Kana zvivakwa uye mainjiniya zvinokurukura dambudziko retatu uye mutsetse, ivo vari kutarisa kuti sei Isu tinoenzanisira materu, kucheka uye kuzadza nemitoo iyo, sekutonga, inotsamira pamatatu matatu network. Seri kwechimwe chinhu chinoita sechakajairika semutsetse wakanyatsogadzirwa nhema geometric uye software sarudzo dzinoona mhedzisiro, uye zvakakosha kuti unzwisise izvi zvisingakwanisi kudzivirira kushamisika pa-saiti kana mune zvinyorwa.
Mumaforamu ehunyanzvi uye zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, zano rakakosha rinodzokororwa: matatu-yakavakirwa nzvimbo inogadzirisa iyo nzvimbo zvakanyanya, asi ivo vanopa. Zvirambidzo zvemaitiro zvinokanganisa depressions uye verticalsKunyangwe zvakadaro, nekutonga kwakanaka uye maturusi ekuwedzera, zvinokwanisika kumiririra izvo zvatinoda pakugadzira, kutaurirana nemutengi, uye ongororo yehunyanzvi pasina kurasikirwa nekuona kwezvinangwa zvedu.
Iro katatu uye dambudziko remateru: nei zvakakosha mukugadzira
Pamwoyo wenyaya iyo triangulation yenzvimboA TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) pamusoro inoora nzvimbo kuita mambure emativi akati sandarara anochinjika kumakona uye materu. Iyi sisitimu inomhanya uye yakarurama kune mazhinji kesi, asi hunhu hwayo hunoreva izvozvo poindi imwe neimwe paurongwa inobatanidzwa nechikamu chimwe cheteMune mamwe mazwi, iyo poindi imwe chete haigone kuve nembiri mbiri panguva imwe chete mukati meTIN.
Izvi zvinei nechekuita nemateru? Zvakawanda. Mumaguta kana magariro einjiniya, kuchinjika kwakajeka pakati pendege, mitsetse yakapinza, uye, sechisarudzo chekupedzisira, mitsetse yakapetwa kaviri kunanga runoff inotsvakwa. Dambudziko nderekuti, kana isu tichida kumiririra kuderera kwekuora mwoyo kana kucheka zvakanyanya, iyo TIN (Targeted Reality Index) inotimanikidza Iwo matatu matatu haafaniri kuyambuka kana kupindirana.Izvi zvinomisa geometries semadziro akatwasuka kana mabheseni ane madziro emvura.
Mukukurukurirana kwehunyanzvi nevanoshanda navo, vanopfuura mumwe vachange vataura chimwe chinhu senge, "muenzaniso haundibvumire," kana vachiedza kudhirowa kuenderana nesingagoneke muteremu. Hakusi kuti software "haidi," asi kuti mutemo wegoridhe we triangulation unoraira izvozvo. Iyo yepamusoro ndeye, netsanangudzo, inoenderera uye isina kupindiranaKana chiri chishuwo chiri chinjo yakaerekana pakukwirira (sekumucheto kwemadziro), iyo TIN inozongoikurudzira neshanduko, diki chaizvo kutevedzera kutwarika ikoko.
Uye zvakadiniko nokuora mwoyo? Havauye vasina mutengo zvakare. Kana tichiedza kudhirowa kuvharika kwakavharika mukati meiyo imwechete TIN entity, isu tinomhanyira mune imwechete chirambidzo: iyo yepamusoro haigone kupeta kumashure payo pachayo kana kugovera marefu maviri kune imwe nzvimbo mukuona kwechirongwa. Izvi zvinounza iyo inonzi "triangle uye slope dambudziko" apo dhizaini inoda matema materu, kucheka kwakachena, kana mbiya dzakanyatsotsanangurwa.
Geometric miganhu yeTIN inotarisana muhunyanzvi kudzidzira
Mukuchinjana kwakanyatsojeka, nyanzvi yakataura nemushandisi ne "Mhoro @mmaleZGC34" kutsanangura kuti, mukati meAutodesk Civil 3D, hazvigoneke kugadzira nzvimbo yeTIN inomiririra kushushikana chaiko pasina mapfupi. Chikonzero ndicho chatotaurwa kare: mesh yemakona matatu asina kukwana anovakwa nenzira yakadaro hapana zviso zviviri zvinopindirana mukuona kwechirongwaNokudaro, iyo yepamusoro haigoni kupeta kana kuzvipindirana kuratidza bheseni rakavharwa rine madziro akatwasuka.
