Kwemakumi emakore, nhoroondo yemajini evanhu vemuAmerica yave yakaita sedambarefu risingawanikwi zvidimbu zvakawanda. Taiziva, zvakanyanya, kuti vanhu vekutanga vakasvika vachibva kuAsia nekuyambuka Beringia, asi ruzivo rwakarurama nezve kugara kwekondinendiKusiyana kwayo kwemajini, kufamba kwemukati memhuka, uye kuchinja kwehupenyu kwakavakirwa pamienzaniso mishoma uye kwaive kwakarerekera zvakanyanya kune mamwe mavambo.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya ari kutanga kuchinja zvikuru nekuda kwechirongwa chepasi rose chakavaka dhatabhesi hombe yemajini evanhu vemuAmerica kusvika pari zvino. Basa iri haringonyore patsva zvitsauko zvikuru zvevanhu vemukondinendi, asi rinovhurawo mukana wekurapa majini kwakarurama, kusina kunyanya kutarisa vanhu vanobva kuEurope uye kunonyanya kunzwisisa chokwadi chenharaunda dzemuAmerica.
Dhatabhesi yemajini isina kumboitika yevanhu vemuAmerica
Chidzidzo chitsva ichi chikamu che Chirongwa Chekusiyana-siyana Kwemajini eVanhu VemuAmerica (IAGDP)Sangano repasi rose rinotungamirwa neInstitute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, nzvimbo yakabatana yeSpanish National Research Council (CSIC) nePompeu Fabra University) neYunivhesiti yeSão Paulo. Chinangwa chayo chave chiri chekugadzirisa zvakananga dambudziko iro vesainzi vanga vachiratidza kwenguva yakati: kusakwana kukuru kwevanhu vemuAmerica mumapurojekiti makuru e genomics evanhu.
Kusvika pari zvino, pakati pe 70 kusvika 80% yemasamples emajini anoshandiswa Muzvidzidzo zvepasi rose, data iri rakabva kuvanhu vane dzinza rekuEurope kana kuti vane dzinza guru rekuEurope. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ruzivo rwakawanda mukurapa majini, pharmacogenetics, uye kufanotaura njodzi dzezvirwere rwakavakirwa pachikamu chakasiyana chevanhu, zvichisiya huwandu hwakawanda hwevanhu, kusanganisira nzanga zhinji dzeVanhu vekuAmerica.
IAGDP yakachinja simba iroro nekutevera Ma genome 128 akazara ane kufukidza kwakanyanya kubva kuvanhu vanobva kunharaunda dzechivanhu munyika sere dzeLatin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, nePeru. Ma genome aya anomiririra vanhu makumi mana nemashanu vakasiyana uye mhuri dzemitauro makumi maviri nemasere, inova danho guru rekufambira mberi zvichienzaniswa nedata shoma riripo kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, iro raingogumira kumapoka maviri eAmazonian akaparadzana.
Iyi database isina kumboitika yakawedzerwa majini kubva mhando yepamusoro kubva muzvidzidzo zvekarezvakabatanidzwa uye zvakaongororwa pamwe chete. Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira iboka revanhu vemazuva ano zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevapfumbamwe vakapararira mumapoka makumi mashanu nematatu uye mhuri dzemitauro makumi matatu nerimwe, uko data rekare reDNA rakatorwa kubva zvisaririra zvekuchera matongo, chinhu chikuru chekudzokera shure kwezviuru zvemakore munhoroondo yevanhu vemukondinendi.
Kusanganiswa uku kwemajini emazuva ano neDNA rekare kunoita kuti chirongwa ichi chive mufananidzo wakakura uye wakasiyana-siyana wemajini yemarudzi emuAmerica, ndiyo mepu yakazara kupfuura dzose kusvika pari zvino. Haisisiri nyaya yenyaya dzenharaunda shoma, asi mepu yemakondinendi inosanganisira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai seAmazon rainforest, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeAndean, mahombekombe eCaribbean, nenzvimbo dzakaderera dzeSouthern Cone.
