate nemaphosphates, govera utachiona hunovirisa cellulose uye, mukuita izvi, hunodzinga magasi ekuvirisa kuburikidza nekuputira.
Iyo ruminant digestive system: makamuri mana, lens imwe
Ruminants imhuka dze artiodactyl dzine dumbu rakakamurwa kuita makamuri mana: matatu forestomachs (rumen, reticulum, uye omasum) uye glandular dumbu zvakakodzera (abomasum). Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva ichinzi “matumbu akawanda,” chaizvoizvo kune dumbu rimwe chete rechokwadi, the abomasum; mamwe ndee esophageal dilates anoitirwa kuvirisa chirimwa asidhi isati yagayiwa.
Hukuru hwemakamuri aya mumombe dzakura hunoratidza zvakanyanya: Rumen + reticulum account inosvika 84% yegastric volume, omasum inosvika 12% uye abomasum inosvika 4%. Mukuwedzera, mudumbu "block" inogona kumiririra 8-10% yehuremu hwehupenyu uye inogara inenge 75% yedumbu remudumbu, ine predominance yakajeka kuruboshwe.
Rumen: muviri mukuru
Rumen ihombe yekuvhenganisa iyo chikafu chinosvika mushure mekutanga kudzika kudzika. Iko hakuna oxygen pano: inzvimbo yeanaerobic, yakanakira mabhakitiriya, protozoa, fungi uye methanogenic archaea. Idzi nharaunda dzinoshandura cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin uye starches kuita kuputika kwemafuta acids (AGV) -acetate, propionate uye butyrate-, iyo mhuka inotora uye inoshandisa sechinhu chikuru chesimba.
Rusvingo rwomukati rwe rumen rwakafukidzwa ne papillae izvo zvinowedzera kunyura pamusoro. Mukati, zviri mukati zvakarongwa muzvikamu: kumusoro a gaseous zone muchero wekuvirisa, pakati a chikamu chakasimba nehafu-yakaora zvidimbu uye nechepasi a mvura kana semi-solid phase zvakanyanya kugayiwa, izvo zvinopedzisira zvave kukukurwa kuenda kuomasum. Iko kusanganiswa kweasidhi kunovharwa nemate, uye naizvozvo ruminal pH inowanzoramba iri pakati 6,5 uye 6,8 kana zvese zvikafamba zvakanaka.
Munhamba, rumen yemhou yakakura inogona kuva 100-150 litres kukwanisa (mumakwai, anenge malita matanhatu), nenguva dzekugara dzemazuva 6 kusvika 0,4 zvichienderana nerudzi rwekudya. Munharaunda iyi, magasi akadai CO2, CH4 uye H2S: Mumombe ye600 kg, kudyiwa kwe18 kg ye organic matter kunogona kuunza zvakapoteredza. 535 litres methane pazuva, izvo zvinopedzwa nekuputika.
Reticulum: selector uye regurgitation mota
Reticulum ndiyo kamuri diki, ine mucosa inoyeuchidza a zinga reuchi. Inotaurirana zvakanyanya nerumen (inowanzonzi reticulorumen) uye ine mabasa anokosha: inoparadzanisa zvimedu zvakanaka kuti ivo zvino vanokwanisa kuenderera mberi nerwendo rwavo uye, kuburikidza nemaitiro ekucheka, inokonzera regurgitation kubva pabolus kusvika kumuromo zvekuti mhuka inozeya.
Mukuwedzera, reticle inoshanda se "tafura yekusarudza": rini coarse fibers Ma membranes ari pedyo necardia anomutsa madziro ayo, achimutsa antiperistaltic movement iyo inofambisa bolus mugurokuro. Iyi michina, pamwe chete nekumisikidzwa kwezvikamu, inoronga rumination loop uye inogonesa fiber kugaya.
