Makore, pasina kupokana, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvemazuva ese zvinoratidzwa nemhepo.. Kutarisa mudenga nekuona maumbirwo akashata kana kuti “makomo” machena machena, uchiedza kufunga kuti kuchanaya here kana kuti mamiriro ekunze akanaka, inguva yekutandara yepasi rose. Asi waizviziva here izvozvo Seri kwerunako rwayo kune kupatsanurwa kwakaringana uye kwesainzi izvo zvinotibvumira kuasiyanisa nekukwirira kwawo, chimiro uye maitiro? Naizvozvo, isu tichaongorora zvakadzama mhando dzemakore uye kuti sei achigadzira.
Muchinyorwa ichi chese tiri kuenda kudongorera munyika inonakidza yemakore.: maumbirwo azvinoitwa, marudzi azvo uye genera, marudzi azvo nemhando, kuti anocherechedzwa sei zvichibva paurefu uye maumbirwo, uye basa raanoita pamamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze ePasi. Mushure mekuiverenga, Iwe unozogona kuziva uye kunzwisisa ese aya makore anoshongedza denga uye izvo zvinotipa zviratidzo zvakawanda pamusoro penguva nemhoteredzo.
Chii chinonzi gore uye rinoita sei?
Gore haringori mhute yemvura inoyangarara mumhepo, sezvinowanzonzwika. Kutaura zvazviri, mhute yemvura haioneki. Makore kuoneka kuungana kwetudonhwe remvura, madonhwe emvura yakaomeswa nechando, makristasi echando, kana musanganiswa wezvose izvi.. Zvimedu izvi zvidiki muhukuru (kazhinji zviri pakati pe0,004 ne0,1 mm) zvekuti zvinogona kuramba zvakaturikwa mumhepo. Iwo akaunganidzwa nemamiriyoni mune yega cubic centimita.
Kuumbwa kwegore kunoitika kubva pakusimuka kwemhepo ine hunyoro. Mhepo painosimuka, inotonhora nekuda kwekudzikira kwakadzika uye inorasikirwa nekukwanisa kwayo kubata mhute yemvura. Kana tembiricha yakadzikira zvakakwana, mhute iyoyo yemvura inomonerera kuita tunhu tudiki twakaturikwa twakasimba (seguruva, mukume, kana makristasi emunyu), kugadzira madonhwe uye makristasi emakore. Iyi nzira inogona kuitika kuburikidza ne condensation (mhute kumvura yemvura) kana ne sublimation (mhute kumakristasi echando).
Sei mhepo ichikwira? Pane nzira dzakawanda: convection (mhepo inopisa inokwira sezvainoita muhari yemvura), the orography (mhepo inomanikidzwa kusimuka kana yasangana nemakomo), kuvapo kwekuora mwoyo kana madutu (mhepo inoungana uye inomanikidzwa kusimuka), uye mamiriro ekunze (nzvimbo dzekubatana pakati pemhepo yakawanda yekushisa kwakasiyana uye humidity).
Kana pasvika pakakwirira pakakwirira, Madonhwe anoungana nemamiriyoni uye, kana akakura zvakakwana,, inowira muchimiro chekunaya. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuenzana kwemasimba mukati megore kunogona kuichengeta yakagadzikana kwenguva yakareba.
Nhoroondo uye kupatsanura maitiro emakore
Kudiwa kwekunzwisisa nekuronga makore kunenge kwakare semeteorology pachayo.. Muna 1803, nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze ekuBritain, Luke Howard, akaronga nzira yechiLatin inoronga makore maererano nechitarisiko chawo uye maitiro, ine mazita akadai secirrus, cumulus, uye stratus, ayo achiripo nanhasi. Ichi chikamu chakanatswa ne World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) mune yake International Cloud Atlas (1930), iyo yakamisa kurongeka kwepamutemo negenera, mhando nemhando.
Makore anosiyaniswa zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemaitiro matatu:
- Kureba: kwavanoumba maererano nepamusoro pegungwa.
- Chimiro uye chimiro chekuona: inoratidzirwa nemazwi akadai se "stratiform" (yakachinjika layers), "cumuliform" (murwi-kunge vertical development) uye akasiyana.
- Kuumbwa: predominance yemvura yemvura, makristasi echando kana musanganiswa, zvakare ane chekuita netembiricha uye mazinga emuchadenga.
Iye zvino, Iyo yepasirese system inocherekedza gumi ekutanga genera yemakore tropospheric izvo zvakakamurwa kuita zvipenyu nemhando, zvinokwana zvakapoteredza zana akasiyana musanganiswa kana tikafunga chimiro, pachena uye chimiro chemukati.
