Pfungwa ye dambudziko renyika Zvave zvichionekwa mundangariro dzedu mushure meCOVID-19. Zvaimbonzwika sezviri kure kana kuti kubva mubhuku renhoroondo zvakangoerekana zvava hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva: mamasiki, maICU akazara, makirasi epamhepo, migwagwa isina vanhu uye misoro yenhau ine vanhu vane hutachiona nerufu.
Kupfuura kukanganisa kwemanzwiro, COVID-19 yave iri matambudziko ehutano nemagariro evanhu zvakawanda: mazana emamiriyoni evanhu vakabatwa nechirwere ichi, mamiriyoni evanhu vakafa, rudzi rwesainzi rusina kumboitika rwekugadzira majekiseni nemishonga, gakava repatent, kusaenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, uye hupfumi hwenyika hwakashamisika. Asi, harisi denda rekutanga guru munhoroondo… uye harizovi rekupedzisira.
Denda reCOVID-19: kuti raiva chii, rakatanga riini uye kuti tiri papi iye zvino
Kudanwa Denda rinonzi covid-19 (kana kuti denda re coronavirus) rakakonzerwa nehutachiona hweSARS-CoV-2. Nyaya dzekutanga dzinozivikanwa dzakaonekwa muna Zvita 2019 muWuhan, mudunhu reHubei muChina, uko kwakaonekwa boka revarwere vane pneumonia vasingazivikanwe kwavakabva, vazhinji vavo vakabatana neHuanan Seafood Wholesale Market.
Musi wa30 Ndira 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) yakazivisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu se dambudziko rehutano hweveruzhinji rinonetsa pasi roseMusi wa11 Kurume 2020, nezviuru zvevanhu vakawanikwa munyika dzinopfuura zana, WHO yakazivisa zviri pamutemo kuti chirwere ichi chaive denda. Dambudziko iri rakaramba riripo kusvika Chivabvu 5, 2023, apo mamiriro ekunze ekudzivirira akabviswa, kunyangwe hutachiona hwacho hwakaramba huchipararira.
Pakazosvika Nyamavhuvhu 2023, vanhu vanopfuura Vanhu mamiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri vakabatwa nechirwere ichi uye vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni manomwe vakafa zviri pamutemo nekuda kweCOVID-19, hutachiona hwacho huchipararira munyika dzinenge mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu nenzvimbo. Tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwevanhu vasina kuziviswa zvakakwana, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanosvika gumi muzana pasi rose vakabatwa nechirwere ichi mumakore mashoma ekutanga, izvo zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni mazana manomwe nemakumi masere vakabatwa nechirwere ichi muchikamu chekutanga chega.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kupararira kwehutachiona kwakadzikama, uye nhasi nyanzvi dzakawanda nehurumende dzinotaura nezvazvo chikamu che endemicSARS-CoV-2 ichiripo, asi pasina kuwedzera kukuru kwepasi rose mumakore ekutanga, uye nechikamu chikuru chevanhu vakabayiwa majekiseni kana kuti vakambobatwa nechirwere ichi. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, kusvika Gumiguru 27, 2024, COVID-19 yakanga yaunganidza vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni 7,07 vakafa uye ikozvino inoonekwa sedenda rechishanu rakaipisisa kana kuti denda rakamboonekwa.
Kubva kuSARS-CoV-2 kusvika kuCOVID-19: hutachiona, chirwere uye mazita
Mumiririri ane mhosva yedenda iri ndiye SARS-CoV-2, chirwere cheRNA chine tambo imwe chete chinoonekwa sechinoonekwa sechinoonekwa sechinobva kuboka reOrthocoronavirinae. Ivhairasi inobva kumhuka: inogona kunge yakabva kuzviremwaremwa ichienda kuvanhu, zvakananga kana kuburikidza nemuviri wepakati. Genome yayo ine mapuroteni akati wandei, kusanganisira puroteni yeS (spike), ine basa rekusunga kune ACE2 cell receptor uye kutanga kupinda musero.
Pakutanga, chirwere ichi chaizivikanwa se "Wuhan pneumonia." WHO yakashandisa mashoko akadai sekuti chirwere chekufema chakanyanya nekuda kwe2019-nCoVMusi wa11 Kukadzi 2020, zita repamutemo rekuti COVID-19 rakatanga kushandiswa, iro rinoreva chidimbu che coronavirus chirwere cha2019MuchiSpanish, RAE naFundéu vanokurudzira chimiro chechikadzi (COVID 19nekuti chikuru chacho "chirwere"), kunyangwe mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva "el covid" yevarume yavewo yakajairika.