Omaso: iyo huru sefa ine mapeji
Omasum (inonziwo bhaibheri rebhucha kana kabhuku) inozadzwa ne mapepa emukati izvo zvinowanza nzvimbo yepamusoro. Basa ravo guru ndere rebsorb mvura nemamineral uye wedzera kuderedza particle size isati yapfuura mu abomasum. Iyi physiological sieving inoisa kugaya uye inogadzirisa shanduko yayo kuenda kuchikamu chemakemikari digestion.
Abomasum: iyo "chaiyo" dumbu
Iyo abomasum ndiyo glandular compartment, yakaenzana nedumbu re monogastric. Pano pH inodonha zvakanyanya (kazhinji pakati pe2,5 kusvika zviuru gumi) nekuda kwehydrochloric acid uye ma enzymes akadai se pepsin. Muchikamu chino, kuwedzera pakugaya zvakasara zvechirimwa, ma microorganisms pachawo anogayiwa iyo yakabva murumen, manyuko anoshamisa eprotein yemhando yepamusoro yemhuka.
Iyo abomasum inogamuchirawo pancreatic enzymes (semuenzaniso, lipase) uye inodzivirirwa nenyuchi yakavanzwa nemasero ayo kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kubva kune acidity. Kubva pano, chikafu chinogayiwa chinoenda kudumbu diki, uko kutorwa kwekudya kunopedzwa.
Kubva muura kusvika kunze: chii chinoitika mushure meabomasum
Mushure meabomasum, kufamba kunoenderera mberi kuburikidza ne ura hudiki, ine pH inokwira kusvika ku7-8 nekuda kwekuita kwe secretions (kusanganisira bile yakadururwa mu duodenum). Mumombe dzakura, ura hudiki hunokwanisa kusvika kusvika pamamita mashanu uye huwandu hunosvika makumi manomwe emaritaKutora pano kunoshanda zvakanyanya uye kunoshandisa zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari digestion.
Rwendo runoguma ne ura hwakakura, nemafambiro anosanganisa nekubvisa zviri mukati akananga kunze. Kusiyana nemabhiza, muruminants cecum haina basa rakafanana mukuvirisa, kunyange zvazvo ichiita basa muchikamu chekupedzisira chekuita.
Ruminal microbiota: ndiani uye zvavanoita
Rumen inzvimbo yakaoma ine ecosystem ine mabhakitiriya, protozoa, fungi, archaea uye mavhairasiInofungidzirwa kuti kune zviuru zvemarudzi ebhakitiriya kana phylotypes, ane akasiyana anoshamisa uye hunyanzvi hwekuita. Pakati pemabhakitiriya, mapoka anotevera anobuda pachena: cellulolytic (yemadziro akasvibira), amylolytic (starch), saccharolytic (shuga), lactolytic (lactate), lipolytics (mafuta) uye methanogenic/ureolytic (mapuroteni, methane uye ammonia).
Kutenda kwavari, mhuka inowana maVFA anotorwa neruminal papillae uye anoshandiswa kugadzira glucose uye mafuta kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana dzemetabolism. Microbes zvakare inogadzira mavhitamini kubva kune B yakaoma uye vitamini K, saka mavhitaminzi anongoda mafuta-anonyungudika mavhitamini A, D uye E mukudya kwavo. Uye zvakanyanya kukosha: kugaya kwema microbes mune abomasum inopa microbial protein yeukoshi hukuru (inofungidzirwa pa50-60% crude protein mubiomass yayo).
Mumwe mupiro unocherechedzwa kugona kudzikamisa makomisheni akadai phytic acid (chitubu che phosphorus muzvirimwa) uchishandisa ma phytase enzymes, kuwedzera huwandu hwezvinovaka muviri zvinogona kushandiswa. Iyi "pre-processing" inotoshandura iyo isina-protein nitrogen (NPN) mumapuroteni anobatsira, chiitiko chephysiological chisingawanikwe kune monogastrics.