Mhuri dzemakore makuru maererano nekukwirira
Kureba uko hwaro hwegore hunoumba imwe yemakiyi ekurongeka kwayo nekutarisa.. Iyo WMO inosiyanisa:
- Makore akakwirira: Vanoumba pamusoro pe5.000-6.000 mamita.
- Pakati pegore: ari pakati pe2.000 ne7.000 metres.
- Makore akaderera: vane hwaro hwavo pasi pe2.000 metres.
- Vertical Development Clouds: Vanogona kuyambuka mazinga akati wandei, kutangira pakadzika uye kusvika padanho repamusoro, senge cumulonimbus makore.
Kurongeka uku hakusi kwedzidzo chete; Kureba kwemakore kunonyanya kutungamira zviitiko zvemuchadenga, kubva kurudzi rwekunaya kusvika kumagetsi ekuona sesolar halos.
The 10 main cloud genera uye tsananguro yavo
Iyo International Cloud Atlas inogadza gumi genera, rimwe nerimwe riine chimiro chinosiyanisa, chimiro uye maitiro. Ngativazivei:
1. Makore eCirrus (Ci)
Aya ndiwo makore epamusoro uye akapfava zvakanyanya, iri pedyo ne6.000 metres. Vanozivikanwa na kuumba chena, yakanaka, filaments, nekupenya kwesiririka uye kutaridzika sebvudzi rinoyangarara mudenga. Hadzivharidzi kana kuvanza chiedza chezuva kana kuti chiedza chomwedzi uye dzinofamba nokumhanya kukuru, kunyange zvazvo dzichibva pasi dzichiita sedzisingafambi. Izvo zvinogadzirwa zvachose nemakristasi echando uye zvinowanzoratidza mamiriro ekunze akanaka, kunyange zvazvo kukura kwavo kana kuunganidza kunogona kuzivisa kusvika kwepamberi kana kuchinja mumamiriro ekunze.
2. Cirrocumulus (Cc)
Vanoratidzika semabhanga kana kuti zvidimbu zvitete zvemakore machena pasina mumvuri wavo., muchimiro che<em>granules, masaisai, ma<em>globules kana kuti “zvikero” zviduku izvo, pamwe chete, zvinopa kuoneka kwe“denga ramakwai.” Zvizhinji zvidiki zvidiki zvine hupamhi hunooneka hwepasi pedhigirii rimwechete. Ivo vanonyanya kukwira kumusoro uye chiratidzo chekukurumidza kutenderera mhepo yakawanda kana kuvapo kwejet hova.
3. Cirrostratus (Cs)
Iwo akajeka uye machena mavheiri ane makore, ane yakatsetseka kana fibrous chimiro.
Vanofukidza zvese kana chikamu chedenga uye vanowanzo gadzira halos kutenderedza zuva kana mwedzi. Kuvapo kwavo kunogona kuzivisa kusvika kwenzvimbo dzinodziya kana shanduko huru yemhepo.
4. Altocumulus (Ac)
Makore aya anowanikwa padanho repakati (2.000 - 6.000 m) uye anoonekwa nekuratidza mabhanga, magumbeze kana matinji emavara machena kana mapfumbu., muchimiro cheslabs, rollers kana "matombo" anogona kuva nemumvuri wavo. Denga rebhuruu rinoonekwa pakati pemakore uye vanowanzofanotaura mamiriro ekunze akanaka, kunze kwekunge vawedzera nhamba uye vachisanganiswa nealtostratus.
5. Altostratus (As)
Vanoumba mabhendi egrey kana bluish kana mantle, ine chitarisiko chine striated, chinofukidza denga zvachose kana kuti zvishoma. Kusiyana nemakore e<em>cirrostratus, anowanzovharira chiedza chezuva chakananga, kunyange zvazvo achibvumira kuti solar disk ionekwe zvakasiyana, sokunge iri kuonekwa nepagirazi rine chando. Zvinowanzobatanidzwa nemativi anodziya uye zvinokonzera mvura isina simba uye inopfuurira..
6. Nimbostratus (Ns)
Ndiwo makore emvura anonaya pakunaka, zvinozivikanwa nekusviba kweruvara rwavo uye chimiro chikuru. Ukobvu hwayo hwakakwana kuvanza zuva uye chitarisiko charo chinowanzosvibiswa nekuda kwekugara kuchinaya kwemvura kana chando. Kazhinji, pasi pawo, panoonekwa zvidimbu zvemakore ari pasi.