Kubva pamaonero ekurapa, COVID 19 Utachiona hweSARS-CoV-2 hunogona kubva pazvirwere zvisina zviratidzo kusvika pachirwere chepneumonia chakakomba, chirwere chekufema chinorwadza zvakanyanya, sepsis, uye kutadza kushanda kwenhengo dzakawanda dzemuviri. Huwandu hwevakafa hwakafungidzirwa neWHO muna 2020 hwaive pakati pe0,5-1%, asi paine mutsauko mukuru zvichienderana nezera, zvirwere zvinosangana nazvo, mukana wekuwana rubatsiro rwehutano, uye danho redenda.
SARS-CoV-2 inotapuriranwa sei uye zviratidzo zvayo ndezvipi?
SARS-CoV-2 inonyanya kutapuriranwa kubva ku munhu nemunhu kuburikidza nemhepoAya madonhwe ekufema uye maaerosols atinoburitsa patinotaura, kufema, kukosora, kuhotsira, kudanidzira, kana kuimba. Madonhwe aya anogona kufemerwa zvakananga padyo kana kuramba akarembera mumhepo munzvimbo dzisina mhepo yakakwana uye dzakavharika.
Kunewo kutapurirana kuburikidza kuonana zvisina kunangaMadonhwe acho anowira pamusoro penzvimbo, munhu wacho anogunzva nzvimbo iyoyo, obva abata maziso ake, mhino, kana muromo. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva zvakaonekwa kuti mafomite (nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa) haana basa guru mukutapurirana kana tichienzanisa nekutapurirana kunobuda mumhepo. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, hutachiona hunogona kuramba huri pazvinhu zvakaita se[zvisina kutaurwa] kwemaawa kana mazuva. purasitiki, simbi, kadhibhodhi, mari yepepa kana girazi, zvichienderana nekupisa uye hunyoro.
Iyo incubation nguva inowanzotenderedza 5 mazuvanemazuva maviri kusvika gumi nemana. Pane humbowo hwekutapurirana kwemazuva maviri kana maviri zviratidzo zvisati zvatanga, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehutachiona hwakanyanya. Izvi zvakaomesa kudzora muchikamu chekutanga, nekuti vanhu vane hutano hwakanaka vanogona kutapurirana hutachiona.
Zviratidzo zvinowanzozivikanwa zvinosanganisira fivha, kukosora kwakaoma, kuneta, uye kuoma kufemaMuboka guru revanhu vekuChina vane vanhu vanosvika zviuru makumi mashanu nezvitanhatu (56,000) vakaonekwa vaine fivha, 87,9% vakakosora zvakaoma, 67,7% vakaneta, uye vanenge 19% vakashaya simba rekufema. Myalgia, musoro, pahuro, manyoka, mhino dzakazadzwa, uye, zvinoshamisa pakutanga, kudzikira kwehuremu kamwe kamwe kwakatsanangurwawo. kunhuhwirira nekuravira muhuwandu hwakawanda hwevarwere.
Muzviitiko zvakakomba, pneumonia yemativi maviri, chirwere chekufema chakanyanya, shock (kazhinji septic), zviitiko zve thromboembolic (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke), pamwe nematambudziko eitsvo nemoyo zvinogona kuitika. Lymphopenia, zviratidzo zvekuzvimba zvakanyanya, nezvimwe zviitiko zvakatsanangurwa kakawanda mumakamuri evarwere vanorwara zvakanyanya. dutu re cytokineKureva, mhinduro isingadzoreki yekuzvimba inokuvadza matishu pachawo.
Nyaya, kufa, uye mutsauko pakati penyika nemapoka evanhu
Nhamba dzepasi rose dzinokatyamadza: kubva muna Mbudzi 2023, pakanga paine hurukuro yekuti Vanhu mamiriyoni mazana matanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri vakabatwa nechirwere ichi uye vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni manomwe vakafa. Asi kubva pakutanga pakanga paine dambudziko guru: kugona kuongorora chirwere, tsananguro yenyaya yacho, uye zvinodiwa pakuverenga rufu zvakasiyana zvikuru munyika dzakasiyana.
Mumwedzi mishoma yekutanga, nyika dzakadai seSouth Korea dzakaita kuongororwa kwevanhu vakawandakusvika pakuongororwa kwePCR zviuru gumi pazuva pakutanga kwaKurume 2020, izvo zvakabvumira kuonekwa kwezvirwere zvakawanda zviri nyore uye huwandu hwechokwadi uye hushoma hwevakafa. Kune rimwe divi, Japan, United Kingdom, neUnited States pakutanga dzakaita bvunzo shoma, uye Spain neItaly dzakaganhurirwawo nekushaikwa kwezvigadziriso zvemagetsi nema laboratori ane midziyo.