Mhando itsva dzemajini dzinopfuura miriyoni imwe uye kusiyana kwakasiyana
Chimwe chezvakabuda muongororo iyi ndechekuona marudzi ezvemajini anopfuura miriyoni asina kunyorwa mumadhatabhesi makuru everuzhinji. Idzi shanduko dziri muDNA dzisina kuoneka nekuti, sezvataurwa, dzakawanda dzezvikamu zvakachengetwa zvaive zvevanhu vane madzitateguru ekuEurope.
Kuwanikwa uku kunoratidza kuti vanhu vemuAmerica vane hupfumi hwakasiyana, husingadzikike hwemajini kune mamwe marudzi. Hazvisi nyaya yezvimwe zvinhu zvidiki chete: mazhinji emhando idzi itsva ari munzvimbo dzemajini dzine chekuita nemaitiro ekutanga ehupenyu, akadai semhinduro yekudzivirira muviri kuzvirwere, metabolism yezvinovaka muviri, kukura kwemuviri, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana zvekubereka.
Kusiyana-siyana kwezvakatipoteredza mukondinendi kunobatsira kutsanangura kusiyana uku. Kubva ku Masango emvura eAmazon Kubva pamusoro pemakomo eAndean kusvika kumagwenga, masango ane mwero, uye savanna, ecosystem yega yega yave nematambudziko chaiwo kuvanhu vaigara mairi. Kwezviuru zvemakore, matambudziko aya akashanda senzira yekushanduka-shanduka, ichifarira mamwe majini akasiyana uye ichirasa mamwe.
Nekuongorora majini, chikwata ichi chakawana zviratidzo zvakajeka zve sarudzo yechisikigo munzvimbo dzakasiyana yeDNA. Zviratidzo izvi zvinoratidza kuchinjika kuzvirwere zvemuno (semuenzaniso, mumajini emuviri), kune kudya kwakananga (kunokanganisa nzira dzemuviri) kana kune mamiriro akaipisisa, akadai sekushaya hope kwakanyanya kana kugara uchisangana nemamiriro ekunze anopisa uye ane hunyoro akajairika muAmazon basin.
Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuvimba neruzivo rwevanhu vekuEurope chete pakufanotaura zvehutano zvinoreva fungidzira rusaruro rwakarongekaKuchinja kumwe chete uku kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakasiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nekwakabva majini, uye mamiriro aya anosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pevanhu. Pasina kusanganisira kusiyana kwemarudzi evatema vemuAmerica muequation, mamodheru mazhinji ekiriniki haana kunaka kubva pakutanga.
Mashandisirwo mu biomedicine uye dambudziko remishonga ye genomic yakaenzana
Kuedza kukuru uku kutevedzana hakugumiri pakuda kuziva kwesainzi: kwakaita migumisiro yakananga yemishonga chaiyo Uye kune chero hurongwa hwehutano hweveruzhinji hunotsvaga kuvimba nedata remajini. Kana nharaunda dzemuAmerica dzisina kubatanidzwa muzvidzidzo, maalgorithms enjodzi, biomarkers, uye nhungamiro dzekurapa zvichagadziriswa zvinoenderana nemamwe ma profiles emajini.
Parizvino, akawanda ezviratidzo anoshandiswa kufungidzira njodzi dzezvirwere zvakaoma (sa mhando dzechirwere cheshugaZvirwere zvakaita sezvirwere zvemwoyo kana mamwe marudzi ekenza zvakatsanangurwa uchishandisa mapoka ekubva kuEurope. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitikawo kune akawanda marudzi emishonga ane chekuita nekushanda kwemishonga kana njodzi yemigumisiro yakaipa. Kune vanhu vemuAmazon, Andean, kana Mesoamerica, izvi zvinogona kunge zvisina kunyatsojeka uye zvinogona kutotungamira mukuongororwa kana kurapwa zvisiri izvo.
Tsvagiridzo inotungamirwa neIAGDP inopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekutanga kugadzirisa rusaruro urwu. Nekunzwisisa zviri nani kuti ndeapi marudzi akajairika kana asingawanzoonekwi muvanhu ava, uye kuti anosangana sei, masayendisiti anogona kunatsiridza mamodheru e mishonga yakagadzirwa nemunhu yakagadziridzwa zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu emajini yenharaunda yega yega. Izvi zvinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwemishonga mitsva uye maitiro ekugadzirisa madosi, kutarisa migumisiro, kana kuronga nzira dzekudzivirira.