7. Stratocumulus (Sc)
Vanoratidzika semabhangi uye magumbeze emakore machena kana grey, ane wavy, makwai kana elongated roller chitarisiko.. Vanogona kuratidza nzvimbo dzine rima dzakanyatsoratidzwa uye, kunyange zvazvo dzichivhara chikamu chikuru chedenga, dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemamiriro okunze akanaka, kunyanya muzhizha. Dzimwe nguva vanosiya mvura shoma.
8. Strata (St)
Anowanzoita grey, yakaderera-yakareba makore maseru ane hwaro hwakafanana., inokonzera mhute nekudonha. Apo zuva rinoonekwa shure kwavo, chimiro chazvo chinooneka zvakajeka. Izvo hazvikonzeri zviitiko zvemaziso senge halos, kunze kwekupisa kwakanyanya, uye zvinogona kutora chimiro chezvigamba kana shreds.
9. Masumbu (Cu)
Makore aya anowanzofarirwa nevacherechedzi nekuda kwezvimiro zvavo zvinoyevedza uye makonditi akanyatsotsanangurwa.. Vanotaridzika semakore ari ega, akasvibira akasimukira, ane hwaro hwakachinjika uye matunhu akaturikidzana ekumusoro anowanzoita sekoriflower. Mumamiriro ekunze ekunyorova kazhinji anoratidza mamiriro ekunze akanaka, asi kana paine hunyoro hwepamusoro uye mafungu ane simba, anogona kukura kuita madutu makuru.
10. Cumulonimbus makore (Cb)
Ndiwo makore ane dutu anoyevedza, ine kukura kwakakura kwakamira kunogona kutanga kubva pa500 m uye kusvika pamusoro pe12 km mukukwirira. Dzinooneka muchimiro chemakomo kana shongwe, nepamusoro pacho chakati sandara muchimiro cheanvil uye kunyange neshinda kana mitsetse. Ndivo vanokonzeresa mabhanan’ana, chimvuramabwe uye kunyange chamupupuri..
Morphological classification: stratiform uye cumuliform
Pamusoro pehurefu, imwe nzira yekusiyanisa makore ndeyekutaridzika kwawo uye kukura.:
- Stratiform makore: Dzakakura, dzakachinjika uye kazhinji hadzina kunyanya kukora. Vanovhara nzvimbo huru uye vanogona kukonzera kunaya kwakapararira (semuenzaniso, stratus, nimbostratus).
- Cumuliform makore: Vanokura vakananga, vangave vari vega kana kuumba mapoka. Anowanzoita semafuro kana mirwi inosimuka nekuda kwekudziya. Iwo akajairwa enzvimbo uye dzimwe nguva zvechisimba zviitiko (muenzaniso: cumulus makore, cumulonimbus makore).
Nguva zhinji, kushanduka kwenguva pachayo kunoita kuti gore richinje rudzi rwaro. Semuenzaniso, diki cumulus gore rinogona kukura nekushanduka kuita cumulonimbus.
Cloud mhando nemhando: kupfuura genera
Mukati merudzi rwega rwega, Makore anogona kunge aine zvaari kuita zvinoita kuti azivikanwe mumhando nemhando. Mamwe emhando dzakajairika ndeaya:
- fibratus: fibrous structure
- Castellanus: ine protuberances seshongwe
- Fractus: makore akatsemuka kana akatsemuka
- Mediocris: kuvandudzwa kwepakati nepakati
- Stratiformis: nekatsika yekuzvironga ivo muzvikamu
- Lenticularis: lens-shaped kana "atmospheric UFOs"
- Opacus: dende zvekuti zvinodzivirira kupinda kwechiedza
- Translucidus: vanopinza chiedza
- Undulatus: ine yakanyatso cherechedzwa undulations
Kuwedzera mhando, Iyo International Cloud Atlas inocherekedza anopfuura gumi nemaviri emarudzi uye akawanda emusanganiswa. Kune zvakare chishongedzo uye makore akakosha (zvakadai semammatus, iyo yakaita sebhegi, kana Kelvin-Helmholtz, ine chitarisiko chewavy), iyo inowanzobatanidzwa nekunyanyisa kana kusina kujairika mamiriro emuchadenga.
Makore anogadzira sei maererano nemaitiro emuviri
Zvichienderana nemaitiro emuviri anoita kuti mhepo isimuke, tinogona kusiyanisa marudzi akati wandei emakore uye maumbirwo akakosha.:
- Convection: Nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi, mhepo inosimuka, ichigadzira cumulus, cumulonimbus, uye convective makore.