Izvi zvaireva kuti huwandu chaihwo hwevanhu vane hutachiona hwaive hwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura huwandu hwakanyorwa zviri pamutemo. MuSpain, pakupera kwaKurume 2020, zvakafungidzirwa kuti paigona kunge paine vanhu vari pakati pe300,000 ne900,000 vakabatwa nechirwere ichi zvichienzaniswa nevanhu 39,000 vakaonekwa. MuChina, vanhu vasina zviratidzo vakaonekwa vaine chirwere ichi havana kutaurwa nezvavo sezvakasimbiswa pakutanga, izvo zvakaderedzawo huwandu hwechokwadi hwechirwere ichi.
Kune rimwe divi, apo kugona kwePCR kwakawedzerwa zvakanyanya, zvakanzi panogona kunge paine overestimation yezvirwere zviripo, nekuti bvunzo dzakaona zvidimbu zveRNA yehutachiona isingashande mavhiki mushure mekunge hutachiona hwapera. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika nehuwandu hwevanhu vakafa: Italy, semuenzaniso, yakaverenga chete avo vakaonekwa vaine COVID-19 vakafa, zvichisiya vanhu vazhinji vakwegura vakafa mudzimba dzevakwegura vasina kuongororwa. Belgium, kune rumwe rutivi, yakabatanidza muhuwandu hwayo hwekufa kwevanhu vakafa mudzimba dzevakwegura vane zviratidzo zvinoenderana kunyangwe vasina kuongororwa.
MuSpain zvakaonekwa kuti kufa kunoshamisa Huwandu hwevakafa hwakapfuura zvaitarisirwa panguva yedenda hwaive pakati pe50% ne70% kupfuura hwevakafa vakanzi vakakonzereswa neCOVID-19 nekuongororwa kwePCR, izvo zvinopa pfungwa yemhedzisiro chaiyo. Uye kana tikazvitarisa nemapoka, zera ndiro chinhu chakakosha: avhareji yezera revakafa muItaly yaive makore angangoita makumi manomwe nemapfumbamwe, uye vanenge vese vaive nezvirwere zvaivepo kare (BP, chirwere cheshuga, chirwere chemwoyo, COPD, kenza, nezvimwewo).
Kusaenzana kwakavakirwa pakuva murume kana mukadzi, murume kana mukadzi uye mapoka evanhu vasina dziviriro
Kunyangwe hutachiona huchigona kutapurira chero munhu, data rakaonekwa pakutanga kusaenzana kukuru kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi nevanhukadziMunyika dzakawanda, kufa kwevanhurume kwakakwira kupfuura vakadzi (semuenzaniso, 4,7% zvichienzaniswa ne2,8% muChina). Zvikonzero zvemuviri (musiyano wemahormone, kupindura kwemuviri kuzvirwere, kuwanda kwekuputa fodya uye zvirwere zvisingaperi muvarume) uye zvinhu zvehunhu zvakaonekwa.
Zvisinei, kana vachitarisa kupfuura njodzi yerufu, vakadzi vakatambura nedambudziko re kukanganisa kwakanyanya Kune dzimwe nzvimbo, mumusika wevashandi, mabasa ekutarisira vana, kushanda kumba nevana, hupfumi husina kurongeka, uye mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhukadzi nevanhurume, denda iri rawedzera huwandu hwevanhu. kusaenzana kwakanyanya Vakadzi vatovapo. Paavhareji, vakadzi vanoita maawa akawanda ebasa repamba nerekutarisira vasingabhadharwe, uye muzvikamu zvakaita sezvehutano vanomiririra ruzhinji rwevashandi vekuchengeta varwere nevekubatsira, saka mukana wavo wekuwana hutachiona wakawedzera.
Semuenzaniso, muSpain, vanosvika 75% yevashandi vehutano vane hutachiona vakabatwa nechirwere ichi. vakadziPamusoro peizvi pane vashandi vemumba nevanochengeta varwere, vazhinji vari muhupfumi husina kurongeka, vakarasikirwa nemabasa avo panguva yekuvharirwa uye, nekuda kwekuti havana kubatsira mukuchengetedzeka kwevanhu, vakabviswa parubatsiro rwehurumende. MuLatin America neCaribbean, vanenge hafu yeavo vanoshanda vasina zvibvumirano vakadzi, vanomiririra chikamu chikuru chebazi rezvekuchengeta varwere risingabhadharwe.