Muchokwadi, hapana kana nzvimbo dzakati chechetere dzinotenderwa sekudaro: chirongwa chinoshandisa hunyanzvi kutevedzera izvo, kugadzira. kunonoka kudiki, kunenge kusingaonekwe izvo, zvinoonekwa, zvinotaridzika zvinogutsa. Asi kunyatsotaura, hapana mhedziso yekumira muchikamu cheTIN: kuenderera kunogara kuchichengetedzwa pasina kuyambuka kwetatu.
Nyanzvi imwechete yakasimbisa kuti izvi zvipimo chikamu che "modhi" yatinoshanda nayo. Yese modhi ine chiyero uye nhanho yekumiririra yatinobvuma tacitly. Ndicho chikonzero, kazhinji, mapeji aya kana magumo akafa anofuratirwa kana asina kutsoropodza kuongororwa. Zvisinei, kana vachitsoropodza—somuenzaniso, nokuda kwokumirira mufambiro—zvinova pachena. hydraulic, runoff mitsetse kana kugadzikana kwemateru-, zvakakosha kutsvaga dzimwe nzira.
Mhedziso yetambo yaive isina kujeka: padanho re "pamusoro", hapana mhinduro yemashiripiti. Hazvirevi kuti pane bhatani rakavigwa risipo; ndezvekuti nheyo yemasvomhu yeTIN inodzivirira zvatiri kukumbira. Uye sekubata kwemunhu kune ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, meseji yakapera ne "Best sero" yakasainwa naVan Miguel MartÃnez, nzira yakajeka yekusimbisa izvozvo. Haisi kuganhurirwa kwechirongwa.asi pfungwa yekudzora nzira.
Kusimbisa pfungwa, zvinobatsira kurangarira mitemo mitatu inoshanda izvo zvinobva pane zvese izvi uye zvinokanganisa materu uye mharadzano:
- TIN inogovera chiyero chimwe chete kune imwe neimwe papurani yepasi.Nokudaro, hapana hurefu huviri panzvimbo imwe chete.
- Makona matatu emambure Havagoni kuyambuka kana kupindirana mu horizontal projection; kuenderera mberi hakutaurike.
- "Chaizvo" verticality haipo muchikamu; chete Inofananidzwa nemaminuscule offsets anoita semadziro emutobvu.
Aya mazano matatu anotsanangura kuti sei mamwe mashoko e mutsetse—kuchinja kamwe kamwe, madziro, mapendekete akatwasuka zvakakwana—anova musoro zvishoma kana isu tichida kuzvigadzirisa mukati meTIN imwechete yepamusoro pasina zvimwe zviwanikwa.
Kuenzanisira dzimwe nzira kana TIN isipo: 3D solids, zvikamu, uye profiles
Kana kuora mwoyo, kapu, kana mupendero wakatwasuka wakakosha kupurojekiti, kurudziro yakagovaniswa nenyanzvi yakajeka: panzvimbo yekumanikidza geometry yeTIN, gadzira yakazvimirira volumetric chinhu iyo inobvuma iyo mamiriro, senge 3D Solid. Iyi nzira haina kuputsa mitemo ye triangulation, nokuti inoparadzanisa "dambudziko" chidimbu kubva pakutsigirwa kwepamusoro.
Kushanda nezvinhu zvakasimba kunounza zvikomborero pakarepo. Kutanga, zvinotibvumira kuona muzvikamu uye maprofile izvo TIN yaisakwanisa kuratidza pasina kunyengedza: a madziro akatwasuka zvechokwadi kana bheseni rine materu akatsanangurwaChechipiri, inotipa simba pamusoro pezvinhu zvekuvaka, izvo zvinobatsira kana tichida kutaura kune nzvimbo yekuvaka kuti mubatanidzwa wakaoma unofanirwa kugadziriswa sei.