Basa iri rinotevera ongororo dzakaitwa kare neboka rimwe chete, dzakadai seongororo yakaitwa pa kuramba kwemajini kuchirwere cheChagas muvanhu vemuAmazon kana chirongwa che "DNA do Brasil", chinoongorora musanganiswa wakaoma wemajini evanhu vemuBrazil vemazuva ano. Ose anonongedzera kudivi rimwe chete: pasina vanhu vemuLatin America nevagari vemo vanomiririrwa zvakanaka, zvipikirwa zvekurapa majini hazvizokwani uye zvichabatsira vanhu vepasi rose zvisina kuenzana.
Kubatanidza kusiyana uku hakusi nyaya yekururamisira kwesainzi kana tsika chete, asiwo inyaya yekushanda zvakanaka. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaumbwa kwezviuru zvemakore nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa dzinogona kuvanza makiyi ekudzivirira nekurapa zvirwere zvinotapukira, metabolic kana autoimmune zvinobata mamiriyoni evanhu pasi rese nhasi, kunze kwemiganhu yeAmerica.
Mafungu matatu ekutama uye kugara kwakaomarara kweAmerica
Pamusoro pekukanganiswa kwezvekurapa, dhatabhesi itsva ye genomic inobvumira kunatsiridzwa kusati kwamboitika kwe kugadziriswazve kwekutamiswa kwevanhu kuenda uye mukati mekondinendi yeAmerica. Kwemakore, nyaya huru yakataura nezvemafungu maviri makuru aibva kuAsia kuburikidza neBeringia: chinyorwa chekutanga makore angangoita 15.000 apfuura uye chechipiri makore zviuru zvakati wandei gare gare, ayo angadai akatsiva zvishoma kana zvachose mamwe mapoka ekutanga.
Kuongororwa kwakadzama kwemajini emuno emazuva ano zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe, pamwe chete nemasamples ekare eDNA, kunosimbisa kuti vanhu vese vemazuva ano vekuAmerica —kunze kwemamwe marudzi eArctic— anobva pakutama kwekutanga kwakasvika kuNorth America makore angangoita 15.000 apfuura. Kukura kwekutanga uku kwakakurumidza, mapoka evanhu achipararira kubva kumatunhu ekuchamhembe kusvika kumucheto wekumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi munguva pfupi mukushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu.
Ruzivo urwu runotsigirawo kuvapo kwe kufamba kwechipiri kwemakore angangoita 9.000 apfuuraKuwedzera kwechipiri uku kwakatsiva zvishoma vanhu vaigara munzvimbo dzakati wandei. Kwakasiya chiratidzo chemajini chinozivikanwa mumapoka mazhinji emadzinza akapararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAmerica, zvichiratidza maitiro ekutsiva, kusanganisa, uye mafambiro evanhu akabatana.
Kubudirira kukuru kwechidzidzo ichi ndiko kuzivikanwa, kekutanga, kwe nhanho yechitatu yekutama ichangopfuuraZvichienderana nemajini, kufamba uku kwakaitika makore angangoita 1.300 apfuura uye kwakabva mu [nzvimbo isipo]. nharaunda yeMesoamericaKubva ipapo, mapoka ezvizvarwa zvemo akatamira kuSouth America neCaribbean, zvichiita kuti majini arambe achiyerera nekufamba kwenguva kwete kamwe chete.
Kutama kwechitatu uku kwakaonekwa muvanhu vekuSouth America vemazuva ano pamwe nevanhu vekare vanobva kuCaribbean, zvichimanikidza kufunga patsva nezvemufananidzo wekare wekugara "kwakavharwa" kunoteverwa nenguva refu yekuparadzaniswa. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kune mamiriro ezvinhu enhoroondo ane simba rakawandane network dzekutaurirana, kuchinjana tsika uye kusanganiswa kwakatevedzana pakati penzvimbo idzo kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura dzaionekwa sedzisina kubatana zvakanyanya.