Kudanwa "denda remumvuri" Izvi zvinoreva kuwedzera kukuru kwemhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhukadzi panguva yekuvharirwa kwedzimba. Kuvharwa kwezvikoro, kurasikirwa nemabasa, uye kugara pamwe chete nemunhu anoshungurudza vanhu kwakaita kuti pave nekufona kwevanhu vanobatsirwa, nyaya dzemhirizhonga mudzimba, uye kudiwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara, kusvika pakuwanda kwemabasa aya. Vasingasviki 40% yevanobatwa vanotsvaga rubatsiro rwepamutemo, uye 10% chete ndivo vanoshuma kushungurudzwa uku kumapurisa, zvichiita kuti kusaonekwe.
Nharaunda yeLGBTI yakakanganiswawo zvakanyanya: kurasikirwa kwemari Munzvimbo dzatove dzisina kugadzikana, kwave nekuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzekushamwaridzana, kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga mudzimba kune vanhu vaifanira kudzokera kudzimba dzisingagamuchirwi, uye denda iri rave richishandiswa senzira yezvematongerwo enyika mune dzimwe nyika kushora vanhu vashoma panyaya dzepabonde kana kunonotsa kufambira mberi kwekodzero dzepamutemo.
Mimwe migumisiro yehutano: kupfuura hutachiona
Kutariswa kukuru kweCOVID-19 kwakawedzerawo kukanganisa Matambudziko akakomba anokonzerwa nezvimwe zvirwere. Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvekudzivirira, kuongorora, uye kurapwa zvakamiswa kana kuderedzwa, uye kuongororwa kwegomarara, chirwere chemwoyo, hutachiona husingaperi, nezvimwe zvirwere zvakanonoka. Semuenzaniso, WHO inofungidzira kuti muna 2020 vamwe vanhu vanosvika 500,000 vakafa nechirwere cherurindi nekuda kwekukanganiswa kwekuonekwa nekurapwa.
Zvinoshamisa kuti, kwakava nekuderera kwenhoroondo kwezvirwere zvekufema zvakaita se furuwenza yemwaka uye hutachiona hwekufema hunobatana, kunyanya munguva yechando yeSouthern Hemisphere ya2020. Zvingangodaro kuti kuderera kwekufamba-famba kwenyika, kushandisa masiki, kuvharwa kwezvikoro, uye kusava pedyo nevamwe kwakaderedza kutapurirana kwehutachiona uhu zvinobudirira.
Kune vashandi vehutano, denda iri raireva a kushushikana kusati kwamboitikaMunyika dzakadai seSpain, maIntensive Care Units akawedzera katatu kugona kwavo mibhedha yekutarisirwa kwevarwere, zvichiita kuti maICU agadziriswe mumakamuri ekuvhiyira, makamuri ekupora, nedzimwe nzvimbo. Midziyo yekare yekufema nemidziyo yekurara yakashandiswazve, uye mhinduro dzekukurumidzira dzakatogadzirwa nekuda kwekushomeka kwemidziyo yekufema nemidziyo yekudzivirira pasi rose.
Kuwedzera kuneta kwemuviri, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakatambura kushungurudzika kwetsika Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kuisa zvinhu zvishoma pakutanga (mibhedha yeICU, mishonga yekufema, mishonga yekunyaradza) uye kushanda nemidziyo yekudzivirira isina kukwana dzimwe nguva. Hazvisi tsaona kuti chikamu chikuru chevashandi vehutano chakatapukirwa: muSpain, nhamba dzinosvika 14% dzevarwere vese dzakataurwa pane dzimwe nguva.
Kuongororwa kwechirwere, kuongororwa kweropa uye nyaya dzisina zviratidzo
Kuti zvisimbiswe hutachiona huripo, nzira yakanakisisa yekushandisa ndiyo PCR bvunzoKuongororwa uku kunoona zvidimbu zveRNA yehutachiona. Zvinonzwa zviri nyore, asi izvi zvine zvazvinoreva zviviri zvakakosha: zvinoita kuti hutachiona huonekwe kunyangwe paine huwandu hwehutachiona hushoma, uye zvinogona kuramba zvichipa mhedzisiro yakanaka kana munhu asisatapurire nekuti zvasara zveRNA isingararame chete ndizvo zvinosara.
Panguva imwe chete, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita zvidzidzo zve serological nekuyedzwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere kuti vafungidzire kuti vanhu vangani vakabatwa nechirwere ichi mumwedzi yapfuura, kunyangwe vakanga vasisina hutachiona hunoonekwa. Mimwe mhedzisiro inoratidza: mudunhu reItaly reBergamo, huwandu hwevanhu vane chirwere ichi hwakasvika 57%, muGeneva hwaive pa11%, muSpain hwaive padyo ne10% muna Zvita 2020, uye muNew York City hwakapfuura 22% mushure mefungu rekutanga.