Iyo drawback, uye izvi zvakare zvakaratidzwa zvakatendeseka, ndezvekuti huwandu hwakaverengerwa uchishandisa Civil 3D's standard nzira hauzobviswe zvakananga kubva kune iyo yakasimba. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana tichivimba nazvo otomatiki kuverenga mavhoriyamu kana Earthworks Kubva pakuona kwenzvimbo, zvinyoro hazvibatanidzwe kubva kune zvakajairwa maitiro. Izvi zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa kudzivirira kushamisika kana uchigadzira zviyero.
Mukuita, zvikwata zvakawanda zvinotora hybrid workflows: vanochengetedza TIN yenzvimbo yese uye vanogadzira chaiyo 3D modhi yezvinhu zvinoda verticality kana kubhenda, semadziro, migero, kana matangi. Zvadaro, vanovimba chaiwo zvikamu uye profiles kutaurirana dhizaini, uye vanogadzirisa zviyero vachishandisa dzimwe nzira (semuenzaniso, kuenzanisa zvakaonda nekubvisa kana neanobatsira maapplication).
Haisi iyo "yakachena" mhinduro mukati memhando imwe chete yechinhu, asi ndiyo inoremekedza masvomhu uye, pamusoro pezvose, inovimbisa kuti modhi inoratidza izvo zvinoda kuvakwa, zvinova izvo zvinonyanya kukosha kana tichitaura nezvazvo. mitsetse yakachengeteka uye mitsetse yakaitwa zvakanaka.
Iriini TIN yakakwana uye inguvai yazvinofanirwa "kubuda kunze" kune yakasimba mibairo?
Kana chinangwa chiri chekutsanangura kutsetseka kwakajairwa pakati pendege mbiri (semuenzaniso, 3H: 2V mukucheka), iyo TIN inodarika kukwana uye inoshanda zvakanyanya. Mitsetse yakapfava, mapuratifomu, uye longitudinal uye transverse profiles yegadziriro Iwo anoverengwa uye akaverengerwa zvakanaka kwazvo ane triangulated nzvimbo.
Patinongokumbira verticality kana yakanyatsotsanangurwa bheseni pasi, zvinhu zvinoshanduka. Nhungamiro yakanaka inoshanda ndeyekuzvibvunza iwe: zvinoita zvandinoda kuenzanisira zvinoda kuva yakatwasuka zvechokwadi here, kana kuti yakakwana kuti ingoita seyakamira?Kana kutaridzika kwakaringana, kushomeka kushoma muTIN uye kumwe graphical kugadzirisa kunogona kuigadzirisa; kana zvisiri, zviri nani kutamira kune yakasimba 3D.
Uyezve, kana ruzivo rwakadai senge kona chaiyo yekukwesha, kugadzikana kwemateru, kana iyo Yakananga nzira yekuyerera uye inonyuraIyo TIN yekufungidzira inogona kuderera. Muchiitiko ichi, zvakasimba uye muchinjika-chikamu chinomiririra zvinopa kutonga kwakanaka uye kudzivirira kududzira kusinganzwisisiki.
Kunyangwe zvingaite sezviri pachena, zvinobatsira kunyora mumushumo weprojekiti kuti ndezvipi zvikamu zvemuenzaniso zviri TIN uye izvo zvakasimba, uye nei. Iyi tsananguro yehunyanzvi-ipfupi asi yakajeka-inobatsira muverengi (kutarisira chirongwa, kontrakta, mutengi) kunzwisisa izvozvo Hapana hunyengeri hunobatanidzwa.asi sarudzo inoziva pamberi pezvisingakwanisi nzira.
Tsigiro yeBibliographic uye kuendesa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi
Tsika yekugoverana zvakadzidzwa haisi yekushongedza, inotodiwa. Munyika inotaura chiSpanish, basa rePublicaciones DYNA rinomira pachena, muparidzi wehunyanzvi nesainzi akabatana neFederation of Associations of Industrial Engineers yeSpain (FAIIE). Kubva muna 1926, muparidzi uyu ave achiparadzira Nhau, zvinyorwa, ongororo uye zvitsva muinjiniya, ichipa maturusi evashandi kuti vavandudze maitiro avo ezuva nezuva.