- Orographic effect: Mhepo inosimuka kana ichidhumhana negomo, ichigadzira makore eorographic, senge lenticularis.
- MadutuMumadutu uye munzvimbo dzakadzika midzi, mhepo inotenderera uye inosimuka, ichigadzira makore akapararira, mvura, stratus uye nimbostratus makore.
- Mamiriro ekunze: Kusangana kwemhepo inotonhora uye yakapfava inosimudzira kumberi, makore muzvikamu zvakakura kana makore akatwasuka ecumulus, zvichienderana nenyaya.
Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyokuti meteorology yemazuva ano inogona kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze nekucherechedza kushanduka uye rudzi rwemakore, zvichibatsira kufanotaura kunaya kwemvura, madutu kana kugadzikana..
Sei makore ari machena (uye nei dzimwe nguva achiita seakasviba)?
Ruvara rwemakore runotsamira zvikuru pakukura uye kusangana kwemadonhwe emvura anoaumba.. Mamorekuru emhepo anoparadzira chiedza chebhuruu (ndosaka denga riri rebhuruu), asi madonhwe emvura ari mumakore, achikura zvikuru, anoparadzira uye anoratidza mavara ose zvakaenzana. Chigumisiro ndicho chimiro chemavara machena. Kana gore rakanyanyisa kana kuti gobvu, chimwe chechiedza hachipfuuri zvachose uye chigadziko charo chinosviba, chichioneka mumimvuri yakasiyana yegrey kana kutoda kusviba.
Mazita emakore: musanganiswa weLatin prefixes uye suffixes
Pazita rayo resainzi, misanganiswa yemazwi echiLatin inoshandiswa., iyo inotsanangura chimiro uye urefu hwayo:
- Cumulus / Cu: murwi, murwi
- Stratus / St: layer, plain
- Cirrus / Ci: filament, bvudzi
- Nimbus / Nb: mvura
- High-: avhareji urefu
- Stratocumulus / Sc: musanganiswa we stratus uye cumulus makore
- Altostratus / As: kureba kwepakati
- Altocumulus / Ac: pakati pehupamhi cumulus makore
- Cirrocumulus / Cc: high-altitude cumulus makore
- Cirrostratus / Cs: yakakwirira filamentous layer
- Cumulonimbus / Cb: Masumbu makuru, ane yakakura yakatwasuka yekuwedzera
Iko kusanganiswa kwemazita aya kunotitendera kuona nekutarisa mhando yegore nekushanduka kwaro.
Special kesi uye exotic makore
Kunyange zvazvo makore etropospheric ariwo akanyanya kuwanda, haasi iwo ega.. Kune akakosha kana "exotic" mhando dzemakore akaumbwa nemasikirwo kana ekugadzira maitiro:
- Lenticularis: makore akaita serenzi, anogadzirwa nemhepo pamusoro pemakomo.
- Mammatus makore: mabhegi anorembera pasi pemakore emvura.
- Kelvin-Helmholtz: nechitarisiko chemasaisai nekuda kwekugera kwemhepo kwakanyanya.
- Pyrocumulus makore: zvinokonzerwa nemoto kana kuputika kwemakomo.
- Contrails: nzira dzinogadzirwa nendege jet.
- Pearari makore (stratospheric): 15-25 km kureba, inoumbwa nepamusoro-soro makristasi emvura.
- Noctilucent makore: iri pakati pe80 ne85 km, yakavhenekerwa zuva ranyura, yakaumbwa nediki makristasi echando.
Mamwe emhando idzi anoonekwa nguva nenguva uye anopa zvinokatyamadza zvinoratidzira, senge kaviri halos, iridescence, kana mavara emagetsi panguva yerubvunzavaeni.
Makore nemamiriro ekunze epasi
Makore haangoratidzi kutaridzika chete: anoita basa rakakosha mumamiriro ekunze uye kudziya kwepasirese.. Migumisiro yayo ine mativi maviri:
- KutonhoraMakore anoratidza chikamu chemwaranzi yezuva (albedo), ichideredza huwandu hwesimba rinosvika pamusoro.
- KuchenesaPanguva imwecheteyo, vanoita se "gumbeze" re infrared, vachiteya uye vachidzorera kumwe kupisa kunobudiswa kubva pasi.