Ruzivo urwu rwakaratidza kuti Utachiona chaihwo hwaive hwakanyanya kunaka. Huwandu hwechokwadi hwevarwere hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hwakaratidzwa muhuwandu hwakataurwa, nekuda kwehuwandu hukuru hwevarwere vasina zviratidzo uye vasina zviratidzo uye miganhu yekuongororwa kwekutanga. Uyezve, data rakaratidza mutsauko mukuru wenzvimbo zvichienderana nekusimba kwemafungu uye matanho akatorwa.
Matanho ekudzivirira: kubva pakugeza maoko kusvika pakuvharirwa
Mazano ekutanga ekuderedza kutapurirana kwehutachiona akavakirwa pazvinhu zvikuru zvitatu: hutsanana, mamasiki uye daroKugeza maoko nesipo nemvura kwemasekondi makumi maviri, kushandisa sanitizer yemaoko kana izvozvo zvisingaite, kudzivisa kubata kumeso kwako nemaoko akasviba, kufukidza muromo wako nemhino yako paunenge uchikosora kana kuhotsira (zvikuru nemukati megokora rako), uye nzvimbo dzekufema dzakava zviratidzo zvezuva nezuva.
Kushandiswa kwe masks Iyi yave imwe yenhaurirano dzinoonekwa zvakanyanya. Pakutanga, WHO yakakurudzira masiki kuvanhu vose, asi neuchapupu hwekuti vanhu vazhinji havazoratidzi zviratidzo uye vanotapurirana nemhepo, nyika zhinji dzakatanga kukurudzira kana kurayira kuti ashandiswe mumba uye mumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi huru. Mamasiki ekuvhiya uye ejira anoderedza kubuda kwemadonhwe mumhepo, nepo mafemo eN95/FFP2 achidzivirirawo munhu anoapfeka.
Chinhu chimwe chete chisina kukurukurwa zvakanyanya ndechekuti masiki akawanda nemidziyo yekufema zvakagadzirwa zvichienderana ne mapatani echiso chevarumeIzvi zvinoita kuti dzisanyanya kukwira kuvakadzi uye zvinowedzera njodzi yekubuda kwemvura. Uyezve, mamodheru ane vharuvhu yekuburitsa mweya haana kukodzera kudzora denda: anoita kuti kufema kuve nyore kune mushandisi, asi anoburitsa mweya usina kusefa, uyo, kana mushandisi akatapukirwa, anogona kuparadzira hutachiona.
Kuwedzera pamatanho emunhu mumwe nemumwe, hurumende dzakashandisa nzira dze proactivity mukugadzirisa njodzi y kusaungana kwevanhu uye kuderedzwa kwekufamba-famba: kuvharwa kwemiganhu, zvirambidzo zvekufamba, miganhu yekukwanisa kufamba, kumiswa kwezviitiko zvakawanda, kuvharwa kwezvikoro nemayunivhesiti, kushanda panhare uye, kazhinji, kuvharirwa mudzimba zvakanyanya.
Zvirambidzo izvi zvakaderedza zvakanyanya nhamba yekubereka (R0). Semuenzaniso, muSpain, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakadzikira kubva panhamba dziri pamusoro pe2 mamiriro enjodzi asati asvika pa0,98 muna Kubvumbi 2020, nekuderera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona kubva pa40% kusvika pa3%. Zvisinei, mutengo wehupfumi nepfungwa waive wakakura: kudzikira kwemabasa, kuwedzera kwekushaya mabasa, uye kuora kwehutano hwepfungwa munzvimbo huru yevanhu, zvichikanganisa zvikuru vechidiki, vakadzi nemapoka evanhu vasina dziviriro.
Mishonga yekudzivirira, mapatenti uye kusaenzana kwepasi rose
Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira COVID-19 kwaive nekukurumidza zvikuruMugore risingasviki kubva pakarongwa hutachiona, majekiseni akati wandei akanga atobvumidzwa: messenger RNA (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna), viral vector (AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sputnik V), inactivated virus (Sinopharm, Sinovac) uye majekiseni eprotein subunit, pakati pemamwe.