Kupfuura kabhuku, kukosha kwayo kuri pabasa rayo sebhiriji: DYNA inosimbisa hukama pakati pemainjiniya uye inosimudzira kuchinjana kwezivo, kukurudzira vaongorori nenyanzvi goverana zvakaitika chaizvoMunzvimbo dzakaita semateru ekuenzanisira, kumiririrwa kwepamusoro, kana kuongororwa kwedzimwe nzira dzejometri, mweya uyu unoshandura kuita sarudzo dziri nani mumapurojekiti nemakirasi.
Mukuwedzera, academia inoramba iri ibwe rekona. Muenzaniso unosvikika ndeye Descriptive Geometry zvinhu zvinowanikwa mumayunivhesiti ekuchengetera, senge PDF kubva kuYunivhesiti yeGranada rakanyorwa naGómez Vargas, rinowanikwa pa [link missing]. Iyi linkKunyangwe kutarisisa kwayo kuri kudzidzisa, rudzi urwu rwezvekushandisa runobatsira kunatsiridza spatial intuition uye geometric kunzwisisa iyo yatinobva tashandisa kana tichifunga kuti mutsetse unogadziriswa neTIN, nemafuta, kana nezvose.
Dhata, makuki uye kuwana kune tekinoroji zviwanikwa zvedhijitari
Nhasi tinobvunza magwaro, maforamu, uye zvinyorwa kubva kunharembozha dzedu kana mahofisi, uye kuwana kunenge nguva dzose kunopindirana nezviziviso zvepachivande. Mawebhusaiti mazhinji anozivisa vashandisi kuti, kuti vape zvirinani zviitiko, vanoshandisa matekinoroji akadai sekiki. chengeta kana kuwana ruzivo rwemudziyoHaisi yemaitiro: mvumo inobvumira kugadziridzwa kwedata senge maitiro ekubhurawuza kana akasiyana zviziviso pane iyo saiti.
Kuramba kushandisa matekinoroji aya, kana kubvisa mvumo, kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro ewebhusaiti (semuenzaniso, mafirita ekutsvaga, zvaunofarira zvekuchengetedza, kana kuwana kudhawunirodha). Kunzwisisa chimiro ichi kunobatsira kudzivirira kuvhiringidzika paunenge uchiedza kuvhura tekinoroji PDF kana kuongorora mudura: pasina kubvumirwa, mamwe maficha. Vanogona kusashanda sezvinotarisirwa..
Chinhu chine musoro chekuita ndechekuongorora mapaneru ekuseta ecookie yega yega webhusaiti uye kugadzirisa mwero wemvumo kune zvatinoda. Pamatekinoroji emukati mawebhusaiti, pane kazhinji sarudzo dzekubvumidza chete akakosha makuki uye kuvharira zvisina basa, kuenzanisa iyo ruzivo rwekubvunzana nekuchengetedzwa kwekuvanzika.
Interdisciplinary kuverenga kwedambudziko: architecture, civil engineering uye geomatics
Dambudziko regonyo nemateru harisi rega kune chero kurangwa. Avo vanogadzira budiriro yemaguta vanosangana nazvo pakugadzirisa mavhu; avo vanogadzira zvivakwa vanotarisana nayo mumadziro anochengetedza kana zvivanze zvakanyura; avo vanoenzanisira mamiriro ekunze vanozviwana mu... mafuro, migero nemitumbi yemvuraIyo TIN inowanikwa kwese, saka miganhu yayo zvakare.
Nzira yepakati pedisciplinary inobatsira kuchengetedza nguva uye kuvandudza kunyatsoita. Semuenzaniso, timu yezvivakwa inotsanangura mutsetse unodiwa, uye timu yeinjiniya inosarudza nzira yekuimiririra muTIN, uye mune izvo zviitiko zvakakosha kugadzira 3D yakasimba. Nekudaro, iyo geomatics nyanzvi inopa maitiro ekusimbisa iyo triangulation painodiwa. ganhurira zvigadzirwa (akawandisa matriangles, artificial breaks) pasina kutyora modhi.