Mate, pH uye motility: rubatsiro rwakakosha
Mate emaruminants ndeye physiological buffer: inopa bicarbonate, phosphate, sodium, potasium uye urea, kudzivirira rumen pH kubva pakudonha kunyangwe kugadzirwa kweasidhi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero rumination ichikurudzira salivation uye, zvakasiyana, Uswa hwakaoma sehuswa hunoburitsa mate akawanda kupfuura pfungwa dzakanaka. Muyero pakati pekudya, mate, uye microbiota ndiyo inosarudza hutano hweruminal.
Nezve motility, kune marudzi maviri ezvibvumirano mu reticulorumen: chikuru kana kusanganisa (vanobvisa zvidimbu uye vanogovera zvimedu uye microbes) uye zvikoro zvepamusoro kana eructive (inobatsira kudzingwa kwegasi). Iyi rhythm inodzivirira kuunganidzwa kwegasi yakawandisa uye inosimudzira kufambira mberi kwezvinhu zvinogayiwa zvakananga kuomasum.
Gasi, belching, uye process kuchengeteka
Kuvirisa kunoburitsa mavhoriyamu makuru egasi: mubovine yakakura, pakati 30 uye 50 litres paawaMusanganiswa werumen unosvika 65% CO2, 27% CH4, 7% N2, uye maronda eO2, H2, neH2S. Kana belching ikasaitika zvakanaka, mhuka inogona kutambura ne tympany (kuunganidzwa kwegasi) nenjodzi yakakomba kuhupenyu hwako, saka izvi zvechipiri zvipingamupinyi uye kuwedzera kwecardia kwakakosha.
Nenzira, iyo Iyo esophagus yezvinodya inoshanda nenzira mbiri: inodzikisa bolus panguva yekudya uye inoidzosera kumuromo panguva yekuvhiya, ruzivo rweanatomical runoita kuti kuziva "kudzokororwa" kwechikafu kugoneke kana mhuka yadzikama uye ichizorora.
Kudya zvirongwa uye maitiro
Muzuva rose, ruminants anochinjana kutenderera kwe kudya, kunwa, kuzorora uye kurira. Mumaawa makumi maviri nemana, 24 kusvika ku9 kutevedzana kwakadaro kunowanzoitika. Nguva yekudya inogona kusiyana pakati 2 nemaawa masere, nepo rumination stage iri pakati 6 nemaawa masere, nekusiyana zvichienderana nekudya uye manejimendi. Hazvisi zvisizvo kuti vapedze "chetatu chemafuro, chetatu chekudyara, uye zvimwe pane mamwe mabasa."
Panguva yerumination, kudonhedza kunoonekwa: chiratidzo chinooneka cheizvozvo kugadzirwa kwemate yakawanda zvakakosha kunyorovesa, buffer uye kufambisa chiito cheiyo microbiota. Iva nechokwadi a kuwana mvura zvakanaka uye faibha inoshanda mukudya ndiyo kiyi yekuchengetedza giya iri.
Mhuka diki: iyo "inodonhedza" inodzivirira kuvira kwemukaka
Muvadiki, iyo Forestomachs ndeye underdeveloped uye chikafu chemukaka hachidi kuvirisa. Kunzvenga rumen kune nzira ine njere: esophageal leak (inonziwo gurokuro regurokuro kana kuti "shower"), peta iro, nereflex rine chekuita nekuyamwa, rinopinza mukaka zvakananga kubva pagurokuro kuenda kuomasum uye abomasum. Nekurumura, iyi reflex inorasikirwa nekukosha uye, sezvavanokura, iyo reticulorumen inokura uye inotora basa rayo rekuvirisa.
Ndeapi marudzi anodya uye akaiswa mumapoka sei?
Pakati pezvipfuyo tinowana mhou, makwai, mbudzi, nondo, mhara netwiza (ona maitiro etwiza), pakati pevamwe. Mukati me infraorder Pecora (antilocaprids, giraffids, musk deer, cervids uye bovids) dumbu rine makamuri mana anotsanangurwa. Nyaya inokosha ndiyo tragulids (mouse deer), iyo kushaya omasum, chimiro cheanatomical chinodudzwa zvakanyanya mumabhuku.