Mishonga iyi yekudzivirira zvirwere yakasiyana muhunyanzvi hwayo uye mu Cold cheni Zvinodiwa: majekiseni eRNA emutumwa anoda kuomeswa nechando pa -20 °C (Moderna) kana kutoti -70 °C (Pfizer) kuti agare kwenguva refu, nepo majekiseni mazhinji eadenovirus kana majekiseni asina kushanda achichengetwa mufiriji yakajairwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti kupararira kwawo kuve kwakaoma munyika dzine zvivakwa zvisina kusimba.
Pakazosvika kutanga kwa2022, vanhu vanopfuura Madosi 9.37 bhiriyoniIzvi zvaimiririra vanhu vanosvika 59% pasi rose vaine mushonga mumwe chete panguva iyoyo. Pakazosvika Ndira 2023, huwandu hwevanhu vakabayiwa mushonga mumwe chete hwaive hunosvika mabhiriyoni 5.294, zvinosvika zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevanhu pasi rose.
Zvisinei, kugoverwa kwacho kwakanga kusina kuenzana. Nyika dzine mari yakawanda, dzinomiririra vanhu vanosvika 14% pasi rose, dzakasvika pakutonga vanhu vakawanda. hafu yemadosi akatengwa kare (anopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi akachengetwa pachine nguva muna Zvita 2020). India neSouth Africa vakatungamira chirongwa kuWTO chekumbomisa kwenguva pfupi marezenisi emajekiseni, mishonga, uye matekinoroji ane chekuita neCOVID-19 panguva yedenda, nerutsigiro rwenyika dzinopfuura zana nemasangano akasiyana-siyana akazvimirira.
Nyika zhinji dzakapfuma—kusanganisira nyika dzinoverengeka dzeEuropean Union, United States (pakutanga), United Kingdom, neBrazil—pakutanga dzakaramba mutemo uyu, dzichidzivirira hurongwa hwepfuma yepfungwa. Muna Chivabvu 2021, United States yakashamisa vazhinji nekutsigira kusunungurwa kushoma kwakatarisana nemajekiseni, asi hurukuro dzakanonoka uye mhedzisiro yacho yakanga isina kusimba.
Majekiseni aisangova chishandiso chehutano chete, asiwo bhizimisi guruMushonga wePfizer-BioNTech wakatyora rekodhi yekutengesa, uchiwana mari inosvika €70 bhiriyoni pakati pa2021 na2022, nepo Moderna yakawana mari inodarika €34 bhiriyoni kubva mumajekiseni ayo panguva imwe chete. Panguva imwe chete, madosi akawanda akabuda kutanga pakupera kwa2022, uye gakava rakamuka pamusoro pekuraswa kwemishonga iri pedyo nekupera.
Kusadzivirirwa kwezvirwere, kutapukirwazve kwezvirwere, uye COVID kwenguva refu
Mushure mekutapukirwa, muviri unogadzira chirwere immune immune nekubatanidza ma antibodies nemasero ekurangarira T neB. Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti, muvanhu vazhinji, kuva neCOVID-19 kunoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekutapukirwa zvakare mumwedzi inotevera uye, kana zvikaitika, zvinoita kuti chirwere chive chishoma uye chisanyanya kuda kugara muchipatara.
Semuenzaniso, ongororo dzakaitwa muna 2021 dzakaratidza kuti avo vakanga vatopora kubva kuhutachiona vaive neanenge Njodzi shoma ne80% yekubatwazve kweinenge mwedzi mitanhatu, uye mukana wekuti zviratidzo zvisabude ne94%, nehuwandu hwehutachiona hwakasimbiswa hunosvika 0,6%. Ongororo inotevera inoratidza kuti dziviriro yechisikigo, pamwe chete nemajekiseni kana kuti asina, inogona kugara kwenguva refu nekuda kwemasero ekurangarira B uye masero eplasma anogara kwenguva refu mumongo wemapfupa.
Panguva imwe chete, vanonzi COVID inoramba iripo kana kuti "COVID refu": zviratidzo zvinoramba zviripo kana kuonekwa mavhiki kana mwedzi mushure mehutachiona hwacho (kuneta, kufema zvishoma, mhute yeuropi, kurwadziwa kwetsandanyama, matambudziko ekurara, kuchinja kwekuravira kana kunhuhwirira, nezvimwewo). Chirwere ichi chinowanzoitika kuvakadzi uye kuvanhu vaive nezviitiko zvepakati nepakati kana zvakanyanya pakutanga, asi chinogonawo kukanganisa vechidiki vaive neutano hwakanaka kare.