Kurongeka uku kunobvumira mutengi kuwiriranisa izvo zvavanoona muzvirongwa neizvo mugadziri anogona kugadzira musoftware, kudzivirira zvikumbiro kuTIN yeruzivo rwaasingakwanise kupa. Uye kana iyo nhanho yeruzivo ichida verticality yechokwadi, inonyorwa nezvakasimba, zvikamu, uye maprofile, zvichiratidza pachena huwandu hwekusimuka. Hazvizobuditswa kuburikidza nematanho akajairwa. kubva pane otomatiki kuverenga kwenzvimbo.
Maitiro akanaka ekutaurirana materu uye depressions muzvinyorwa
Iyo yakanyatsogadzirirwa purojekiti folda inoita iyo "triangle uye slope dambudziko" kupfuura kungoita dambudziko. chiyeuchidzo chenziraMamwe mazano anobatsira:
- Muchirongwa chesaiti uye chirongwa chepasi, shandisa TIN yemufananidzo wakazara, uchiratidza nezviratidzo kupi 3D solids inoshandiswa zvezvinhu zvine verticality kana matireyi.
- Muzvikamu zvakajairwa, sanganisira ruzivo rwemajunctions uye ona kana verticality iri pachena (minimum offset muTIN) kana chaiyo nenzira yakasimba.
- Mumushumo, tsanangura zvipimo zveTIN uye ruramisa kushandiswa kwemavhoriyamu akasiyana mune zvimwe zvikamu zvepurojekiti.
- Muzviyero, ona kuti kuverenga kwezvimwe zvikamu hakubvi kuTIN, asi kubva dzimwe nzira (kubvisa zvinhu zvakasimba, nezvimwewo).
Nekujeka uku, muverengi anonzwisisa zvaunotarisira kubva kune chimwe nechimwe chiri mumuenzaniso uye nei mamwe manhamba asingagoni kutorwa otomatiki sokunge kuti zvinhu zvose inzvimbo imwe ine mativi matatu.
Ko maforamu uye vatsigiri vehunyanzvi vanotidzidzisei?
Kudzokera kumavambo, kuchinjana ikoko uko @mmaleZGC34 yakakwaziswa uye miganhu yeTIN yakatsanangurwa zvakakwana inoputira kukosha kweruzivo rwakagoverwa: izvo zvakatora munhu mumwechete maawa ekuedza uye kukanganisa zvinopfupikiswa mumitsetse mishoma inodzivisa vamwe kugumburwa. Icho chokwadi chekuti meseji yakapera ne "Best respects" yakasainwa naVan Miguel MartÃnez inenge yakagutsirira musoro. technical community iyo inosimudzira maitiro aya.
Nekune rimwe divi, vaparidzi vakaita seDYNA nemayunivhesiti marepositori vanotsigira iyo conceptual framework. Iyo geometric hwaro (chii fungidziro, mafambiro anoita ndege, nei seti yemakona matatu ichiumba pamusoro pasina mharadzano) ine chikwereti chikuru kune Inotsanangura GeometryUye pese patinoshandisa hwaro ihwohwo kune software, tinonzwisisa zviri nani izvo zvinogona uye zvisingagoni kubvunzwa nezveTIN sangano.
Dambudziko retatu uye mutsetse hausi chipingamupinyi chisingakundiki, asi muganhu wakajeka: kune rumwe rutivi, iyo triangulated surface ine zvakanakira; pane imwe, iyo yakasimba uye zvikamu zvinopedzisa mufananidzo kana kunyatsodiwa kunodiwa mu verticals, depressions, kana mharadzano dzakaoma. Kuziva kuti muganhu wacho uri papi. Inochengetedza nguva, kusanzwisisana, uye mari..
Kuzvitarisa mumaonero, zviri nyore kuwira mumusungo we "kumanikidza" muenzaniso kusvika watipa zvatinoda. Asi zvinonyanya kudhura kubvuma mashandiro anoita TIN, shandisa painokunda, uye woigonesa nemidziyo inozadza mapundu ayo. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, uye zano kubva kune vatinoshanda navo, tine zvese zvatinoda materu emuenzaniso ane maitiroKutaurirana dhizaini pasina kujeka uye kuyera chete kuburikidza nenzira dzinovimbisa mhedzisiro yakavimbika.