Mhedzisiro yekutorwa kweEurope nedambudziko remajini
Kunyange zvazvo DNA ichitibvumira kuronda kutama kwevanhu kwakapfuura makore ane chiuru, inoratidzawo zvakajeka migumisiro yenhoroondo yazvino. Chidzidzo ichi chinosimbisa kuti dambudziko guru revanhu rakabatana nekutorwa kwevagari vekuEurope Kubva muzana remakore rechi16 zvichienda mberi, zvirwere zvakaunzwa kubva kuEurope, hondo, kumanikidzwa kushanda, kutorerwa minda uye kuparadzwa kwemagariro evanhu zvakakonzera kuparara kwevanhu kusati kwamboitika.
Kufungidzira kwemajini kunoratidza kuti mamwe matunhu akasangana nedambudziko re kuderedzwa kwevanhu veko vanosvika 90%Dambudziko iri revanhu rakakonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvemajini. Zvatinoona nhasi munharaunda zhinji dzevagari vemo chikamu chidiki chete chekuchinja kwaivapo vasati vasvika vekuEurope.
Kunyange zvakadaro, ongororo dzinoratidza kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekondinendi a kuenderera mberi kwemajini kwakatangira makore anopfuura 9.000 apfuuraNemamwe mashoko, pasinei nemhirizhonga, zvirwere, uye maitiro ekutama nekubatana, madzinza akapona akabatana zvakananga nevanhu vekare. Kuramba kuripo uku kunoita kuti nharaunda idzi dzigare dzakachengetwa dzezviitiko zvekushanduka-shanduka kwenguva refu.
Kubva pamaonero esainzi, musanganiswa uyu wekurasikirwa kukuru kwekusiyana-siyana uye kupona kwemadzinza ekare unopa mukana wakasiyana wekudzidza kuti vanhu vanotsungirira sei kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva. Kubva pamaonero enhoroondo nemagariro evanhu, inoratidza kushinga kwevanhu veko, avo vakachengetedza hunhu hwavo, mitauro neruzivo pasinei nemazana emakore ekutorwa nekudzvinyirirwa.
Mupfungwa iyi, dhatabhesi yakagadzirwa nekudzidza pachako inova chishandiso che kuratidza pachena uye kuziva kuenderera mberi kwehupenyu netsika yevanhu ava, kusiyana nenhoroondo dzimwe nguva dzakavaratidza sezvisaririra zvenguva yakapfuura kana kuti sevanhu vakarongerwa kunyangarika.
Zviratidzo zvema hominid ekare uye dzinza reYpykuéra risinganzwisisike
Basa iri haringogumiri pamakore ezviuru apfuura chete, asi rinoongororawo zvikamu zvekare zvenhoroondo yevanhu. Sezvakaonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, majini evaNative America ane pakati pe1% ne3% yeDNA kubva kumhuka dzekare dzinonzi hominids seNeanderthals neDenisovans. Chikamu ichi chakafanana neicho chinoonekwa mumarudzi mazhinji eEurasia, kunyange zvazvo maitiro chaiwo emarudzi ekuzvarwa nawo akasiyana.
Zvinofadza kuti, mamwe emhando idzi dzekare dzinoita sedzakafarirwa ne sarudzo yechisikigo mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuAmericaNemamwe mashoko, majini aya haana kungochengetedzwa netsaona chete, asi nekuti akapa zvakanakira kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu pakatarisana nenzvimbo, utachiona, uye kudya kwakasangana nevanhu vekutanga pavakagara mukondinendi. Izvi zvinosanganisira majini ane chekuita nekudzivirira muviri, kuzvimba, uye kugona kudzora mamwe mamiriro ekunze.
Zvisinei, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zvikuru zvakawanikwa ndechekuvapo kwe chikamu chemajini chakagovaniswa nevanhu vanobva kuAustralasiazvakaita sedzekuAustralia, New Guinea, kana kuAndaman Islands. Inenge 2% yemajini evamwe vanhu vekuAmerica vanoratidza hukama hwakajeka nemapoka aya, chimwe chinhu chisingaenderane nemamodheru echinyakare ekutama zvichibva panzira dzinopfuura nemuBeringia chete.