Kupfuura "four compartments club", zvakakodzera kuyeuka izvozvo Makamera akadai sengamera nellamas haasi nyuchi dzakasimba, asi pseudoruminants: vane makamuri matatu uye akasiyana rumination pateni. Kunyangwe vachitsenga zvakare, kugaya kwavo muviri hakuna kufanana neiyo yebovid nemhembwe.
Chirevo chemhindumupindu: kubva pagurokuro kusvika kurume uye lysozyme C
Gene expression profiles inoratidza izvozvo Rumen, reticulum, uye omasum zvinogovana zvimwe zvakafanana negurokuro. kupfuura nedumbu regland, rinoenderana nepfungwa yekuti makamuri aya ndeesophageal specializations. Iyo abomasum, kune rumwe rutivi, kunyange zvazvo yakafanana nedumbu rezvimwe zvinoyamwisa, inoratidza kuchinjika kugaya microbial biomass abundant. Imwe chidimbu che data chinotsigira izvi kuwedzera kweiyo gene mhuri ye lysozyme C muzvipfuyo (makopi gumi kana kupfuura), mukupesana nenhamba yakaderera zvikuru mune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Rwendo rwechikafu, nhanho nenhanho
Kuti tizviise pachedu pamepu yekugaya, iyo system inosanganisira muromo, rurimi, esophagus, mana-chambered dumbu, chiropa, pancreas, ura hudiki, ura hukuru, rectum, uye anus.Chikafu chinopinda, chinosanganiswa nemate, chinofamba chichidzika negurokuro, chogara murumen, chinodzokororwa kuti chibudiswe, chinodzokera kune rumen reticulum, chopfuura kune omasum, chozoenda ku abomasum, uye chekupedzisira kuura kuitira kutorwa uye kubuda.
Mumatanho ekutanga ekuita, zvinofungidzirwa kuti rumen inogona kugaya pakati pe50 ne65% kubva kumeted soluble sugar uye starch. Rimwe basa rose rinopedzwa muabomasum uye mumatumbo, uye pancreas uye bile ichiita basa rakakosha mukugayiwa kwemafuta uye emulsification.
Rumen uye reticulum, maviri mune imwe
Nekuda kwemabasa avo uye kutaurirana kwakakura, reticulum uye rumen zvinowanzoonekwa se "imwe nhengo inoshanda": iyo reticulorumen. Zvikamu zvemukati zvetsandanyama zvinopatsanura rumen kuita dorsal uye ventral sacs (pamwe necaudal regions), kuronga zviri mukati kuti zvisungo zvinozvisanganisa zvinobudirira. Kuvapo kwefibrous mass inoyangarara munzvimbo yepamusoro-yepakati kunomutsa kufamba uye kunonatsiridza kuvirisa.
Iyi dhizaini inoita kuti zvikwanisike kuti chirimwa chinotanga masticated chinyatsogadziriswa gare gare. akawanda kutenderera kwerumination, kudzamara yasvika saizi yakakodzera "kupedza kudzidza" yakananga kuomasum uye kuenderera mberi nenzira yayo pasina kuvhara sisitimu.
Hutano uye hutano: izvo zvinopihwa nehurongwa uhu
Kukosha kweiyo ruminant digestive system yakakura, zvese zvipenyu uye zvine pundutso. Kutenda kune pre-fermentation, inogona kushandura coarse fibers uye NNP mune zvinovaka muviri, kuwedzera pakugadzira microbial protein. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwekurima ne-zvigadzirwa, zvakasara uye low energy density plant nyaya, vachizvishandura kuva mukaka nenyama.
Kuti uite izvi pasina zvipingamupinyi, chikafu chinofanira kunge chine fiber yakakwana inoshanda iyo inosimudzira rumination uye salivation, kudzivirira yakawandisa pH madonhwe. Kana paine mafiber akawanda akawandisa uye faibha shoma, njodzi yeruminal acidosis inowedzera, ichikuvadza bhakitiriya rinosvibisa cellulose uye kukanganisa kushanda.