Zvichienderana nerudzi uye urefu, Kutonhodza mhedzisiro inogona kutonga (yakaderera uye yakakura makore), kana kudziya (makore akakwirira akadai semakore ecirrus). Iyi chiyero yakaoma zvekuti inoramba iri imwe yenzvimbo huru dzekusagadzikana mune ramangwana mamiriro ekunze.
Makore ari kunze kweNyika
Haisi pasi redu chete rine makore. Dzimwe nyika dziri muSolar System zvakare dzine maatmospheres anokwanisa kugadzira makore, kunyangwe aine nziyo dzakasiyana uye tembiricha:
- Marte: makore emvura echando uye carbon dioxide.
- Venus: makore e sulfuric acid.
- Jupiter naSaturn: makore eammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide uye mvura.
- Uranus uye Neptune: makore emethane kana ammonia.
- Titan (Mwedzi waSaturn): mhute nemakore emethane nemahydrocarbon.
Curiosities uye optical phenomena yakabatana nemakore
Makore anogadzira huwandu hwemagetsi emagetsi, mamwe akajairika uye mamwe anoshamisa zvechokwadi.. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:
- Solar kana lunar halos: Mhete dzechiedza dzakagadzirwa nekudzoreredza mu cirrostratus ice crystals.
- miraraungu: Madonhwe emvura akaturikwa anotyora chiedza chezuva mushure medutu.
- Korona: Zvindori zviduku zvine mavara, zvinoonekwa zvakapoteredza zuva kana mwedzi, nekuda kwekusiyana kwechiedza mumadonhwe maduku zvikuru.
- Kubwinya uye zvipoko zveBrocken: Denderedzwa arcs yeruvara uye mimvuri inoratidzwa pamakore kana mhute, inowanzoonekwa mumakomo kana kubva kundege.
- Matenga emakwai: Yenguva dzose maitiro e altocumulus uye cirrocumulus makore anoyeuchidza mombe.
Mambakwedza kana manheru, makore anotora mavara matsvuku neorenji zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kunyura kwechiedza chebhuruu mumhepo, zvichipa kushamisa "matenga emoto" anokurudzira mafoto akawanda.
Makore anokanganisa sei mamiriro ekunze?
Cloud kutarisa ndiyo imwe yedzakare uye inoshanda nzira dzekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze.:
- Cirrus uye cirrostratus makore kuwedzera tembiricha kunogona kuratidza kusvika kwekudziya kwemberi uye kunaya kwemvura mumaawa anotevera 24-36.
- Makore madiki cumulus Vanowanzobatanidzwa nemamiriro ekunze akanaka, asi kana vakakura vakareba vanogona kutungamirira kune dutu.
- Nimbostratus uye rima stratus Vanozivisa mvura inonaya.
- Cumulonimbus Zvinosanganisira madutu ari kuuya, kazhinji nemidziyo yemagetsi uye dzimwe nguva chimvuramabwe.
- Altocumulus mumabhandi kana mashizha Vanogona kufanotaura kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kana vakawedzera pamwe chete nemakore ealtostratus.
Kudzidza kududzira “mutauro” wemakore kunobatsira vafambi, varimi, vatyairi vendege, uye chero ani zvake anoda kutarisira kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze..
Musiyano pakati pemakore nemhute
Mhute haisi chinhu chinopfuura gore rine hwaro hwaro hwakabatana nepasi.. Nekudaro, iwowo maitiro emuviri anoburitsa makore anogona kukonzera mhute kana kutonhora kwepasi kwakanyatso cherechedzwa uye mwando wakakwira. Muzviitiko izvi, kuoneka kunodzikiswa zvakanyanya uye zvinoshamisa zviitiko senge hoafrost (kuunganidzwa kwechando pazvinhu) zvinoitika.
Kukosha kwemakore muhupenyu hwePasi
ari makore Ivo vanoita basa rakakosha mukutenderera kwebiogeochemical uye mamiriro ekunze edunhu:
- gadzirisa tembiricha, ichiita sechidziviso pakuwandisa kwemwaranzi yezuva mukati mezuva uye kudzivirira kukurumidza kupera kupisa usiku.
- Ndivo vanonyanya kukonzera kunaya kwemvura, ndosaka zvekurima, zvipenyu uye kuwanikwa kwemvura zvichitsamira pakutenderera kwayo.
- Zvinoratidza kuchinja kwemuchadenga uye mafambiro emamiriro ekunze, kubatsira kudzivirira njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye kugadzirisa mabasa evanhu.
Pasina makore uye kutenderera kwemhepo, magwenga angadai akakura uye akaorera nzvimbo dzakatonyanya kuganhurirwa.