Chiratidzo ichi, chakaonekwa muvanhu vekuSouth America vemazuva ano uye chichiri nemakore anopfuura 10.000, chinoratidza kuti pane simba re vanhu vekuAsia vekare vasati vaongororwaVanyori vakatumidza mupiro uyu wemajini kuti Ypykuéra, kana kuti dzinza raY. Ingave dzinza re "mweya", iro risina mumiriri waro wemazuva ano wakawanikwa, asi chiratidzo charo chinoramba chiri muDNA yemamwe mapoka ekuAmerica.
Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti dzinza iri re2% reYpykuéra harina kupararira zvisina tsarukano mu genome. Ma alleles akafanana anodzokororwa mumapoka akasiyana ane ma frequency akafanana, zvichiratidza kuti angave akapararira. imwe mhando yekubatsira kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa chaiwo emuviri anobatanidzwa asati azivikanwa, chokwadi chekuti anoramba akagadzikana nekufamba kwenguva chinoratidza kuti akakodzera kuongororwa zvakadzama.
Kusanganiswa uku kwezvipo zvekare (maNeanderthal neDenisovans) nedzinza risingazivikanwe seYpykuéra kunowedzera kuoma nyaya ye mavambo nekukura kwemarudzi eduKure kure nenhoroondo yakatevedzana, data iri rinoratidza kusanganiswa, kutaurirana uye shanduko dzave dzichigara dzichiumba kusiyana kwevanhu.
Muenzaniso wekushandira pamwe zvakananga nenharaunda dzemuno
Kupfuura mhedzisiro yesainzi, chidzidzo ichi chinoshamisa nekuda kwe maitiro etsika dzakanaka uye ekushandira pamwe nenharaunda dzinotora chikamuChikwata chevaongorori chiri pachena kuti chinoshanda pasi rose, chine masayendisiti ekuLatin America akawanda uye masangano anobva kunyika dzakaitwa basa iri.
Pane kungounganidza mienzaniso yezvehupenyu zvonyangarika, vaongorori vakasarudza kushanda pamwe chete nevanhu vekoZvichibva pakukurukurirana, kubvumirana kwakavakirwa paruzivo, uye mhinduro dzemigumisiro, nzira iyi inobvuma kuti DNA haisi chinhu chisingazivikanwe chete, asi yakabatana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwevanhu, nhoroondo dzevanhu, uye kodzero pamusoro pezvinhu zvemajini izvozvo.
Kutora chikamu kwemapoka akasiyana emadzinza kwave kwakakosha kwete chete kuti basa remumunda rifambe zvakanaka, asiwo kuti kubatanidza ruzivo rwemajini nemaonero neruzivo rwechinyakare yenharaunda yega yega. Panzvimbo pekufunga nezvemajini senzvimbo yechokwadi chakakwana, chirongwa ichi chakaiona seimwe nzira inogona kutaurirana nedzimwe mhando dzeruzivo, kusanganisira nyaya dzinotaurwa nemuromo uye cosmologies dzemuno.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaratidzwa nezviitiko zvekare zvekutorwa kwemuenzaniso pasina kudzoka kana mabhenefiti akajeka kunharaunda, rudzi urwu rwetsika rwunokurudzirwa senzira yekubatsira. muenzaniso wekutsvagisa wakaruramaVanhu vakaongororwa havachavi "vasamplers" chete asi vanova vadyidzani mukuvaka ruzivo, vaine izwi nesimba rekuita sarudzo pamusoro pekushandiswa uye kufambiswa kwemashoko.
Mhedzisiro yacho idhatabhesi iyo isingangochinji chete zvaizivikanwa nesainzi nezve kusiyana kwemajini nenhoroondo yevanhu vemuAmerica, asiwo zvinosimbisa basa ravo sevatungamiriri venyaya yavoKuburikidza nema genome avo, asiwo kuburikidza nekutora kwavo chikamu, nharaunda idzi dzinobatsira mukunzwisisa zviri nani kushanduka kwevanhu uye dzinoisa hwaro hwemushonga we genomic wepasi rose, uko pasina anosiyiwa nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo.