Kutapukirwa kana kubaiwa majekiseni hazvina zvinovimbisa dziviriro yakakwana kubva kuzvirwere zvitsva; zvavanoita ndezvekuti kuderedza mukana wekurwara zvakanyanya nerufuSaka, kunyange hazvo zvirambidzo zvakawanda zvakabviswa, vakuru vanokurudzira kuti vanhu varambe vachingwarira munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru, kuchengetedza vanhu vasina dziviriro, uye kugadzirisa madosi ekuwedzera mumapoka ane njodzi huru (vakwegura, vane dziviriro yemuviri, uye vanhu vane zvirwere zvakakomba).
Kurapa uye mishonga iri kugadzirwa
Mumwedzi mishoma yekutanga, kurapwa kweCOVID-19 kwaive kwakanyanya tsigiroOkisijeni, mhepo inofefetera isingapindi kana kuti inopindira, kudzora fivha, kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kudzivirira thrombosis. Mishonga yakawanda (hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, interferons, colchicine, ivermectin, nezvimwewo) yakaedzwa, nemigumisiro yaiwanzo rwadza mwoyo kana kutokuvadza.
Nekufamba kwenguva, mamwe acho akawedzera kusimba mishonga inobatsira Mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo: mishonga ye corticosteroids inorwisa utachiona (yakadai se dexamethasone) muvarwere vane mapapu akawandisa uye vanoda okisijeni, mimwe mishonga yekurwisa utachiona yakaita se remdesivir muzvikamu zvekutanga muvanhu vari panjodzi, musanganiswa wakaita se nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) nemuromo, uye kushandiswa kwe monoclonal antibodies kurwisa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirwere, kunyange hazvo mimwe yakarasikirwa nekushanda sezvo hutachiona hwakachinja.
Imwe nzira yave iri yekushandisa plasma inoporesa (plasma kubva kuvanhu vakapora vane maantibody titers akawanda) vari muzvikamu zvekutanga, nedzimwe ongororo dzichiratidza kudzikira kwekufambira mberi kwechirwere chakakomba kana zvikapihwa pakutanga mumapoka chaiwo. Padanho rekuyedza, zvinangwa zvakaita seIL-6 (tocilizumab) zvakaongororwa muzviitiko zve cytokine storm, uye muzviitiko zvakanyanya, kuisirwa mapapu kwakaitwa muvarwere vane kuparadzwa kwemapapu kusingadzoreki mushure meCOVID yakaipisisa.
Kuferefeta kuri kuenderera mberi: kuyedzwa kuri kuenderera mberi mishonga mitsva yekudzivirira mavhairasi, mishonga inogadzirisa immune system uye musanganiswa wemishonga, pamwe nemigumisiro yenguva pfupi uye yenguva refu, zvose zvechisikigo uye zvepfungwa dzepfungwa, zvinodzidzwa zvakadzama.
Denda repasi rose riri kukonzera hupfumi hwenyika uye vezvenhau
Kunze kwemishonga, COVID-19 yave iri dambudziko guru matambudziko ezvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose. Kuvharwa kwemabhizinesi, kukanganiswa kwezvekutengesa, kudzikira kwekushanya, kuwedzera kwemabasa ari kure, kumanikidzwa kudzidza online, nezvimwe zvakawanda zvakachinja hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye zvakakurumidza mafambiro akanga atotanga, zvichikanganisa maitiro ekutengeserana pasi rose.
Inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu pasi rose chakava kuvharirwa Pane imwe nguva muna 2020, nekurambidzwa kwakasimba kwerusununguko rwekufamba, mabasa ehupfumi akadzikira zvakanyanya uye kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakawedzera, kunyangwe zvakaitawo kuti kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvinosvibisa uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo kudzikire kwenguva pfupi mumaguta mazhinji makuru.
Panguva imwe chete, chokwadi infodemic, one dambudziko reruzivoRuzivo rwakawanda, manyepo, uye dzidziso dzekurangana nezvekwakabva hutachiona, majekiseni, kurapa kunoshamisa, nezvimwewo. Midhiya yemagariro evanhu, vezvenhau vehurumende, uye vanoita zvezvematongerwo enyika vakashandisa denda iri kupikisa nyaya, kuratidza simba diki, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kuvanza zvikanganiso zvehutungamiriri. Kwakanga kune kupomerwa kwevanhu vanonyengera, kuviga, kuparadzira mashoko enhema, uye mishandirapamwe yekuzivisa nhema.