Mafaro echokwadi uye anobatsira manhamba kuti avepo
- Rumen reticulum inogona kuita boka inenge 84% yegastric volume mumombe; omasum 12%, abomasum 4%.
– Iyo pH yerume inowanzobva pa 6,5 a 6,8; iyo abomasum inogona kuwira kwairi 2,5-4.
-Kugadzirwa kwemate zuva nezuva mumombe: kubva 60-160 L kusvika pakufungidzira 130-180 L maererano nekudya uye kushanda.
- Yakajairika gasi kuumbwa: CO2 65%, CH4 27%, N2 7% uye zvisaririra zveO2, H2 neH2S.
- Reticulum kugona mumhou yakakura: anenge 20 litres emvura.
- Rumen kugona mumhou: 100-150 L; hwai: ~6 L.
-Kuchengeta nguva mu rumen: Mazuva mashanu kusvika makumi matatu.
- Maawa ezuva nezuva: kudya 2-6 maawa, ruminate 6-10 maawa, ine 9-18 mitsara yekutora-kunwa-kuzorora-rumination.
Mapoka nemhuri dzevanodya
Mukutaura, nyuchi dzakakamurwa kuva mhuri dzakadai Bovidae (mhou, makwai, mbudzi, nyati, bison nemhara zhinji), cervidae (nondo nemhembwe), Giraffidae (twiza uye okapi), Antilocapridae (North America pronghorn) uye musk nondo yerudzi rweMoschus. Mukuwedzera, the tragulids (mbeva nondo) ipa yakasarudzika noti nekushaiwa omasum.
Mukutaura kwekurima, basa ravo rinokosha: makwai nembudzi zvinobatsira tora mukana wemashanga uye kudzora kukwesha (vanotobatsira kudzivirira moto), uye mombe dzinoita huwandu hwakawanda hwe muriwo ne-zvigadzirwa mumugove wavo, zvine simba guru pahupfumi hwechikamu.
Kubva murabhoritari kuenda kumafuro: kubatana pakati pebiology uye manejimendi
Rumen physiology inotsanangura kuti sei mamwe maitiro ekutungamira achishanda zvirinani pane mamwe. Mibhedha yeforoji yakanaka, kuwana mvura nyore, nguva yekuzorora yakakwana, uye migove yakaenzana Iko kusanganiswa kwefiber uye kuisa pfungwa kunochengetedza yakagadzikana microbiota uye inovandudza kushanda zvakanaka. Rangarira kuti, kunze kwesimba, rumen zvakare "inoburitsa" microbial protein uye mavitamini B uye K, kuderedza kutsamira pane zvakananga kudya kwekudya.
Nenzira, nguva zhinji iyo ruminant inodzeya, inovhenganiswa uye inoputika munguva kuti irege kudzivirira gasi rakawandisa. Haisi chinhu chidiki: pasina kuputikaIyo digestive system yaizodonha nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kwegasi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chechipiri contraction uye yakanaka motility isingadzivisike.
Nezvose zviri pamusoro apa, zviri pachena kuti “kugadziridza” kukuru kwezvinochesa—rumen, reticulum, omasum uye abomasum kushanda mukorasi—zvinobvumira. mombe, makwai nembudzi shandura upfu husina kusimba kuita zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoroPakati pekumisikidzwa kwezviri mukati merumen, rumination nemate akawandisa, basa re hyper-specialized microbiota, uye acid digestion mu abomasum, kutenderera kwakanyatsogadziriswa kunopedzwa kunopa simba kuburikidza neVFA, microbial protein, uye mavhitamini akakosha. Muvana, kubuda kwegurokuro kunoita kuti mukaka "unosvetuka" kuvirisa kusvika reticulorumen yanyatsokura.