Semuenzaniso, China yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekunonoka kugovera data rakazara pakutanga, kusava nechokwadi nezvehuwandu hwechokwadi hwevanhu vakabatwa nechirwere ichi nerufu, uye nekushandisa zvinhu zvekurapa nemajekiseni kune dzimwe nyika senzira yekudzivirira chirwere ichi. chishandiso chekukurudziraZvichakadaro, vakuru vakuru vekuMadokero nevezvenhau vakapomerwa mhosva yekushandisa denda iri muzvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika, kungave kunanga hurumende yeChina kana kupikisa nyaya yekushanda kwehurongwa hwehudzvanyiriri zvichienzaniswa nehutongi hwerusununguko.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, WHO yakaongororwa zvakanyanya: yakapomerwa mhosva yekuremekedza China zvakanyanya uye yekunonoka kana kusanyatsojeka mune mamwe mazano, uye pesvedzero yezvematongerwo enyika pasarudzo dzayo yakabvunzwa. Panguva imwe chete, basa rayo mukubatanidza ruzivo rwesainzi, mazano ehunyanzvi, uye kuedza kubaya rave rakakosha pasinei nekusakwana kwayo.
Denda munhoroondo: kuenzanisa kuti unzwisise zviri nani
COVID-19 haisi chinhu chakangoerekana chaitika: chikamu cherunyorwa rurefu rwezvirwere zvirwere zvemunguva yakapfuura izvo zvakaratidza vanhu. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa pane Denda raJustinian (zana remakore rechitanhatu) uye Denda reBlack Death repakati pezana remakore rechi6, zvose zvakakonzerwa ne Yersinia pestis, iyo yakauraya makumi emamiriyoni evanhu; denda recholera rakatevedzana muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20; furuwenza ya1918 (yakatumidzwa zita risiri iro reSpanish flu), ine vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi mashanu vakafa; denda refuruwenza yeH1N1 ya2009-2010 isina kunyanya kuipa; kana kuti HIV/AIDS, iyo ichiri denda rine vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni akawanda vakafa.
Vanyori vakaita se Robin Marantz Henig (Mutambo wekutamba), Laurie Garrett (Dambudziko Riri Kuuya) kana Richard Preston (The Hot ZoneVakanga vanyevera kwemakumi emakore kuti kusanganiswa kwekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kukura kwemaguta uye kusangana zvakanyanya nemhuka dzesango kwaizoita kuti pave nezvirwere zvitsva zvinogona kukonzera denda rinoparadza.
Muna 2015, TED Talk yakaitwa na Bill Gates Mushumo wekusagadzirira kwepasi rose denda guru wakapararira makore akazotevera sekunge uprofita hwakazadzikiswa: wakatsanangura zvakajeka kuti nyika yakaisa mari yakawanda mukudzivirira kwemauto, asi zvishoma muhurongwa hwekuzivisa, kutsvagisa uye kugona kupindura kuzvirwere zviri kubuda.
Kana tichitarisa kutevedzana kwematambudziko makuru edenda, munhu anowana pfungwa yekuti pane "denda remakore zana rega rega"Zvinyorwa zvekurapa zvinotsanangura pfungwa iyi: zvirwere zvikuru zvinopararira zvakanyanya kupfuura zvinoita sezvazvinoonekwa (SARS, MERS, avian flu, swine flu, Ebola…), uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa uye kuwanda kwevanhu mumaguta makuru kunowedzera njodzi yekupararira kwazvo.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, COVID-19 yave iri kudzidzira kupfeka, kwakaipa asi kunoratidza, zvinoreva kugadzirisa denda munyika ine hukama hwakanyanya: kubva pabasa rakakosha asi risina kukwana remasangano akaita seWHO kusvika pakudiwa kwekusimbisa. hutano hwevanhu, sainzi, kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese uye nzira dzekuchengetedza magariro evanhu. Zvatakasangana nazvo zvinoratidza pachena kuti mubvunzo hausi wekuti kuchava nerimwe denda repasi rose here, asi kuti tichagadzirira riini uye sei nguva inotevera.
Zvese zvakaitika neCOVID-19—kubva padenda reSARS-CoV-2 muWuhan kusvika padanho razvino rechirwere ichi, kusanganisira huwandu hwehutachiona nerufu, kumhanya kwejekiseni, kuparara kwehurongwa hwehutano, kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhukadzi nevanhurume, musiyano uripo pakati penyika dzakapfuma nedzine urombo, uye mishandirapamwe yekuparadzira mashoko enhema—zvinopa mufananidzo wakajeka wekuti chii chinonzi dambudziko renyika Muzana remakore rechi21: chiitiko chehupenyu chine migumisiro yakakura yezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye zvemagariro evanhu chinotimanikidza kufunga patsva mararamiro edu, kuti tinozvitarisira sei, uye kuti hutano hweboka hune nzvimbo ipi pane ajenda yepasi rose, kusanganisira Sustainable Development Goals.
